Chapter I: AM well aware of the difficulties attending the proper (10)

The idea that wine or spirituous liquors assist digestion, is false. Those who are acquainted with chemistry, know that food is hardened, and rendered less digestible by these means; and the stimulus, which wine gives to the stomach, is not necessary, excepting to those who have exhausted the excitability of that organ, by the excessive use of strong liquors. In these, the stomach can scarcely be excited to action, without the assistance of such a stimulus. If the food wants diluting, water is the best diluent. Water is the only liquor that nature knows, or has provided for animals; and whatever nature gives us, is, we may depend upon it, the best, and safest for us. Wine ought to be reserved as a cordial in sickness, and in old age; and a most salutary remedy would it prove, did we not exhaust its power by daily use.

I am sensible that I am treading on delicate ground, but I am determined to speak my sentiments with plainness and sincerity, since the health and welfare of thousands are concerned. Most persons have so indulged themselves in this pernicious habit of drinking wine, that they imagine they cannot live without a little every day; they think that their very existence depends upon it, and that their stomachs require it. Similar arguments may be brought in favour of every other bad habit. Though, at first, the violence we do to nature makes her revolt; in a little time she submits, and is not only reconciled, but grows fond of the habit; and we think it necessary to our existence: neither the flavour of wine, of opium, of snuff, or of tobacco, are naturally agreeable to us: on the contrary, they are highly unpleasant at first; but by the force of habit they become pleasant.

It is, however, the business of rational beings to distinguish carefully, between the real wants of nature, and the artificial calls of habit; and when we find that the last begin to injure us, we ought to use the most persevering efforts to break the enchantment of bad customs; and though it cost us some uneasy sensations at first, we must learn to bear them patiently; a little time will reward us for our forbearance, by a reestablishment of health and spirits.

I shall now proceed to examine the opposite class of nervous complaints: or such as do really depend on debility, or an asthenic state of the system. These may be divided into two orders; viz. those of direct, and those of indirect debility. I shall first consider those of direct debility.

Though these complaints originate from a deficiency of stimulus, yet it is very seldom from a deficiency of the common stimulant powers. The only people, who in general labour under this deficiency of the common stimulants, are the poor; they are seldom troubled with nervous complaints; their daily exercise, and constant attention to procure common necessaries, prevent their feeling what so grievously afflicts the rich and luxurious. These complaints arise chiefly from a deficiency of mental stimuli. The most common cause of them, and whose effects are the most difficult to remove, is to be looked for in the mind.

The passions and emotions, when exercised with moderation, and kept within proper bounds, are the sources of life and activity; without these precious affections, we should be reduced to a kind of vegetation, equally removed from pleasure and from pain. For want of these elastic springs, the animal spirits lose their regularity and play; life becomes a lethargic sleep, and we fall into indifference and languor.

If then the passions are so necessary to the support of the health of the body, when in a proper degree, can we expect, that when they are inordinate or excessive, or even deficient, we shall escape with impunity? tumultuous passions are like torrents, which overflow their bounds, and tear up every thing before them; and mournful experience convinces us, that these effects of the mind are easily communicated to the body. We ought, therefore, to be particularly on our guard against their seduction.

"'Tis the great art of life to manage well
The restless mind."

It is particularly in their infancy, if it may be so called, that we ought to be upon our guard against their seduction; they are then soothing and insidious; but if we suffer them to gain strength, and establish their empire, reason, obscured and overcome, rests in a shameful dependence upon the senses; her light becomes too faint to be seen, and her voice too feeble to be heard; and the soul, hurried on by an impulse to which no obstacle is presented, communicates to the body its languor and debility. The passions, by which the body is chiefly affected, are, joy, grief, hope, fear, love, hatred, and anger. Any others may be reduced to some of these, or are compounded of them. The pleasurable passions produce strong excitement of the body, while the depressing passions diminish the excitement; indeed it would seem that grief is only a diminution of joy, as cold is of heat; when this passion exists in a proper degree, then we feel no particular exhilarating sensation, but our spirits and health are good: we cannot doubt, however, that we are excited by a pleasant sensation, though we are unable to perceive it. In the same manner, when heat acts moderately, or is about the degree we call temperate, we do not perceive its effects on the body, though there can be no doubt, that the body is under the influence of its stimulus, and powerfully excited by it; for when it is diminished, or cold applied, we feel a deficiency of excitement, and become afterwards more sensible of heat afterwards applied.

The same takes place with respect to joy and grief, and proves, I think, clearly, that the one is only a diminution of the other, and that they are not different passions. When the body has been exposed to severe cold, the excitability becomes so much accumulated with respect to heat, that if it be afterwards applied too powerfully, a violent action, with a rapid exhaustion of the excitability, which ends in mortification, or death of the part, will take place. We should therefore apply heat in the gentlest manner possible, and gradually exhaust the morbidly accumulated excitability.

In the same manner, when the body has been under the influence of violent grief, any sudden joy has been known to overpower the system, and even produce instant death. We have an instance in history, of a mother being plunged into the extreme of grief, on being informed that her son was slain in battle; but when news was brought her, that he was alive, and well, the effect upon her spirits was such, as to bring on instant death. This event ought to have been unfolded to her in the most gradual manner; she should have been told, for instance, that he was severely wounded; but that it was not certain he was dead; then that there was a report he was living, which should have been gradually confirmed, as she could bear it. The same observations may be made, with respect to hope and fear, or despair; the former is an exciting passion, the latter, a depressing one; but the one is only a lower degree of the other; for a moderate degree of hope produces a pleasant state of serenity of the mind, and contributes to the health of the body; but a diminution of it weakens; and a great degree of despair so accumulates the excitability of the system, as to render it liable to be overpowered by any sudden hope or joy afterwards applied. What proves that joy and hope act by stimulating, and grief and despair by withdrawing stimulant action from the body, is, that the former exhaust excitability, while the latter accumulate it. Joy, for instance, does not render the system more liable to be affected by hope, but the reverse; and the same may be said of hope. In the same way, heat does not render the body more liable to be affected by food, but the reverse. Both these are stimulants, and exhaust the excitability. But after heat has been applied, if it be followed by cold, a great degree of languor or weakness will take place; because we have here a direct debility, added to indirect debility. In the same way, grief succeeding joy, or despair succeeding hope, produce a greater degree of dejection, both of mind and body, than if they had not been preceded by these stimulant passions; because here, direct debility is added to indirect. The excitability is first exhausted, and then the stimulus is withdrawn.

