Chapter I: Front Matter

PORTUGUESE
LITERATURE

Oxford University Press

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Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY

PORTUGUESE
LITERATURE

BY
AUBREY F. G. BELL

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1922

TO THE TRUE PORTUGAL OF THE FUTURE

_La letteratura, dalla quale sola potrebbe aver sodo principio
la rigenerazione della nostra patria._

GIACOMO LEOPARDI.

_This book was ready in October 1916, but the war delayed its publication. A few alterations have now been made in order to bring it up to date. It is needless to say how welcome will be further suggestions, especially for the bibliography. Only by such help can a book of this kind become useful, since its object is not to expatiate upon schools and theories but to give with as much accuracy as possible the main facts concerning the work and life of each individual author._

AUBREY F. G. BELL.

S. JOÃO DO ESTORIL,
PORTUGAL.
_July 1921_

CONTENTS

_Introduction_

PAGE

Portuguese literature in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries--D. Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos--Dr. Theophilo Braga--Portuguese prose--Portuguese writers in Spanish and Latin--Character of the Portuguese--Special qualities of their literature--Splendid achievement--Lack of criticism and proportion but not of talent 13

I. 1185-1325.

[i. e. from the accession of Sancho I to the death of Dinis.]

§ 1. _The Cossantes_ 22

Earliest poems--Their indigenous character and peculiar form--Their origin--Galicia in the Middle Ages--The pilgrimages--Dance-poems--Themes of the _cossantes_--Their relation to the poetry imported from Provence--Writers of _cossantes_: Nuno Fernandez Torneol--Joan Zorro--Pero Meogo--Pay Gomez Chariño--Airas Nunez’ _pastorela_--The _cantigas de vilãos_--Songs of women--Persistence of the _cossante_ to modern times--_Cossantes_ and _cantigas de amor_.

§ 2. _The Cancioneiros_ 37

_Cancioneiro da Ajuda_--_Cancioneiro da Vaticana_--_Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti_--Relations of Portugal with Spain, with France, with other countries--The Galician language--Its extension--Alfonso X--The _Cantigas de Santa Maria_--Poetry at the Court of Afonso III--Provençal poetry in Portugal--Monotony and technical skill of the Portuguese poets--_Cantigas de amigo_--Satiric poems--Joan de Guilhade--Pero Garcia de Burgos--Pero da Ponte--Joan Airas--Fernan Garcia Esgaravunha--Airas Nunez--King Dinis.

II. 1325-1521.

[i. e. from the accession of Sancho IV to the death of Manuel I.]

§ 1. _Early Prose_ 58

Comparatively late development of prose--Spanish influence in the second period of Portuguese literature--King Dinis’ translation of the _Cronica Geral_--_Regra de S. Bento_--Translations from the Bible--Sacred legends--Aesop’s Fables--Chronicles--_Livros de Linhagens_--The Breton cycle--The Quest of the Holy Grail--_Livro de Josep ab Arimatia_--_Estorea de Vespeseano_--_Amadis de Gaula_--Problem of its origin--Early allusions--Vasco de Lobeira--Probable introduction of _Amadis_ into the Peninsula through Portugal.

§ 2. _Epic and Later Galician Poets_ 72

Dearth of epics--Apocryphal poems--Afonso Giraldez--_Romances_--Their connexion with Spain--Survival of Galician lyrics--Macias--Juan Rodriguez de la Cámara--Fernam Casquicio--Vasco Perez de Camões--Gonçalo Rodriguez, Archdeacon of Toro--Garci Ferrandez de Gerena--Alfonso Alvarez de Villasandino--_Cantigas de escarnho_--The Constable D. Pedro.

§ 3. _The Chroniclers_ 81

Fernam Lopez--_Cronica do Condestabre_--Zurara--Ruy de Pina--_Cronica do Infante Santo._ Other prose: King João I--King Duarte--Pedro, Duke of Coimbra--Letters of Lopo de Almeida--_Boosco Delleytoso_--_Corte Imperial_--_Flos Sanctorum_--_Vita Christi_--_Espelho de Christina_--_Espelho de Prefeyçam_.

