Chapter IX: 285 Tree of Liberty, August 7, 1802

[286] _Pittsburgh Gazette_, October 10, 1800.

[287] _Tree of Liberty_, January 16, 1802.

[288] _Tree of Liberty_, October 8, 1803.

[289] _Pittsburgh Gazette_, April 19, 1808.

[290] _Tree of Liberty_, May 21, 1803.

[291] _Pittsburgh Gazette_, January 9, 1801.

[292] _The Commonwealth_, August 14, 1805.

[293] _The Commonwealth_, September 29, 1811.

[294] _Tree of Liberty_, November 6, 1802.

[295] _The Navigator_, Pittsburgh, 1814, pp. 272–277.

[296] _The Navigator_, Pittsburgh, 1814, pp. 31–32.

[297] _Tree of Liberty_, June 4, 1803.

[298] _The Pittsburgh Magazine Almanac for 1810._

[299] _The Pittsburgh Magazine Almanac for 1807._

[300] REUBEN GOLD THWAITES: Fortescue Cuming, _Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country in 1807–1809_, Cleveland, Ohio, 1904, p. 9.

[301] H. M. BRACKENRIDGE: _Views of Louisiana_, Pittsburgh, 1814, p. 4.

[302] _Pittsburgh Gazette_, January 28, 1814.

[303] THE RECLUSE: _The Art of Domestic Happiness and Other Poems_, Pittsburgh, 1817, pp. 1–317.

[304] _The Western Gleaner or Repository for Arts, Sciences, and Literature_, Pittsburgh, 1814, vol. ii., pp. 185–186.

[305] DAVID BRUCE: _Poems entirely in the Scottish Dialect, originally written under the signature of the Scots-Irishman_, Washington, 1801, p. 46.

[306] _The Echo_, pp. 32–39.

[307] _The Echo_, pp. 150–151.

[308] _Tree of Liberty_, January 24, 1801.

[309] F. CUMING: _Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country in 1807–1809_, Pittsburgh, 1810, p. 231.

[310] _Pittsburgh Gazette_, October 16, 1801.

[311] _The Navigator_, Pittsburgh, 1811, p. 63.

INDEX

Adams, George, 114, 128

Adams, Henry, 81

Adams, John, 165;
_History of_, 200

Addison, Alexander, Judge, impeachment of, 47–48, 139, 195;
Federalist, 131, 132

Adgate & Co., 104

Allegheny County, 22, 23

Allegheny County Courts, 157

Allegheny County Militia, 74, 75

Almanacs, 4, 165, 172;
Cramer’s, 172–174;
“Common,” 174;
“Magazine,” 174

Alsop, Richard, 197

Amberson, Beelen, & Anshutz, 152

_American Coast Pilot_, 182

Amusements, 67–74, 186, 203

Arnold, actor, 70

Ash, Thomas, 181

Ashton, Capt. Joseph, 95, 151

Ashton & Denny, 152

Audrian, Peter, 49

_Aurora_, newspaper, 51

Baird, Thomas, 96, 128, 130

Baldwin, Henry, 96, 141, 148, 149;
attacked by Pentland, 145, 146

Balls, 68, 72;
for Gen. Lee, 69

Bank of Pennsylvania, branch, 93, 116

Baptists, 95

Barker, Abner, 116, 117, 132

Barker, Jeffe, 116, 117

Barker, Jeremiah, 117, 132

Barrett, William, 121

Bartholf, Francis, Baron de Belen, 152

Bates, Edward, 145

Bates, Frederick, 143, 145, 148

Bates, James, 145, 148

Bates, Tarleton, 96, 131, 141 ff.;
duel, 142–150

Bausman, Elizabeth, marriage, 125

Bausman, Jacob, 30;
varied career, 41–42

Bausman, Nicholas, 41

Bayard, Colo. Stephen, 5

Beaujolais, Count of, 111

Bedford County, 2

Beelen, Anthony, 96, 150, 152

Beelen, Francis, 152

Beltzhoover, Melchoir, 41

“Black Charley,” 39

Blunt, Edmund, _American Coast Pilot_, 182

Boat yards, 8, 40, 92

Books, in households, 14;
sale of, 14, 15, 27;
interest in, 27;
most popular, 169–171;
Cramer’s publications, 189 ff.;
contemporaneous history, 190;
of local interest, 195–196;
contemporary publications, 199;
in Cramer’s bookstore, 199 ff.