We see then, that the passions of the mind act as stimulants to the body, that, when in a proper degree, they tend to preserve it in health; but when their action is either too powerful, or too small, they produce the same effects as the other powers. We should therefore naturally expect, that when there is a deficient action of this kind of mental stimulus, or when the mind is under the influence of the depressing passions, a predisposition to diseases of direct debility would take place, and even these diseases be produced. Accordingly we find a numerous class of nervous complaints originating from these causes. Indeed, the undue action of the mental stimulants, produces more quick alterations in the state of the excitement, than that of the other exciting powers. Violent grief, or vexation, will immediately suspend the powers of the stomach. If we suppose a person in the best health, and highest good humour, sitting down to dinner with his friends, if he suddenly receives any afflicting news, his appetite is instantly gone, he cannot swallow a morsel. If the same thing happens after he has made a hearty dinner, the action of the stomach is suddenly suspended, and the whole process of digestion stopped, and what he has eaten, lies a most oppressive load. But this is not all: the whole circulation of the blood becomes disturbed; the contraction and dilatation of the heart become irregular; it flutters, and palpitates; hence all the secretions become irregular, some of the glands acting too powerfully, others not at all; hence the increased action of the kidneys, and hence a burst of tears; hysterical affections, epilepsy, and syncope, frequently succeed, in which every muscle of the body becomes convulsed. Indeed, many terrible diseases originate from this source, which were formerly ascribed to witchcraft, and the possession of devils.

In slower, more silent, but longer continued grief, the effects are similar, but not so violent. The functions of the stomach are more gently disturbed, its juices vitiated; and acidity, and other symptoms of indigestion, will show themselves. Hence no bland and nutritive chyle is conveyed into the blood; whence emaciation and general debility must follow; and the patient will at last die, as it is said, of a broken heart.

Besides the disturbed state of the stomach, and bad digestion, there can be no sleep in this state of mind; for,

"Sleep, like the world, his ready visit pays,
Where fortune smiles; the wretched he forsakes;
Swift on his downy pinion flies from woe,
And lights on lids unsullied with a tear."

Hence the animal spirits will not be recruited, nor the worn out organs restored to vigour.

The minds of patients labouring under this division of nervous diseases, are likewise in general filled with over anxiety concerning their health; attentive to every feeling, they find, in trifles light as air, strong confirmations of their apprehensions.

It is evident, that in these cases, a state of direct debility prevails, attended with a morbidly accumulated excitability; hence, those remedies afford relief, which produce a quick exhaustion of this principle, and thus blunt the feelings, and lull the mind into some degree of forgetfulness of its woes. Hence opium, tobacco, and the fetid gums are often resorted to; and in the hands of a judicious practitioner, they will afford great relief, provided he carefully watch the patient, and prevent their abuse; for, if left to the discretion of the patient, he finds that kind of relief which he has long wished for; his moderation knows no bounds, and he is apt to take them in such a manner, as to add indirect debility, to direct, and thus bring on a state of exhausted excitability, while there is still a diminished state of mental stimulants. This will cause his spirits to be more depressed than ever; he will therefore increase the dose, whether it be of opium, tobacco, or spirituous liquors, and thus he will be hurried on, adding fuel to the flame, till his exhausted excitability becomes irrecoverable, and he ends his days in a miserable state of imbecility, if not by suicide. Hence, though some of these narcotic stimulants, which exhaust the excitability, and blunt the feelings, may be employed with advantage, in order to prepare the mind for those changes, which the physician wishes to produce, they should be used with the greatest caution, and never left in any degree to the discretion of the patient. The cure, however, depends chiefly on regulating the state of the mind, or interrupting the attention of the patient; and diverting it, if possible, to other objects than his own feeling.

Whatever aversion to application of any kind we may meet with in patients of this class, we may be assured that nothing is more pernicious to them than absolute idleness, or a vacancy from all earnest pursuit.

The occupations of business suitable to their circumstances, and situations in life, if neither attended with emotion, anxiety, nor fatigue, are always to be advised to such patients; but occupations which are objects of anxiety, and more particularly such as are exposed to accidental interruptions, disappointments, and failures, are very improper for patients of this class.

To such patients exercise in the open air is of the utmost consequence. Of all the various methods of preserving health and preventing diseases, which nature has suggested, there is none more efficacious than exercise. It puts the fluids all in motion, strengthens the solids, promotes digestion, and perspiration, and occasions the decomposition of a larger quantity of air in the lungs, and thus not only more heat, but more vital energy is supplied to the body; and of all the various modes of exercise, none conduces so much to the health of the body, as riding on horseback: it is not attended with the fatigue of walking, and the free air is more enjoyed in this way, than by any other mode of exercise. The system of the vena portarum, which collects the blood from the abdominal viscera, and circulates it through the liver, is likewise rendered more active, by this kind of exercise, than by any other, and thus a torpid state, not only of the bowels, but of this system of vessels, and the biliary system, is prevented.

When a patient of this class, however, goes out for the sake of exercise only, it does not in general produce so good an effect, as might be expected; for he is continually brooding over the state of his health: there is no new object to arrest his attention, and he is constantly reminded of the cause of his riding. Exercise will therefore be most effectual when employed in the pursuit of a journey, where a succession of pleasant scenes are likely to present themselves, and new objects arise, which call forth his attention. A journey likewise withdraws the patient from many objects of uneasiness and care, which might present themselves at home.

With respect to medicines, costiveness, which often attends these diseases, ought to be carefully avoided, by some mild laxative. Calcined magnesia, and lemonade, have always seemed to me to answer the purpose; but the most effectual method is to acquire a regular habit, which may be done by perseverance, and strict attention.

Chalybeate waters have been frequently tried, and may in general be recommended with success, particularly, as the amusement and exercise generally accompanying the use of these waters, aid the tonic powers of the iron. The bark may likewise be exhibited with advantage.

There is yet another class of nervous diseases which we have to notice, which are by no means uncommon; yet they have, like the first class, escaped the attention of writers on this subject, and of medical practitioners in general: I mean those where the system is in a state of torpor, or exhausted excitability.

This state of the system may be brought on by various causes, but principally by the long continued use of opium, tobacco, or fermented liquors.

When these substances, which are powerful stimulants, have been taken for some time, they bring on a state of the system so torpid, that the usual exciting powers, and the usual occurrences, which in general produce pleasant sensations, do not occasion a sufficient degree of excitement, in those whose excitability is thus exhausted. They therefore feel continual languor and listlessness, unless when under the influence of the stimulus which brought on the exhaustion. Every scene, however beautiful, is beheld with indifference by such patients, and the degree of ennui they feel is insupportable: this makes them have recourse to the stimulus which has exhausted their excitability, which in some degree removes this languor for a time; but it returns with redoubled strength, and redoubled horror, when the stimulant effect is over: and as this repetition exhausts the excitability more and more, the stimulus is repeated in greater quantity, and thus the disease increases to a most alarming degree.

There is no way of curing this state of nervous torpor, but by leaving off the stimuli which caused the exhaustion; and if the patient have resolution to do this for a few weeks, though, at first, he will, no doubt, find his spirits a little depressed, he will ultimately overcome the habit, and will be rewarded by alacrity of spirits, such as he never experiences under the most powerful action of artificial stimulants.

I must not, however, forget to notice, that there is a nervous state, or ennui, originating from a wrong direction of mental exertion, which exhausts the excitability to a great degree, and brings on a state of depression scarcely to be born.