§ 4. _The Cancioneiro Geral_ 96

The break in Portuguese poetry--Its revival--Garcia de Resende--_Cancioneiro Geral_--Its shallow themes--More serious poems--Alvaro de Brito--The _Coudel Môr_--D. João de Meneses--D. João Manuel--Fernam da Silveira--Nuno Pereira--Diogo Brandam--Luis Anriquez--Rodriguez de Sá--The Conde de Vimioso--Duarte de Brito--Spanish influence.

III. The Sixteenth Century [1502-80].

§ 1. _Gil Vicente_ 106

The sixteenth century--Gil Vicente’s first play (1502)--The year and place of his birth--His life--Poet and goldsmith--His _autos_--Types sketched in his _farsas_--Devotional plays, comedies and tragicomedies--Origin of the drama in Portugal--Enzina’s influence on Vicente--French influence--Other Spanish writers--Traditional satire--Number of Vicente’s plays--Their character and that of their author--His patriotism and serious purpose--His achievement and influence in Spain and Portugal.

§ 2. _Lyric and Bucolic Poets_ 132

Bernardim Ribeiro--Cristovam Falcão--Sá de Miranda--D. Manuel de Portugal--Diogo Bernardez--Frei Agostinho da Cruz--Antonio Ferreira--Andrade Caminha--Sá de Meneses--Falcão de Resende--Jorge de Montemôr--Fernam Alvarez do Oriente--Faria e Sousa--Francisco Rodriguez Lobo.

§ 3. _The Drama_ 156

Gil Vicente’s successors--Anonymous plays--Afonso Alvarez--Antonio Ribeiro Chiado--Balthasar Diaz--Anrique Lopez--Jorge Pinto--Antonio Prestes--Jeronimo Ribeiro Soarez--Simão Machado--Francisco Vaz--Gil Vicente de Almeida--Frei Antonio da Estrella--Classical drama: Sá de Miranda--Antonio Ferreira--Camões--Jorge Ferreira de Vasconcellos.

§ 4. _Luis de Camões_ 174

Family of Camões--His birth and education--In North Africa--In India--Return to Portugal--Last years and death--Camões as epic and lyric poet--The _Lusiads_--Its critics--His greatness--Influence on the language--His _Parnasso_--Camões and Petrarca--Later epic poets--Corte Real--Pereira Brandão--Francisco de Andrade.

§ 5. _The Historians_ 190

Historians of India--Alvaro Velho --Lopez de Castanheda--Barros--Couto--Corrêa--Bras de Albuquerque--Antonio Galvam--Special narratives--Gaspar Fructuoso--Frei Bernardo de Brito--Francisco de Andrade--Osorio--Bernardo da Cruz--Jeronimo de Mendoça--Miguel de Moura--Duarte Nunez de Leam--Damião de Goes--André de Resende--Manuel Severim de Faria--Faria e Sousa.

§ 6. _Quinhentista Prose_ 217

Vivid prose--_Historia Tragico-Maritima_. Travels: Duarte Barbosa--Francisco Alvarez--Gaspar da Cruz--Frei João dos Santos--Tenreiro--Mestre Afonso--Frei Gaspar de S. Bernardino--Manuel Godinho--Fernam Mendez Pinto--Garcia da Orta--Pedro Nunez--Duarte Pacheco--D. João de Castro--Afonso de Albuquerque--Soropita--Rodriguez Silveira--Fernandez Ferreira--Francisco de Hollanda--Gonçalo Fernandez Trancoso--Francisco de Moraes.

§ 7. _Religious and Mystic Writers_ 235

Mysticism--Frei Heitor Pinto--Arraez--Frei Thomé de Jesus--Frei Luis de Sousa--Lucena--Preachers: Paiva de Andrade--Fernandez Galvão--Feo--Luz--Calvo--Veiga--Ceita--Lisboa--Almeida--Alvarez--Samuel Usque--Frei Antonio das Chagas--Manuel Bernardes.