Bookstores, 95;
first, 27;
Cramer’s “Pittsburgh Bookstore,” 116, 163, 186, 188, 199 ff.;
Christy’s and Wrenshall’s, 184

Boyd, John, 15, 16

Brackenridge, Henry M., Judge, recollections of Grant’s Hill, 71;
account of horse racing, 73;
on the Court of Allegheny County, 118;
_Views of Louisiana_, 193

Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, Judge, 49, 71;
author, 26, 195, 197, 198, 202;
_Modern Chivalry_, 26;
political leader, 55;
Fourth of July speech, 56;
Justice of Supreme Court, 58;
opposed to Brison, 58 ff.;
and the _Tree of Liberty_, 62–63;
and the Whisky Insurrection, 81, 106, 124, 195;
Freemason, 95;
residence, 97, 115;
antagonizes soldiers, 115–116;
candidate for Congress, 125, 198;
attacks on, 133–134;
and impeachment of Addison, 139;
settles Gilkison’s affairs, 163;
Bruce’s lines to, 196;
satires on, in _The Echo_, 197–198

Braddocksfield, 119

Brantz, Lewis, notes on Pittsburgh, 9, 30

Breweries, 78, 92

Brickyards, 31, 92

Brison, James, 58–59

Bromley, actor, 70

Bruce, David, author of political volume, 196

Brunot, Dr. Felix, 48, 51

Bryan, George, Justice, 118

Building lots, value of, 98–99, 100

Burr, Aaron, 57;
election of, 165–167;
suppresses _History of John Adams_, 200

Business centre of the town, 164

Butler, General Richard, 95, 122–123

Butler, Colonel William, 95

Calhoun, John, 117

Calhoun, Samuel, 117

Campbell, Colonel John, 4, 5

Campbell, Robert, 34

Card industry, 104

Card playing, 67, 186

Carlisle, 2

Chapman, Thomas, 30–31

Cheetham, James, 201

Christy, William, Merchant, 107, 131–132, 154, 184

Church records, 174

Churches, German, 10, 93, 186;
Presbyterian, 83, 93;
Episcopalian, 93;
Roman Catholic, 94;
Methodist, 94–95

City Hall, 50

“Clapboard Row,” 127;
political methods, 128;
opposed, 131, 132

“Clapboard Row Junto,” 127

“Clapboardonian Democracy,” 127

Clark, General George Rodgers, 141

Clark, Josiah, 188

Clothing materials, 64–65

Coal, 7, 91, 92

Cochran, Dr. J. B., 206

Cochran, John Spear, 206

Cochran, Mary, 206

Cochran, Susan Cramer, 206

Cochran, Zadok Cramer, 206

Comforts and luxuries, 63–64

_Common Almanac_, 174

_Commonwealth, The_, newspaper, 138, 140

Concerts, 69

Constitutionalists, 140

Coppinger, 78

Cotton mills, 92, 93

County jail, 24, 157

Court House, present, 50;
first, 117, 118;
in 1800, 155–156

Craig, Major Isaac, buys land in Pittsburgh, 5;
starts glass factory, 32;
Freemason, 96;
tenement of, 106;
Federalist, 131;
Deputy Quarter Master, 142

Cramer, Elizabeth, 189

Cramer, Susan, 206

Cramer, Zadok, 161 ff.;
birth, 162;
bookbinding, 116, 162–163;
bookstore, 116, 163, 184, 188–189;
publisher, 164–165,184;
publications, 165, 167, 172, 174, 176 ff., 179, 180, 187, 189;
opens Circulating Library, 168–171;
partners, 171, 188;
advertisements, 185;
accuses Harris and Ash of plagiarism, 181;
new lines of business, 185–186;
printing business, 187;
offices held, 187;
farming and sheep raising, 188;
travels, 189;
meets H. M. Brackenridge, 193;
mercantile instincts, 196;
opposes moral wrong, 204;
condemns horse racing, 204;
on whisky drinking, 205;
death, 205

Cramer, Mrs. Zadok, 206

_Cramer’s Almanac_, 172–174

Culture, 3, 4, 26, 184 ff.