When a person has by habit made his mind constantly dependent on dissipation, on gaming, and on frivolous, but not inactive pursuits, in order to produce pleasurable sensations, and at the same time neglected that culture of the understanding which will enable him to retire into himself with pleasure, and receive more enjoyment from the exercise of this cultivated understanding than he does in the most noisy, or fashionable circle of dissipation: I say, when there is this vacancy of mind, whenever it is not engaged in such pursuits as I have mentioned, a languor and weariness is experienced, which is intolerable, and which prompts the person so circumstanced, to fly continually to the only scenes which interest his mind. Hence, the passion for gaming, in which the anxiety attending it causes an interest in the mind, which takes off the dreadful languor experienced, when it is not thus employed.

It is owing to wealth, admitting of indolence, and yielding to the pursuit of transitory and unsatisfying amusements, or to that of exhausting pleasures only, that the present times exhibit to us so many instances of persons suffering under this state: it is a state totally unknown to the poor, who labour for their daily bread, and to those whose minds are actively employed in study or business. It can only be cured by cultivating the understanding, and applying to some art or science, which will engage and interest the attention. I have received the thanks of many for recommending the study of philosophy, and particularly of chemistry, to their attention. This affords a rational and interesting pursuit, which, if entered into with ardour, and if the person actually works, or makes experiments himself, he will soon experience an enjoyment and an interest, such as he never experienced at the gaming table, or at any other place of fashionable amusement. Nay, I will venture to say, that all elegant amusements will be enjoyed with much greater relish by one who employs himself in some rational pursuit, and only resorts to such amusements as a relaxation, than by one who makes these amusements a business.

From the view we have taken of these complaints, it is evident, that they are like other general diseases of the sthenic, or asthenic kind; they seem to constitute a state of the body between predisposition and disease; and they differ from most diseases in this, that in most complaints the increase, or diminution of the excitement is unequal in different parts of the body, and this gives rise to the different forms of disease; but in nervous complaints the excitement seems much more equably affected in different parts. These complaints, as we have seen, may be divided into three classes; sthenic; those of accumulated excitability; and those of exhausted excitability: but though they are evidently distinguishable in this manner, and require different modes of cure, I have never seen any account of more than one kind in any medical writer: the same remedies were prescribed for all, however different they might be.

Though medicines may relieve complaints of this kind, and particularly those of the second class, yet from what has been said, it must be evident, that much more may be done by regulating the action of the common exciting powers. Indeed, this is the case in most chronic diseases. Exercise and temperance will do infinitely more than medicine. By their means, most diseases may be overcome; but without them we may administer drugs as long as we please.

Voltaire sets this advice, which I have frequently inculcated, in so strong a light, that it may perhaps carry more conviction than any thing I can say. Ogul was a voluptuary, ambitious of nothing but good living: he thought that God had sent him into the world for no other purpose than to eat and drink: his physician, who had but little credit with him, when he had a good digestion, governed him with despotic sway, when he had eaten too much.

On feeling himself much and seriously indisposed by indolence and intemperance, he requested to know what he was to do, and the doctor ordered him to eat a basilisk, stewed in rose water, which he asserted would effect a complete cure. His slaves searched in vain for a basilisk; at last they met with Zadig, who was introduced to this mighty lord, and spoke to him in the following terms.

"May immortal health descend from Heaven to bless all thy days! I am a physician: at the report of thy indisposition, I flew to thy castle, and have now brought thee a basilisk, stewed in rose water. But, my lord, the basilisk is not to be eaten; all its virtue must enter through thy pores. I have enclosed it in a little ball, blown up and covered with a fine skin. Thou must strike this ball, with all thy might, and I must strike it back for a considerable time: and by observing this regimen for a few days, thou wilt see the effects of my art." The first day Ogul was out of breath, and thought he should have died with fatigue; the second he was less fatigued, and slept better. In eight days he recovered all the strength, all the health, all the agility and cheerfulness of his most agreeable years. Zadig then said unto him, "there is no such thing in nature as a basilisk; but thou hast taken exercise, and been temperate, and hast recovered thy health." In the same manner I say, that temperance and exercise are the two great preservers of health, and restorers of it when it is lost; and that the art of reconciling intemperance and health is as chimerical, as washing the Ethiopian white.

It will easily be perceived that the system of animal life which I have investigated, may be applied to all other general diseases, as well as the gout and those called nervous: I have merely given a view of these by way of specimen of its application.

Should these lectures contribute in any degree to lessen the future sufferings of my hearers, or any of their friends, I shall not have delivered them in vain. To be assured of this, would be the greatest pleasure that I could receive.

THE END.

From the Press of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle Street, London: W. Savage, Printer.

INDEX.

A. _Air_, its properties--its components _Animals_, specific temperature of _Appetite_, artificial _Arteries_, their structure and office _Assimilation_, from the blood _Attention_, fixed on new objects

B.
_Banks, Sir Joseph_, his almost fatal experience of cold
_Beddoes, Dr._ his remarks on temperature,
_Bile_, its properties
_Blood_, difference between arterial and venous
contains iron
changes produced on, by the different gases
assimilation from
_Bones_, mechanism of
structure of
_Brown, Dr. John_, his example followed
declines a definition of excitability
denies the existence of sedatives
his cure of diseases of exhaustion objected to
his theory will be as durable as Newton's philosophy
not aware of the extent of his own theory

C. _Camera obscura_ _Colour_ of different nations _Cooper, Mr. Astley_, successfully perforates the tympanum of the ear _Circulation_ of the blood through the lungs through the liver affected by centrifugal force discovered by Harvey, and derided _Cullen, Dr._ his system defective _Currie, Dr._ his treatment of typhus

D.
_Darwin, Dr._ quoted
_Digestion_, organs of
process of
diseases affecting
_Diseases_
sthenic
asthenic
fallacy of symptoms
_Diseases_, method of cure
spasmodic, of extreme vess.
classification of
nervous and bilious (so called)
of the poor
_Dollond, Mr._ his achromatic lenses, first suggested by Dr. David
Gregory

E.
_Ear_, description of
diseases of
tympanum perforated
_Electricity_, phenomena of
useful in gout
_Excitability_, or vital principle
how affected by heat, food, air, &c.
accumulated by sleep
three states of
its accumulation, and exhaustion illustrated
an unknown indefinable somewhat
connected with oxygen
hypothesis respecting this connexion
scale of
how to be regulated in gout
_Exercise_
on horseback, best
_Eye_, description of
vertical section of
its accommodating power

F. _Food_, animal and vegetable in gout

G.
_Galvanism_, its identity with electricity
accompanies oxydation
_Gaming_, &c. deplorable effects of, on the mind
_Gases_, their proportions in the atmosphere
changes they produce on the blood
_Gastric Juice_, dissolves food
proved by experiment
_Gout_
denied to be salutary, or incurable
not to be cured by drugs
not hereditary
mode of attack
depends not on morbific matter
its inflammation asthenic
its symptoms and description
its remissions accounted for
the terms retrocedent, atonic, &c. misapplied
mode of cure
electricity useful
Dr. Darwin's advice
Diet and medicine in
_Gravity_, the circulation affected by it

