Chapter XI: School Books, Mounting Maps, Drawings, &c. 169

Conclusion 177

Index 180

List of Illustrations

Page.
Fig. 1 Glue-pot for heating by petroleum. 3
Figs. 2 & 3 Holding whilst folding. 15
Fig. 4 Lifting into the Press. 19
Fig. 5 Open sheets laid out for gathering. 20
Fig. 6 Sections fanned out for drawing out. 22
Fig. 7 Sections fanned out for pasting. 23
Fig. 8 Suggestions for mounting on guards. 25
Figs. 9-13 Suggestions for folding plates and maps. 26
Fig. 14 Collating. 28
Fig. 15 Rolling machine. 31
Fig. 16 Sewing frame. 33
Fig. 17 Arrangement on the sewing frame. 33
Fig. 18 Arrangement of threads in hollaendering. 35
Fig. 19 Small stapling machine for single sheets. 35
Fig. 20 Arrangement of staples in brochures. 35
Fig. 21 Arrangement of threads in old style of sewing. 41
Fig. 22 Arrangement of threads with double cords. 41
Fig. 23 Divisions for sawing-in. 42
Fig. 24 Machine for sawing-in. 43
Fig. 25 Suggestions for single and double end papers. 45
Fig. 26 Suggestion for double end paper with tear-off. 45
Fig. 27 Overcast end paper. 46
Fig. 28 Loops for attaching to frame hooks. 47
Fig. 29 Loops for taking frame keys. 47
Fig. 30 Suggestion for sewing on four cords. 48
Fig. 31 Suggestion for sewing on six cords. 48
Fig. 32 Suggestion for sewing two-sheets-on. 50
Fig. 33 Thread-sewing machine. 53
Fig. 34 Wire-sewing machine. 53
Fig. 35 Rotary guillotine. 54
Fig. 36 Lever guillotine. 55
Fig. 37 Top edge arranged for when trimming
three edges. 56
Fig. 38 Rounding the book. 57
Fig. 39 Rounding machine. 58
Fig. 40 Backing machine for small shops. 59
Fig. 41 Backing machine for large shops. 59
Fig. 42 Backed book arranged for trimming. 60
Fig. 43 Marbling outfit. 66
Fig. 44 Suggestion for sprinkling colour. 68
Fig. 45 Comb marbling. 69
Fig. 46 Suggestion for curl marbling. 69
Fig. 47 Bouquet or peacock marbling. 70
Fig. 48 Eye marbling. 70
Figs. 49 & 50 Arrangement of flat and rounded edges. 74
Fig. 51 Top edge arranged for gilding. 80
Fig. 52 Headband shears. 82
Fig. 53 Headband working. 83
Fig. 54 Board-cutting machine. 86
Fig. 55 Spring back. 87
Fig. 56 Boarded book. 88
Fig. 57 Section of edge rule. 89
Fig. 58 English style of lacing boards. 90
Fig. 59 View of the most general styles of binding,
showing the divisions of the work. (Table) 94
Fig. 60 Corners cut for turning in. 96
Fig. 61 Corners: Right and wrong. 96
Fig. 62 Paring with Offenbach or Berlin knife. 97
Fig. 63 Paring with French knife. 99
Fig. 64 Blocking press. 105
Fig. 65 Appliances used in blocking backs. 107
Fig. 66 Colour roller. 115
Fig. 67 Stuck-on gauges. 118
Fig. 68 Turning in the head. 121
Figs. 69 & 70 The head: good and bad. 122
Fig. 71 The pasted-down book. 125
Fig. 72 Treatment of tear-off. 128
Figs. 73 & 74 Simple line designs. 131
Fig. 75 Half-calf extra tooled in blind. 133
Fig. 76 Leather binding with simple design in blind. 134
Fig. 77 Simple gold tooling on sides. 135
Fig. 78 Tooled cover. 136
Fig. 79 Specimen of tooling done in the Duesseldorf
Technical School. 137
Fig. 80 Leather binding by Oswald Kob, Bozen. 138
Fig. 81 Cover with laurel motive done in the
Duesseldorf Technical School. 139
Fig. 82 Leather binding with fern motive done in the
Duesseldorf Technical School. 143
Fig. 83 Simple gold tooling on squares. 144
Fig. 84 Design in gold for squares. Tools by,
F. Clement Leipzig. 145
Figs. 85 & 86 Two designs in gold for squares. 145
Figs. 87, Three simple backs. T, d, B = Title; N, T =
88, & 89 Sub Title. 147
Fig. 90 Type-holder with centre position. 148
Figs. 91, 92, Four backs tooled in the Duesseldorf Technical
93, & 94 School. 149
Fig. 95 Group of backs tooled in Carlsruhe Technical
School. 150
Figs. 96 & 97 Two richly decorated insides done in the
Duesseldorf Technical School. 150
Figs. 98, 99, Four richly tooled backs
100 & 102 151
Fig. 102 Rich half-calf extra binding. 152
Figs. 103 & 104 Tooling on heads. 153
Figs. 105, Tooling on the edges of the boards.
106, & 107 154
Fig. 108 Motive executed in the Duesseldorf Technical
School. 154
Fig. 109 Case to protect book. 155
Fig. 110 Cut-out case. 155
Fig. 111 Book cover. 155
Fig. 112 Cover in case form. 155
Figs. 113 & 114 End papers for account books. 158
Fig. 115 Boards cut out at head. 160
Fig. 116 Suggestion for account book back.
_K_ Pared edge; _T_ Part to be pasted. 161
Fig. 117 Suggestion for account book back. 162
Fig. 118 Boarded account book. 163
Fig. 119 To show where turn-in is to be cut. 164
Fig. 120 Hand numbering machine. 165
Fig. 121 Suggestion for back of guard book. 166
Fig. 122 Pattern for dust flaps. (Leinwand =
Linen hinge.) 167
Fig. 123 Eyeleting machine. 172
Figs. 124-127 Showing stages of pinning down for stretching. 173