Cumberland County, 2

Cuming, F., _Tour of the Western Country_, 192–193

Dancing, 67–69, 154

Davis, Joseph, 131, 154

Declary, Peter, 69

“Democratic” party, 54

“Democratic Republican” party, 54

Denny, Major Ebenezer, 131, 150–151

Denny & Beelen, 150, 151

Dent, Julia, 153

Dobbins & McElhinney, 110

Dress, Freemasons’, 12;
men’s, 65–67

Drinking, 80–82

Duane, William, 51

Dubac, Gabriel, Chevalier, 48, 111

Du Lac, Perrin, 64

Dunlap (James) & Co., 155

“Dutch,” 43, 44

_Echo, The_, 197–198

Education, in early days, 3–4;
schools established, 14;
higher, 17

Eichbaum, William, 40, 41, 79

Eichbaum, William, Jr., 188–189

Emigration westward, through Pittsburgh, 6–8, 29, 175, 179

Emmert, Mrs. Joseph, 206

Emmett, Samuel, 30, 80

English language, 38, 40

English-speaking population, 38, 40

Episcopalians, 93, 94

Ewalt, Samuel, 41, 96, 104, 130

Farmers’ dress, 66

Federal party, opposition to, 52–53, 54;
supporters of, 62, 76, 131–132;
emblem of, 74–76;
in the House of Representatives, 165

Ferree, Thomas, 13, 157–158

Ferries, over Monongahela River, 29, 42;
over Allegheny River, 30;
and taverns, 80

Food, 63, 64

Forman, Major Thomas S., 35

Fort Fayette, 33

Fort Pitt, 9, 10, 31, 33

Fort Stanwix, 8

Forward, Walter, 141–142

Fowler, General Alexander, commander of militia, 74;
republican, 75;
left Republican party, 127;
controversy with Gazzam, 128–130

Francis, Tench, 5

Freemasons, first lodge in Western country, 11;
start temperance movement, 95–96;
_See also_ Lodge, 45

French, 38;
emigration of, 51–52

French influence, 46, 51, 65, 199

French language, 39

French radicalism, influence of, 53

Freneau, Philip, 26

“Friends of the People,” 140

Fulton & Baird, 121, 130

Gallatin, Albert, 57, 162;
glass factory, 32, 122;
political honors, 46–47, 125;
at Marie’s tavern, 49;
on Western Pennsylvania, 52;
candidate for Congress, 55

Gallitzen, Demetrius Augustine, 94

Gazzam, William, 121;
controversy with Fowler, 128–130

German church, organized, 10;
conducts schools, 14, 186;
treasurer, 42;
followers, 40, 45

German language, 39, 40, 45, 186

_German Farmers’ Register, The_, newspaper, 45

Germans, 38;
organize church, 10;
second in numbers to English, 40;
confused with the Dutch, 43, 44;
social intercourse, 45;
establish newspaper, 45;
and religion, 83

Gilkison, John C., bookseller, 27, 163;
prothonotary, 59, 163;
starts library, 168

Glass factories, 32, 92

Grant’s Hill, pleasure ground, 49, 70–71, 77

“Grant’s Hill,” tavern, 49, 50

Gregg’s (Isaac) Ferry, 30

Hall, Joseph, 14

Hamilton, report on manufactures, 91

Hamsher, John, 40, 41, 155

Hancock, Richard, 122, 125

Hannastown, 2;
attacked by British and Indians, 11, 43, 58

Harmar, General Josiah, 151

Harris, Joseph, 157

Harris, Rev. Thaddeus Mason, 181

“Hartford Wits,” 197

Haymaker, Jacob, 40, 42, 126

Henderson, Rev. Matthew, 57

Henderson, Robert, 30, 80

_Herald of Liberty_, newspaper,62

Herd, William, 121

Herron, Rev. Francis, 83–84

Hilliard, Elizabeth Bausman, 125–126

Hilliard, James, 125, 126

Horse racing, 72–73;
condemned, 203–204

Houses, construction, 31 ff., 101;
numbered, 33;
comforts in, 63

Hufnagle, Michael, 43, 96

Hughes, Rev. James, 190

Hutchins, Capt. Thomas, 175–176;
_Topographical Description of Pennsylavnia, Maryland, and
Virginia_, 175