H. _Habit_, its power _Harvey_, discovers the circulation of the blood, and is opposed _Health_ previous to disease, investigated point of, on the scale _Heart_, description of _Heat_, its combinations animal, accounted for its effects on the system how it affects vegetables its debilitating effects exemplified _Hunger_ and _thirst_ _Hunter, Mr. John_, dissects torpedo, and electrical eel

I.
_Inflammation_, illustrated
sthenic
asthenic
of gout asthenic
_Iron_, contained in the blood

L. _Lacteals_, described _Life_, principle of _Light_, its properties its exciting power _Lungs_, circulation through _Lymphatics_ described

M. _Muscles_, mechanical action of _Music_, its effects

N.
_Nerves_, their distribution
_Nervous_ and _bilious_, terms sometimes used without ideas
diseases (so called)
diseases really so
_Newton_, his query about elastic fluid misapplied
even his conjectures important
discovers the laws of sound
his reason why the crystalline is densest in the middle
knew not the cause of gravitation
_Nonnaturals_, misapplication of that term
_Nosology_

O. _Odours_, extreme subtilty of Haller, &c. fail in classing them convey nourishment _Opium_, its intoxicating effects its use in gout _Organs_, digestive _Oxygen_, experiments with connected with excitability

P. _Pain_ encreases mental energy _Passions of the mind_, their effects _Pendulums_, laws of _Peristaltic motion_ _Physiology_, its importance _Pulse_, the phenomena of

R.
_Respiration_, organs of
how performed
analogous to combustion
chemically explained

S.
_Schools_, their temperature ill regulated
_Sensation_
organs of
more acute by pain
_Senses_, general account of
external and internal
_Skin_
_Sleep_, accumulates excitability
_Smell_
different in different animals
Blumenbach's opinion on
diseases of
_Sound_, production of
media of
illustrated
velocity of
musical
reflection of
_Spallanzani_, his experiments on digestion
_Spirituous liquors_, their effects
a singular mode of correcting the abuse of
_Squinting_, &c.
method of cure
_Stomach_
diseases of
_Study_, debilitating effects of

T. _Taste_ diseases of _Temperancc_ _Temperature_ of animals, specific and uniform _Touch_ the basis of the other senses _Typhus_, Dr. Garnett's treatment of Dr. Currie's ditto

V.
_Veins_, their structure and office
_Vision_, manner of
opinions on
seat of
why objects appear erect
why seen single
diseases and cure of
_Voltaire_, his story of Ogul, the epicure

W. _Water_, the best diluent _Wine_, its use and abuse

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. _L. s._ A. Henry Ainslie, M.D. 10 10 James Peter Auriol, Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 James Acheson, Esq. _Oaks, Londonderry_ 1 1 W. Dacre Adams, Esq. 1 1 Miss Adams 1 1 Mr. Adams, _Optician_ 5 5 ------Addington, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Thomas Addison, _Preston_ 2 2 Mrs. Addison 2 2 John Aikin, M.D. 1 1 Mr. Arthur Aikin 1 1 Charles R. Aikin, Esq. _Surgeon_ 1 1 William Alers, Esq. 2 2 Dr. Alexander, _Hallifax_ 2 2 Henry Alexander, Esq. 1 1 E. Alexander, M.D. _Leicester_ 1 1 William Allen, Esq. F.L.S. 2 2 Robert Anderson, Esq. 1 1 Dr. Anderson 1 1 Dr. Anderson, _Hammersmith_ 1 1 A. Apsley, Esq. 1 1 Mr. D. Archer, _Bath_ 1 1 Mr. J. T. Armiger 1 1 Nicholas Ashton, Esq. _Liverpool_ 1 1 Mr. Thomas Aston 1 1 Abram Atkins, Esq. 3 3 William James Atkinson, Esq. 3 3 Mr. Accum 10 10 Mr. Noah Ayton 1 1

B. Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B. Pr. R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. F.L.S. 10 10 Sir C. W. Rouse Boughton, Bart. P.R.I. 1 1 Sir William Blizard, F.R.S. F.A.S. 2 2 Mr. B. _Lancaster_ 1 1 Dr. Babington, _Physician to Guy's Hospital._ 3 3 Miss Bacon 1 1 Miss Mary Bacon 1 1 John Bailey, Esq. 1 1 Andrew Bain, M.D. 5 5 John Baker, Esq. 10 10 William Baker, Esq. 10 10 Mr. Joseph Ball 1 1 Rev. Edward Balme 1 1 Mr. Bamford 1 1 Rev. John Banks, P.R.I. _Boston, Lincoln._ 1 1 Mr. Banks, _Leeds_ 1 1 Charles Baratty, Esq. F.A.S. 1 1 Robert Barclay Esq. _Southwark_ P.R.I. F.L.S. 1 1 Mr. William Barclay 1 1 R. J. Barlow, Esq. 3 3 Dr. Barrow 1 1 Rev. William Barton, _Whalley_ 1 1 Mr. Barton 1 1 Thomas Baskerfeild, Esq. F.A.S. 1 1 Jacob Bath, Esq. _Surgeon, 66th Reg._ 1 1 Robert Batty, M.D. P.R.I. F.L.S. 5 5 Mr. Charles Baumer 1 1 E. Bayley, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Mr. John Baynes 1 1 Mr. Beckett 1 1 Hugh Bell, Esq. 1 1 William Bell, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Mr. Bell 5 5 Christopher K. Bellew, Esq. 2 2 Rev. N. Benezer, _Swaffham_ 1 1 Nathaniel Barnardiston, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Bernard, Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 W. Berwick, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Richard Best, Jun. Esq. 1 1 Henry Bickersteth, Esq. _Kirkby Lonsdale_ 2 2 Henry Bickersteth, Jun. Esq. _Kirkby Lonsdale_ 1 1 Mr. John Bickersteth 2 2 Mr. E. Bickersteth 1 1 T. Bigge, Esq. _Newcastle upon Tyne_ 1 1 Mr. George Biggin 1 1 W. Bindsale, Esq. _Pickering, Surgeon_ Charles Binney, Esq. 1 1 Joseph Birch, Esq. M.P. 3 3 Dr. Birkbeck 5 5 Morris Birkbeck, Jun. Esq. _Wanborough, Surry_ 1 1 Thomas Blacker, Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 Mr. Blades 1 1 Alexander Blair, Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 William Blair, Esq. 3 3 Dr. Blake, _Taunton_ 1 1 Dr. Blane 5 5 Mr. Henry Blatch, _Surgeon_ 1 1 Ditto, _2nd Subscription_ 4 4 Ralph Blegborough, M.D. P.R.I. 2 2 John Bliss, Esq. 1 1 Robert Blundell, Esq. 1 1 Samuel Boddington, Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 George Bodley, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Bodley, Esq. 1 1 John Bolton, Esq. 1 1 Dr. Bolton 5 5 Thomson Bonar, Esq. P.R.I. 10 10 George Booth, Esq. 2 2 John Bostock, M.D. 2 2 Josiah Boydell, Esq. 3 3 Daniel Braithwaite, Esq. F.R.S. F.A.S. 5 5 Miss Braithwaite 2 2 Mr. James Braithwaite 1 1 ------Brande, Esq. 1 1 Joseph Brandreth, M.D. 5 5 Mr. Brandreth, _Surgeon_ 3 3 Mr. Brandreth, _Attorney_ 2 2 Messrs. Brash and Reid, _Glasgow_ 2 2 John Breare, Esq. 1 1 Martin Bree, Esq. 1 1 J. H. Brehmer, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Brentford Book Society 1 1 William Bridgman, Esq. P.R.I. F.L.S. 1 1 Mr. Richard Briggs 2 2 Mrs. Richard Briggs 1 1 Lowbridge Bright, Esq. _Bristol_ British Library, _St. Petersburg_ 1 1 Theodore Henry Broadhead, Esq. F.A.S. P.R.I. 2 2 Messrs. Broderip 5 5 James Brogden, Esq. M.P. 3 3 Mr. E. Brook 1 1 Joshua Brooks, Esq. _Lecturer on Anatomy, Surgery, &c._ 5 5 James Brown, Esq. _Leeds_ 1 1 J. Brown, M.D. _Islington_ 1 1 Mr. Brown 1 1 ------Bryant, Esq. _Lynn Regis, Surgeon_ 1 1 Dr. Buchan 1 1 Rev. Gilbert Buchanan, LL.D. _Rector of Woodmanstow, Surry_ 1 1 Mr. Buchenson, _Surgeon_ 1 1 Buckingham Book Society 1 1 George Buckle, Esq. 2 2 William Buckley, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Henry Budd 1 1 Mr. John Buddle 1 1 Mr. J. Buncomb, _Taunton, Somerset._ 1 1 Mr. A. S. Burkitt, _Chemist_ 3 5 6 Charles Burney, LL.D. F.R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. _Greenwich_ 1 1 Robert Burns, Esq. 1 1 Mrs. Butts 1 1