IV. 1580-1706.

[i. e. from the accession of Philip II of Spain to the death of Pedro II.]

_The Seiscentistas_ 251

_Culteranismo_--D. Francisco Manuel de Mello--_Fenix Renascida_--Soror Violante do Ceo--Child Rolim de Moura--Veiga Tagarro--Galhegos--The epic: Pereira de Castro--Bras Garcia de Mascarenhas--Sá de Meneses--Sousa de Macedo--Mousinho de Quevedo--The Academies--Martim Afonso de Miranda--Leitão de Andrade--The Love Letters--_Arte de Furtar_--Ribeiro de Macedo--Freire de Andrade--Antonio Vieira.

V. 1706-1816.

[i. e. from the accession of João V to the death of Maria I.]

_The Eighteenth Century_ 270

The Arcadias--Corrêa Garção--Quita--Diniz da Cruz e Silva--Filinto Elysio--Tolentino--The Marquesa de Alorna--Bocage--Xavier de Mattos--Gonzaga--Costa--Brazilian epics--Macedo--The Drama: Figueiredo--Antonio José da Silva--Nicolau Dias--The Academy of Sciences--Scholars and critics--Theodoro de Almeida--Letters.

VI. 1816-1910.

[i. e. from the accession of João VI to the fall of the Monarchy.]

§ 1. _The Romantic School_ 287

Portugal at the opening of the century--Almeida Garrett--Herculano--Historical novelists--Rebello da Silva--Camillo Castello Branco--Poetry: Castilho--Mendes Leal--Soares de Passos--Gomes de Amorim--Xavier de Novaes--Thomaz Ribeiro--Bulhão Pato.

§ 2. _The Reaction and After_ 304

The Coimbra School--History: Oliveira Martins--Pinheiro Chagas--Research and criticism--The Drama: Ennes--Azevedo--D. João da Camara--Marcellino Mesquita--Snr. Lopes de Mendonça--Snr. Julio Dantas--The Novel: Julio Diniz--Eça de Queiroz--J. L. Pinto--Snr. Luiz de Magalhães--Snr. Magalhães Lima--Bento Moreno--Snr. Silva Gayo--Snr. Malheiro Dias--Abel Botelho--Ramalho Ortigão--Snr. Teixeira Gomes--Snr. Antero de Figueiredo--D. Maria Amalia Vaz de Carvalho--The Conde de Sabugosa--The _Conto_: Machado--The Conde de Ficalho--Fialho de Almeida--D. João da Camara--Trindade Coelho--Snr. Julio Brandão--Poetry: Quental--João de Deus--Guilherme Braga--A. da Conceição--G. de Azevedo--João Penha--Cesario Verde--Gonçalves Crespo--Snr. Guerra Junqueiro--Gomes Leal--Snr. Teixeira de Pascoaes--Antonio Nobre--Colonel Christovam Ayres--Joaquim de Araujo--Antonio Feijó--Snr. Eugenio de Castro--Snr. Corrêa de Oliveira--Snr. Afonso Lopes Vieira.

APPENDIX

§ 1. _Literature of the People_ 338

Unwritten literature--Traditional themes--_Floras e Branca Flor_--Bandarra--The Holy Cobbler--Primaeval elements--Connexion of song and dance--Modern _cantigas_--Links with ancient poetry--Cradle-songs--_Alvoradas_--_Fados_--Proverbs--Folk-tales.

§ 2. _The Galician Revival_ 347

_Xogos Froraes_ of 1861--Añon--Posada--Camino--Rosalía de Castro--Lamas Carvajal--Sr. Bárcia Caballero--Losada--Eduardo Pondal--Curros Enriquez--Martelo Pauman--Pereira--Garcia Ferreiro--Núñez González--Nun de Allariz--Sr. Rodríguez González--Sr. López Abente--Sr. Noriega Varela--Sr. Cabanillas--Sr. Rey Soto--_Cancionero Popular Gallego_--Prose--Pérez Placer--Dª. Francisca Herrera.