Imlay, Gilbert, _North America_, 176

Incorporation of Pittsburgh, 24

Indians, the Penns’ dealings with, 6;
treaty with, 8;
attack Hannastown, 11, 43;
recede westward, 13

Industries, 91–93

Insurgents, 71, 81, 119–120;
conference with, 123–125

Irish, 38, 55

Irish, Nathaniel, 130, 153

Iron industries, 91–92

Irvine, General William, 123

Irwin, Captain John, 96, 107, 154

Irwin, William, 69, 96, 107, 154

Israel, John, 62, 141, 187

Italians, 38

Jackson, Andrew, doctrine, 58

“Jacobins,” 56

Jefferson, Thomas, radical ideas of liberty, 53–54;
reception of these ideas in Pennsylvania, 54–55;
Republican dinner in honor of, 56–57, 108;
presidential election of, 165–167;
_Notes on the State of Virginia_, 200

Jockey Club, 72, 79

Johnson, John, 117

Jones, Ephraim, 29, 80

Jones, Samuel, 35, 108;
on social life, 71–72

Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., 148

Justices of the peace, 101

Kramer, Baltzer, 32

Kramer, Christian, 32

Land, sales of, 5–6, 100

Lawlessness, 25

Laws, 24

Lee, General Henry, 59, 69, 115

“Lee, Light-Horse Harry,” 59

Lee, Rev. Wilson, 78

Lewis and Clark expedition, 179

Liberty, new ideas of, 53

Libraries, private, 14;
circulating, 16, 19, 168–171

Liquors, 64;
manufacture and sale of, 77–79;
drinking of, 80–82

“Lodge 45 of Ancient York Masons,” first masonic lodge in Pittsburgh,
11;
observance of St. John the Baptist’s Day, 12;
observance of St. John the Evangelist’s Day, 13, 108;
meeting place, 78, 95, 155;
temperance movement, 95–96;
secretary, 108

Louisiana Purchase, furthers trade, 90;
and the _Navigator_, 179

Lucus, John B. C., 47–48, 151

Luxuries, 63–64

McClurg, Joseph, 122, 128, 130

McKean, Thomas, 108, 118;
turns Republican, 54, 56;
candidate for Governor, 57, 140;
takes office, 58;
recommends militia emblem, 75;
Commissioner to meet Insurgents, 123;
reappoints Tannehill, 131;
vetoes revolutionary bills, 138;
refuses to remove Brackenridge, 139;
supporters and opponents of, 140, 141;
alluded to by Bruce, 196

McLane, D., 34

McLaughlin, Alexander, 132, 153

McMillan, Rev. Dr. John, 57, 81

McNickle, A., 130

Madison, James, 57

_Magazine Almanac_, 174

Magee, Samuel, 121

Magee, Thomas, 121

Mail robbed, 119

Map of Pittsburgh published, 192

Marie, John, 49, 50

Marie, Mrs. John (Jane), divorce case, 50–51

Marie’s tavern, 56, 75

Market House, 155

Market Street, 96–98, 99, 104

Mechanical Society of Pittsburgh, 17–19, 78, 187

Mellish, John, 181

Methodists, 94–95, 201

Michaux, Dr. F. A., 48, 50

Mifflin, Thomas, 54, 56

Military plan of the town, 30–31

Military spirit, 74

Militia of Pennsylvania, 74–77

_Modern Chivalry_, by H. H. Brackenridge, 26

Money, circulation of, 15, 28–29

Montpensier, Duke of, 111

Moore, Hamilton, _Practical Navigator_, 182

Moreau, Jean Victor, 199

Morgan, General Daniel, 69, 115–116

Morrow, William, 12, 79

Morse, Jedidiah, _American Gazetteer_, 176

Mowry, Dr. Peter, 114, 132

Murphy, Mrs. Mary (Molly), 122, 152

Nail factories, 92, 93

National currency established, 99

_National Gazette_, 51

Nationalities in Pittsburgh, 38

_Navigator_, 174, 187;
sources of its material, 175, 176, 178;
various editions, 176–182;
advertised, 177;
local information in, 180–182