C. Sir John Chetwode, Bart. 1 1 Henry Cavendish, Esq. F.R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. 10 10 Thomas Coutts, Esq. P.R.I. 10 10 Mr. John Callow 1 1 Dr. Alexander Campbell, _Secretary to the Medical Board, Calcutta_ 1 1 Dr. Campbell, _Lancaster_ 1 1 Colonel James Campbell 1 1 Mr. Card 1 1 Anthony Carlisle, Esq. F.L.S. 1 1 Mr. John Carpenter, Senr. _Lyme_ J. C. Carpue, Esq. 2 2 George Carr, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Thomas W. Carr, Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 Mr. W. Cary 1 1 William Cass, Esq. 1 1 Dr. Cassels, _Lancaster_ 1 1 D. Cassidy, Esq. 1 1 John Cates, Esq. 1 1 H. Cayley, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 William Chamberlain, Esq. 1 1 L. B. Chateauneauf, Esq. 1 1 Chester Public Library 1 1 Henry Chevalier, Esq. F.L.S. 2 2 Mrs. Chevalier 1 1 James Chew, M.D. _Blackburn_ 1 1 Mr. Christian, _Attorney_ 1 1 ------Clapham, Esq. _Thorney Abbey, Surgeon_ 1 1 John Clarke, Esq. 1 1 J. Calvert Clarke, Esq. 5 5 Ralph Clarke, Esq. 1 1 Richard Hall Clarke, Esq. _Devon._ 1 1 Mr. John Clay 1 1 S. P. Cockerell, Esq. P.R.I. 2 2 Miss Codrington 2 2 Mr. John Cohen 1 1 Mr. Collier 1 1 Mr. Coltman, _Surgeon_ 2 2 Mr. Colton 1 1 Mr. Cooke 1 1 B. Coombe, Esq. 2 2 Astley Cooper, Esq. F.R.S. 5 5 Rev. Stuart Corbett Adam Cottam, Esq. _Whalley, near Blackburn_ 1 1 Mr. Cotter, _Godstone, Surry_ 1 1 Mr. Cotter 1 1 John Cowan, Esq. 1 1 Theodore Cox, Esq. 2 2 John Craig, Esq. _Glasgow_ 1 1 Mr. Cregg 1 1 Thomas Creser, Esq. 1 1 William Cresswell, Esq. 1 1 Alexander Crichton, M.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. 2 2 Mr. Crigg 1 1 George Crooke, Esq. Hugh Cross, Esq. 2 2 C. Cuppage, Esq. 1 1 Mr. William Cuppage 2 2 James Currie, M.D. F.R.S. _Physician to Guy's Hospital_ 2 2 ------Currie, M.D. 5 5 ------Cuthbert 1 11 6 Mr. John Cuthbertson 1 11 6

D. Sir George Duckett, Bart. P.R.I. 1 1 Peter Denys, Esq. P.R.I. 10 10 Lady C. Denys 5 5 George William Denys, Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 David Dale, Esq. 5 5 J. P. Dale, Esq. 5 5 Thomas Dale, M.D. 1 1 Mr. Daniel Dale 5 5 Mr. Daltera, _Attorney_ 1 1 Mr. Darbyshire 1 1 Mr. Davie, _St Thomas's Hospital_ 1 1 Dr. Davies, _Bath_ 1 1 Dr. Davison, _Harewood_ Humphry Davy, Esq. F.R.S. 5 5 Mr. Joseph Dawson 1 1 Thomas Dawson, Esq. _Surgeon_ 1 1 Mr. Thomas Dawson 1 1 Mr. Dawson 2 2 Thomas Day, Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 Miss Day 2 2 Mrs. Delamore 1 1 Thomas Demson, Esq. 1 1 R. Dennison, M.D. and F.A.S. 2 2 Osbert Denton, Esq. _Chelsea_ 10 0 Mrs. Denton 10 0 Miss Denton 5 0 Mr. Benjamin Devaynes 1 1 N. Devy, Esq. 1 1 Charles Dibdin, Esq. 5 5 William Dick, Esq. 1 1 W. Dickson, LL.D. _Clipstone St._ 2 2 Charles Dilly, Esq. 2 2 Mr. William Dinsley, _Leeds_ 1 1 ------Doig, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Doig 1 1 George Dominicus, Esq. 2 2 Rev. Thomas Donald, _Anthorne, Cumberland_ 1 1 Andrew Douglas, Esq. F.R.S. P.R.I. 5 5 Mr. James Dove 1 1 Henry Downer, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Drewe 1 1 F. Duboulay, Esq. 1 1 Dr. Andrew Duncan, _Edinburgh_ Dr. Andrew Duncan, Jun. _Do._ Mrs. Dunlop, _Hammersmith_ 1 1 Miss Dunlop, _Hammersmith_ 1 1 James Dupre, Esq. P.R.I. 1 1

E. Marquis of Exeter, F.R.S. F.A.S. 5 5 Marchioness of Exeter 5 5 The Earl of Egremont, F.R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. 10 10 Sir H. C. Englefield, Bart. F.R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. 3 3 Sir James Earle 2 2 Hon. William Elphinstone 1 1 R. G. Ealand, Esq. 1 1 Willis Earle, Esq. 2 2 ------Eccles, Esq. _Clithero_ 1 1 D. B. Plantagenet Eccleston, Esq. 1 1 Library of the University of Edinburgh Mr. Edmondson, _Surgeon, Lancaster_ 1 1 Mr. Richard Elgar 1 1 George Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. 1 1 John Fullerton Elphinstone, Esq. _East Lodge, Enfield_ 1 1 Alexander Erskine, Esq. F.L.S. 1 1 George Erving, Esq. 1 1 John Esdaile. Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 Isaac Espinasse, Esq. 2 2 William Etty, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Evans 1 1

F Col. the Hon. T. W. Fermor, P.R.I. 10 10 James Fallofeild, Esq. P.R.I. 2 2 Vere Fane, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Farquhar, Esq. 1 1 Robert Farquhar, Esq. _Rochester_ 1 1 Mr. Faulder 1 1 W. Fawkes, Esq. _Farnley, near Leeds_ 3 3 John Feltham, Esq. 2 2 Richard Firmin, Esq. 3 3 Mr. M. Fitzgerald 1 1 Lewis Flannagan, Esq. 2 2 Arch. Fletcher, _Advocate, Glasgow_ 2 2 Caleb Fletcher, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Benjamin Flockton ------Forbes, Esq. 1 1 Henry Fock, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Mr. Ford, _Pimlico_ 1 1 ------Ford, Esq. 2 2 R. Forrester, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 B. M. Forster, Esq. 1 1 Rev. Edward Forster, F.R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. 1 1 Thomas Foster, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Fothergill, Esq. 2 2 John Foulks, Esq. 2 2 Joseph Fox, Esq. 2 2 Rev. M. Foxcroft 1 1 James Fraser, Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 F. Freelong, Esq. 1 1 ------French, Esq. 1 1 A Friend 2 2 A friend, W. M. 1 1 A friend, J. C. 1 1 A friend, T. K. 2 2 A friend, E. 4 4 A friend, T. 10 0 A friend, J. G. 5 5 A friend, A. 2 2 A friend, R. W. by Mr. Lawson 1 1 A friend, W. W. 1 1 A friend, I. A. W. 1 1 A friend, I. S. 1 1 A friend, A. B. 2 2 A friend, I. B. 5 5 A friend, W. D. 2 2 A friend, D. D. 2 2 A friend, J. L. Esq. 3 3 A friend, E. A. 1 1 A friend, I. S. 1 1 A friend, I. B. 1 1 A friend, M. W. 1 1 A friend, M. B. 5 0 A friend, I. A. W. 1 1 A friend, E. D. 1 1 A friend, J. D. 1 1 A friend, J. P. D. 1 1 A friend, S. B. D. 4 4 A friend, S. D. 5 5 A friend, Mr. B. 1 1 A friend, Mr. B. 1 1 A friend, S. E. D. 1 1 A friend, S. E. D. 1 1 A friend, S. M. D. 1 1 A friend, I. T. by Mr. I. J. Armiger 1 1 A friend, by Dr. Batty 3 3 A friend, I. H. D. by Dr. Batty 3 3 A friend, by D. Braithwaite, Esq. 3 3 A friend, by Miss Braithwaite 2 2 A friend, by Mr. Gear 1 1 A friend, H. L. by Mr. Thomas 1 1 A friend, S. H. by Mr. Lawson 2 2 A friend, by Mr. Rathbone 5 5 Edmund Fry, M.D. 1 1

G Sir James Whalley Gardiner, Bart. _Clerk Hill, near Blackburn_ 3 3 Mr. William Gaitskell 3 3 Peter Garforth, Esq. 5 5 John Gaythorne, Esq. 2 2 Robert Gear, Esq. 2 2 Do. for a friend, _no Book_ 1 1 John Geddes, Esq. 2 2 James Gerard, Esq. 3 3 Mr. Robert Gibson 2 2 Mr. W. Gilbert, _Optician_ 2 2 Collin Gillespie, Esq. 1 1 William Gillespie, Esq. 5 5 Robert Gillespie, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Gisborne, M.D. F.R.S. 1 1 Henry Glossop, Esq. _Cambridge_ 2 2 Mrs. Gooch 1 1 ------Good, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Good 1 1 Mr. Alexander Gordon, _Surgeon_ 1 1 Mr. Alexander Caudleraig Gordon, _Edinburgh_ 1 1 Mrs. Maxwell Gordon, _Edinburgh_ 2 2 Thomas T. Gorsuch, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Samuel Gosnell, _Printer_ 1 1 Joseph Gough, Esq. 1 1 Archibald Graham, Esq. _Glasgow_ 1 1 Robert Graham, Esq. 1 1 Mrs. Henry Grant 2 2 Alex. Grant, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Edward Whitaker Gray, M.D. Sec. R.S. 1 1 R. Greaves, M.D. _Reading, Berks._ 2 2 Mr. Griffenhof, _Hampton_ 1 1 Thomas Green, Esq. 3 3 Mrs. Green 2 2 ------Greenwood, Esq. _Lancaster, Surgeon_ 1 1 John Grenfell, Esq. _Chelsea_ 1 1 Mr. Griffin 1 1 T. Grimston, Esq. _Kilnwick, York._ 1 1 Henry Grimston, Esq. F.L.S. 1 1 John Guthrie, Esq. 2 2