Negley, Alexander, 41

Negley, Jacob, 41

Negroes, 38–39

Neville, Emily Morgan, 144

Neville, General John, Freemason, 95;
residence, 105;
offices held, 106;
Federalist, 131

Neville, Morgan, 48

Neville, Colonel Presley, public offices, 105, 106;
residence, 115;
saves Brackenridge, 116;
Federalist, 131;
opinion of Democrats, 144

New Era in 1800, 90

_New Orleans_, steamboat, 189

Newspapers, first, 14;
German, 45;
see also _Pittsburgh Gazette_ and _Tree of Liberty_

Nicholson, James W., 32

“Office of Discount and Deposit,” 116

O’Hara, Colonel James, 95, 120, 131;
glass manufacturer, 32;
brewer, 78;
candidate for burgess, 105

_Ohio and Mississippi Navigator_, 176–177

Ohio River, navigation of, 7, 176–178

Orleans, Duke of, 111

Ormsby, John, 78, 95

Ormsby, Oliver, 184

Patterson, Rev. Joseph, 81

Penn, John, 4–5, 6

Penn, John, Jr., 4–5, 6

Penn, William, 4

Penns, the, 42, 98

Pentland, Ephraim, editor, 138;
attacks on Bates and Baldwin, 145–147, 149

Peters, Judge Richard, 106

Philadelphia, post route from Pittsburgh, 17

Pipe manufactory, 92

Pittsburgh Academy, 17

“Pittsburgh Bookstore,” 116, 163, 184, 186 ff.

Pittsburgh Circulating Library, 167–171

Pittsburgh Fire Company, 24, 130

_Pittsburgh Gazette_, established, 14;
and politics, 56, 62, 133;
contributors, 75;
in religious revival, 85;
owner, 114;
Cramer’s advertisement in, 162–163;
advertises _Navigator_, 177

Pittsburgh Library Company, 171

“Pittsburgh” manor, 5

Pitt Township, 23, 28

Plan of town, 4, 5, 30–31

Population, in 1786, 9;
nationalities, 38;
in 1800 and 1810, 90;
Protestant, 93

Porter, William, 122

Post office, 17, 114, 128

Post route, 17

_Practical Navigator_, 182

Presbyterian Church, 9, 10, 83, 93, 94

Printing offices, 187

Protestants, 10, 93–94

Public improvements, 98

Publishing business, 164, 184–185

Race horses, 73

Reed, John, 79, 157

Reel, Casper, 41

Religion, 9–11, 82–83, 93;
revival, 84–85;
books on, 191

Republican General Assembly, radical, 138–139

Republican party, headquarters, 50;
“Democratic Republican,” 54;
rapid growth in Pennsylvania, 55;
leader in Pittsburgh, 55;
French influences, 55, 56;
influence on dress, 65;
spoils doctrine, 58;
emblem, 75–76;
dominant throughout country, 132;
in national election, 165–167

Richards, Charles, 39

Richardson, Dr. Andrew, Freemason, 96, 108;
conducts drug store, 107;
political leader, 108;
speech on Freemasonry, 108–109;
left Republican party, 109–110;
death, 110

Riddle, James, 96, 121, 128

Robinson, James, 30, 80

Robinson and Ensell, 92

Roman Catholics, 94

Ross, James, trouble with Mrs. Marie, 50–51;
candidate for governor, 50, 57;
Freemason, 96;
Commissioner to meet Insurgents, 123;
political leader, 131, 132