H Sir John Cox Hippisley, Bart. F.R.S. F.A.S. P.R.I. 5 5 Hon. Mr. Justice Heath, P.R.I. 1 1 Messrs. Hoare 21 0 Mr. Hadwen, _Lancaster_ 1 1 G. H. C. Hahn, Esq. _Wimbledon_ 1 1 Samuel Hailstone, Esq. 1 1 John Hale, Esq. P.R.I. 2 2 Mr. T. Hall 2 2 Mr. Halliday, _Everton, near Liverpool_ 1 1 Dr. James Hamilton, _Professor of Midwifery, University, Edinburgh_ Mr. John Hamilton 1 1 Colonel Hamilton, _His Majesty's Consul, Norfolk, Virginia_ 5 0 G. H. Hancock, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Hankey 5 5 Mr. John Harding 1 1 Robert Hardy, Esq. _Whalley, near Blackburn, Surgeon_ 1 1 Mr. John Hardy 1 1 Rev. Richard Harrington, _Hayley, Worcestershire_ 1 1 Rev. Robert Harris, _Preston_ 1 1 J. Harrison, Esq. _Kirkby Lonsdale_ 5 5 Thomas Harrison, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Joseph Harrison, _Bury_ 3 3 Mr. William Harrison, _Manchester_ 1 1 Harrowgate Book Club 1 1 Enoch Harvey, Esq. _Liverpool_ 2 2 Joseph Haskins, Esq. P.R.I. 3 3 William Huskisson, Esq. 1 1 Charles Hatchett, Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S. P.R.I. 10 10 Dr. Hawes, (W. H. S.) 1 1 Mr. B. Hawes 1 1 Richard Haworth, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Joseph Hawthorne, _Reading_ 1 1 Thomas Hay, Esq. 1 1 ------Haygarth, M.D. _Bath_ 2 2 William Headington, Esq. 1 1 John Heath, M.D. _Fakenham, Nor._ 1 1 Mr. Richard Heathfield 1 1 Mr. Henbest 2 2 William Henderson, Esq. 2 2 Messrs. Thomas and William Henry 5 5 Messrs. T. and W. Henry 5 5 Benjamin Arthur Heywood, Esq. 2 2 B. A. Heywood, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Hicks, _Surgeon_ 1 1 Dr. Higgins 2 2 John Benton Higgon, Esq. 1 1 Henry Hinckley, Esq. 2 2 John Hinckley, Esq. P.R.I. 2 2 Elias Hocker, Esq. _Brook House, Devon._ 1 1 Hoddesdon Book Society 2 2 Mrs. Hodge 1 1 Henry Hodgson, Esq. 1 1 Rev. Dr. Hodgson, _Market Rasen, Lincolnshire_ 1 1 Charles Holford, Esq. _Hampstead_ 1 1 Mr. W. Holland 1 1 Edward Holme, M.D. 2 2 Mr. Jacob Holme 1 1 Everard Home, Esq. F.R.S. P.R.I. 5 5 Mr. Hommey, _Military Academy, Woolwich_ 1 1 Mr. Hooke, _Optician_, P.R.I. 2 2 Dr. Hooper, F.L.S. 5 5 Dr. Thomas C. Hope, _Edinburgh_ Rev. J. J. Hornby 1 1 Mr. J. D. Hose, Jun. 1 1 Mr. Houseman 1 1 Luke Howard, Esq. 3 3 S. R. Howard, Esq. 1 1 T. M. Hubert, Esq. 1 1 Henry Hughs, Esq. 3 3 Richard Hughes, Esq. 5 5 Hull Subscription Library 1 1 John Hull, M.D. 2 2 Dr. Hull 2 2 Dr. Hulme 2 2 N. Hulme, M.D. F.R.S. and F.A.S 3 3 Mr. N. Hume 3 3 Mr. J. Hume 1 1 Mrs. Hunt 3 3 Robert Hunter, Esq. _Kew_ 1 1 Dr. Hunter, _York_ Mr. John Hustler 1 1 Walter Hutton, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Hutton, _Sheffield_

J G. Jackson, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Mr. Jackson, _Lancaster_ 1 1 Miss Sarah Jackson 1 1 William James, Esq. 1 1 Thomas I'anson, Esq. 2 2 ------Jaques, M.D. _Harrowgate_ 2 2 ------Jardine, M.D. 2 2 George Jeffery, Esq. 1 1 Edward Jenner, M.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. 10 10 Edward Jenings, Esq. _Kensington_ 1 1 William Ingham, Esq. _Newcastle upon Tyne_ 2 2 Rt. Innes, Esq. _Newcastle upon Tyne_ 1 1 Edward Johnson, Esq. _Mile End_ 1 1 Christopher Johnson, Esq. 1 1 R. Johnson, Esq. 1 1 ------Jones, Esq. _Chelsea_ 1 1 W. Jones, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Thomas Jones, Esq. _Llandisillio Hall, Oswestry_ 1 1 Mr. John Jones, _Surgeon_ 2 2 Stephen Jones, Esq. 1 1 Gibbs Walker Jordan, Esq. F.R.S. 3 3 Major Jourdan 1 1 Rev. J. Joyce 1 1 Thomas Irving, Esq. 2 2 Thomas Irwin, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Ives, _Surgeon, Chertsey_

K The Hon. George Knox, F.R.S. 10 10 Frederick Kanmacher, Esq. P.R.I. F.L.S. 1 1 Mr. B. A. Keck, _Leeds_ Miss Keene 2 2 Mr. P. Kelly 1 1 Dr. E. Kentish, _Bristol_ Mr. Jonathan Key 1 1 T. King, Esq. _Carshalton, Surry_ 1 1 James King, Esq. 2 2 J. King, Esq. _Finsthwaite, Kendal_ 1 1 Messrs. Knipe and Mower 2 2 Kirkby Lonsdale Book Club 1 1 John Knox, Esq. 1 1 William Knox, Esq. 1 1

L Right Hon. Lady Lyttelton 3 3 Sir James Lake, Bart. 1 1 George Lackington, Esq. 2 2 Mr. W. Laforest 2 2 H. Lamatte, Esq. 1 1 Mrs. Lappan 1 1 Samuel Lawford, Esq. P.R.I. _Peckham_ 1 1 Thomas Wright Lawford, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Samuel Lawford, jun. 1 1 Johnson Lawson, Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 Henry Lawson, Esq. 5 5 Rev. G. Lawson 1 1 James Inglish Lawson, Esq. 1 1 William Leake, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Joseph Leay 1 1 Mr. William Leay 1 1 Rev. Francis Lee 2 2 John Leeds, Esq. _Chelsea_ 1 1 James Leighton, Esq. 2 2 Dr. Lempriere 1 1 J. Lestourgeon, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Lewis, Esq. P.R.I. 2 2 William Lewis, Esq. F.L.S. 5 5 Mr. Lewthwaite 1 1 Library of the Sheffield Infirmary Henry Lider, Esq. _Stilton_ 1 1 John Lightbody, Esq. _Liverpool_ 5 5 A. S. Lillingston, Esq. _Llyne_ 1 1 Lincoln Medical Society Literary Fund 30 0 Literary Society at Newcastle 2 2 Mr. Littlewood 1 1 Liverpool Library 1 1 John Lloyd, Esq. _Bashall Lodge, Yorkshire_ 1 1 H. E. Lloyd, Esq. 1 1 Mr. James Long, _Optician_ 3 3 C. Lormar, Esq. _Bath_ 1 1 Mr. R. Low, _Surgeon_ 1 1 James Lowe, Esq. 2 2 Mrs. W. Lowry 5 5 Captain John Lucas 1 1 Mr. Lucas 2 2 James Ludlam, Esq. _Homerton_ 1 1 Mr. Lumley 1 1 William Luxmoore, Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 T. Luxmoore, Esq. 1 1 Lynn Subscription Library 1 1 John Lyon, M.D. 3 3

M Right Hon. Lord Muncaster John Mac Arthur, Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 John McCartney, M.D. 2 2 A. McCausland, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Angus McDonald, Esq. 2 2 Angus McDonald, M.D. 1 1 Dr. Macdonald _Taunton, Somerset._ 1 1 Duncan Macfarlane, Esq. 5 5 George McIntosh, Esq. 4 4 Dr. McIntosh 2 2 Mr. Mackender 1 1 Alexander McLeay, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Maddon, jun. 1 1 John Mair, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Malcolm 1 1 F. H. Maltz, jun. Esq. _Hamburgh_ 1 1 Alexander Marcet, M.D. P.R.I. _Assistant Physician to Guy's Hospital_ 2 2 Charles Marsh, Esq. F.A.S. P.R.I. 1 1 Dr. Marshal 1 1 Mr. William Marshall 1 1 William Maud, Esq. 1 1 P. W. Mayow, Esq. 1 1 W. W. Mayow, Esq. 1 1 Samuel Mellish, Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 W. Menish, Esq. P.R.I. _Bromley, Kent_ 2 2 Richard Meux, jun. Esq. 5 5 John Middleton, Esq. 1 1 John Milford, Esq. 2 2 James Millar, Esq. _College, Glasgow_ 1 1 Captain Millar 1 1 Miss Millar 1 1 ------Miller, Esq. _Peterborough, Surgeon_ 1 1 James Milne, _College, Glasgow_ 2 2 Charles Minier, Esq. 2 2 William Minier, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Minchell, _Surgeon_ 3 3 Ed. Moberly, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 Mr. Mogg 1 1 Dr. Alex Monro, Sen. _Edinburgh_ Matthew Montagu, Esq. F.R.S. 1 1 Charles Montague, Esq. _Surgeon_ 1 1 Robert Monteith, Esq. 1 1 Jon Monteith, Esq. 1 1 Robert Montgomerie, Esq. 1 1 G. Morgan, Esq. _Norfolk, Virginia_ 5 0 Mr. Joseph Morgan 1 1 William Morley, jun. Esq. P.R.I. 1 1 John Morris, Esq. 2 2 Mr. James Moss 1 1 P. S. Munn, Esq. 1 1 Sir John Chardin Musgrave, Bart. 1 1

N Edward Nairne, Esq. F.R.S. P.R.I. 5 5 Rev. Archdeacon Nares, F.A.S. 2 2 Mr. Charles Newby 2 2 Mr. J. Nicholas 1 1 George Nicholson, Esq. _Ponchnill, near Ludlow_ 1 1 Mr. Francis Nicholson, _Artist, Somers Town_ 2 2 Mr. William Nicholson 5 5 Mrs. Norman, _Chelsea_ 1 1 William Norris, Esq. 2 2 Henry Norris, Esq. _Davy-Hulme- Hall, near Manchester_ 5 5 Mr. Norris 5 5 William North, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Northmore, Esq. 5 5 Messrs. Norton and Son, _Bristol_

O James Ogilvy, Esq. 1 1 Edward Ogle, Esq. 1 1 Henry Okey, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Oliver 1 1 Mr. Serjeant Onslow 1 1 Rev. Richard Ormerod, _Kensington_ 1 1 Alexander Oswald, Esq. 5 5 R. Oswin, Esq. 2 2 Mr. Otley 1 1 ------Owen, Esq. 10 10

P Royal College of Physicians 20 0 The Earl of Pomfret, P.R.I. 10 10 Sir William Pepperell, Bart. 2 2 Sir Christopher Pegge, Knt. _Regius Professor of Physic, Oxford_ Philip Palmer, Esq. 5 5 Felix Palmer, Esq. 3 3 Mrs. Palmer 3 3 Executors of Mrs. Palmer 10 0 Thomas Park, Esq. F.A.S. 1 1 Mr. Park, _Surgeon_ 3 3 Mr. J. C. Parker 5 5 Thomas Parker, Esq. 5 5 Mr. Robert Parker 1 1 G. Parkinson, Esq. 3 3 ------Parkinson, Esq. _Clitheroe_ 1 1 Dr. Parkinson, _Lancaster_ 1 1 John Parry, Esq. 5 5 John Pattison, Esq. 7 7 Mrs. Paulin, _Chelsea_ 1 1 William Payne, Esq. _Bradford_ 1 1 Thomas Paytherus, Esq. 2 2 John Peake, Esq. _Battersea_ 1 1 C. Pears, Esq. F.L.S. 2 2 Rev. William Pearson, P.R.I. 3 3 William Pearson 3 3 Thomas Pearson, Esq. 1 1 William Scott Peckham, Esq. 1 1 Edmund Peckover, Esq. _Bradford_ 1 1 W. H. Pepys, Esq. 5 5 W. H. Pepys, jun. Esq. P.R.I. 5 5 Edmund Pepys, Esq. 1 1 Thomas Perceval, M.D. F.R.S. F.A.S. 2 2 Dr. Percival 2 2 Mr. B. D. Perkins 1 1 W. Perrin, Esq. 2 2 James Perry, Esq. P.R.I. 3 3 Louis Hayes Petit, Esq. F.A.S. 2 2 Mr. C. H. Pfeffel 1 1 Rev. W. G. Phillips, P.R.I. 1 1 William Phillips, Esq. 1 1 Mr. R. Phillips, _Bookseller_ 5 5 Mr. Richard Phillips 1 1 Mrs. Charles Phillott, _Bath_ 1 1 Johnson Phillott, Esq. _Bath_ 1 1 Philosophical Society, _Hythe, Kent_ 1 1 Physical Society, _Guy's Hospital_ 6 6 Library of the College of Physicians, Edinburgh J. K. Picard, Esq. _Summergang's House, near Hull_ 2 2 Charles Pieschell, Esq. P.R.I. 2 2 Gillery Pigott, Esq. 2 2 T. Pilkington, Esq, _Bewdley, Surgeon_ 1 1 William Pilkington, Esq. 2 2 Mrs. Pilkington 1 1 William Pim, Esq. 2 2 I. Pinchard, Esq. _Taunton_ 1 1 Dr. Pinckard 2 2 Thomas Pitt, Esq. F.A.S. P.R.I. 2 2 William Plasted, Esq. _Chelsea_ 1 1 ------Pocock, Esq. 1 1 Plymouth Literary Society 1 1 R. Podmore, Esq. 1 1 Mr. William Pollard, _Bradford_ 1 1 Thomas C. Porter, Esq. 1 1 Portsmouth Book Society 2 2 The Rev. Josiah Pratt, F.A.S. 1 1 J. Prescott, Esq. _St. Petersburg_ 1 11 6 The Rev. I. Preston, _Flasby Hall, Yorkshire_ 1 1 Joseph Price, Esq. 1 1 Rev. William Price, _Bath_ 1 1 Benjamin Price, Esq. 1 1 Mr. Joseph Priestly, _Bradford_ 1 1 Mr. Prince 1 1 Mr. Pritt 1 1 Mr. Pullen 1 1 T. Pulley, Esq. 1 1