Roup, Jonas, 41

St. Clair, General Arthur, 151

St. John the Baptist’s Day, observance of, 12–13

St. John the Evangelist’s day, observance of, 12, 13, 108

St. Patrick’s Church, 94

Schoepf, Dr. Johann David, 7

Schools, 4, 14, 50, 186

Schultz, Christian, on _Navigator_, 181–182

Scotch, 38

Scott, Dr. Hugh, 96, 121, 128

Scott, John, 117

Scott & Trotter, 120

Scull, John, establishes _Pittsburgh Gazette_, 14–15;
postmaster, 17;
printer, 26, 187;
residence, 114;
attacks on Brackenridge, 133–134

Semple, Samuel, 78

Semple, Steele, 116

Semple, William, 27, 115

Shippinsburg, 2

“Sign of the Black Bear,” 13, 158

“Sign of the Cross Keys,” 57, 79

“Sign of the Franklin Head,” 116, 164

“Sign of General Butler,” 125;
and social affairs, 68;
name, 122;
during Whisky Insurrection, 123, 124;
political headquarters, 127

“Sign of General Washington,” 34

“Sign of the Green Tree,” 13, 34, 68;
meeting place of masonic lodge, 12, 96

“Sign of the Indian Queen,” 79–80

“Sign of the Negro,” 122

“Sign of the Sheaf of Wheat,” 153

“Sign of the Waggon,” 68, 79, 157

Six Nations, treaty with, 8

Slavery, 38, 39, 41

Smith, Thomas, 130

Smith, Rev. Dr. William, 44

Smith & Shiras, 78

Smur, John, 126

Snyder, Simon, 50, 51, 140

Social life, 71–72, 77

South School, 50

Spanish milled dollar, 99

Spear, John, 171, 188, 206

Spoils doctrine, 58

Steele, Rev. Robert, 13, 96, 129;
dress, 66;
appointment, 85

Stevenson, Dr. George, 120–121, 131

Stewart, Thomas, 147, 149

Stores, 102, 103, 116–117, 120 ff., 150, 154 ff., 184

Streets, 35, 98

Sturgeon, Jeremiah, 57, 79

Supreme Court, 118, 130, 139

Swiss-Germans, 10, 38

Tannehill, Adamson, 130

Tanneries, 92

Tavern-keeping, 78, 79

Tavern signs, 33–35

Taverns, 33, 68, 77, 78

Temperance movement, 96

Theatrical performances, 69, 70

Thorn, William, 82–83

Tinware manufactory, 92

Town meetings, 102

Town officials, 101

Townships, 23, 28

Trade, 7, 102

Trade centre, 7, 29

Transportation, 25, 93

_Tree of Liberty_, established, 62;
contributors, 75;
office, 115;
charge against editor, 127;
in politics, 132, 140;
in mourning, 149;
advertises _Navigator_, 177

_Tree of Sedition, Blasphemy, and Slander_, 56

Trees, 33, 97

Trinity Church, 93

Turnbull, William, 115

United States Mint authorized, 99

University of Pittsburgh, 17

Veech, Judge James, on whisky, 80–81

Wallace, Judge George, 117

Washington, George, President, 78, 123

Washington County, 22

Water Street residences, 105–107

Watson, Andrew, tavern, 18, 117, 118

Weber, Rev. Johann Wilhelm, 10–11

Welsh, 38

_Western Gleaner, The_, magazine, 193–195

Westmoreland County, 2, 22

“Whale and the Monkey,” Sign of, 34

“Whisky Boys,” 81

Whisky Insurrection, 29, 59, 106;
cause, 25, 77;
expedition against, 29, 59;
at its height, 119–120;
Government conference with Insurgents, 123–125

Wilkins, John, 117

Willock, Andrew, Jr., 153

Wills, Alexander, 158

Wills, James, 153

Wills, John, 158

Wilson and Wallace, sale of books, 14

Winebiddle, Conrad, 41

Wood, John, _History of John Adams_, 200

Woods, George, 5

Woods, General John, 125, 131, 132, 198

Woods (Wm.) & Company, 155

Wrenshall, John, local preacher, 84, 201;
_Farewell to Pittsburgh and the Mountains_, 153;
bookstore, 184

Wusthoff, William, 41, 96

Yeaman, James, 78, 158

Yeates, Jasper, 123, 130

“Young Messenger,” race horse, 73, 79

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.