THE METRIC AND BRITISH SYSTEMS.

TABLE OF COMPARISON.

+-------+-----------+------------+------------+-------+
|Metres.|Decimetres.|Centimetres.|Millimetres.|Inches.|
+-------+-----------+------------+------------+-------+
| .001 | .01 | .1 | 1 | .039 |
| .002 | .02 | .2 | 2 | .079 |
| .003 | .03 | .3 | 3 | .118 |
| .004 | .04 | .4 | 4 | .157 |
| .005 | .05 | .5 | 5 | .197 |
| .006 | .06 | .6 | 6 | .236 |
| .007 | .07 | .7 | 7 | .276 |
| .008 | .08 | .8 | 8 | .315 |
| .009 | .09 | .9 | 9 | .354 |
| .01 | .1 | 1 | 10 | .394 |
| .02 | .2 | 2 | 20 | .787 |
| .03 | .3 | 3 | 30 | 1.181 |
| .04 | .4 | 4 | 40 | 1.575 |
| .05 | .5 | 5 | 50 | 1.968 |
| .06 | .6 | 6 | 60 | 2.362 |
| .07 | .7 | 7 | 70 | 2.756 |
| .08 | .8 | 8 | 80 | 3.150 |
| .09 | .9 | 9 | 90 | 3.543 |
| .1 | 1 | 10 | 100 | 3.94 |
| .2 | 2 | 20 | 200 | 7.87 |
| .3 | 3 | 30 | 300 |11.81 |
| .4 | 4 | 40 | 400 |15.75 |
| .5 | 5 | 50 | 500 |19.69 |
| .6 | 6 | 60 | 600 |23.62 |
| .7 | 7 | 70 | 700 |27.56 |
| .8 | 8 | 80 | 800 |31.50 |
| .9 | 9 | 90 | 900 |35.43 |
| 1 | 10 | 100 | 1000 |39.37 |
+-------+-----------+------------+------------+-------+

WEIGHT.
1 gramme = 15.44 grains.
28-1/3 grammes = 1 oz. avoird.
1 kilogramme = 1000 grammes = 2.20 lb. avoird.

LENGTH.

1 metre = 100 centimetres = 39.37 inches. Roughly speaking, 1 metre =
a yard and a tenth. 1 centimetre = two-fifths of an inch. 1 kilometre =
1000 metres = five-eighths of a mile.

VOLUME.

1 cubic metre = 1000 litres = 35.32 cubic feet.
1 litre = 1000 cubic centimetres = .2202 gall.

HEAT.

1 calorie = 3.96 British thermal units.

COMPARISON BETWEEN FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE THERMOMETERS.

+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
| C.| F.| C. | F. | C. | F. | C. | F. | C. | F.|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
|-25 |-13 | 5 | 41 | 25 | 77 | 65 | 149 | 105 | 221|
|-20 | -4 | 8 | 46.4| 30 | 86 | 70 | 158 | 110 | 230|
|-17 | 1.4| 10 | 50 | 35 | 95 | 75 | 167 | 115 | 239|
|-15 | 5 | 12 | 53.6| 40 | 104 | 80 | 176 | 120 | 248|
|-10 | 14 | 15 | 59 | 45 | 113 | 85 | 185 | 125 | 257|
| -5 | 23 | 17 | 62.6| 50 | 122 | 90 | 194 | 130 | 266|
| 0 | 32 | 18 | 64.4| 55 | 131 | 95 | 203 | 135 | 275|
| 1 | 33.8| 20 | 68 | 60 | 140 | 100 | 212 | 140 | 284|
+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+

To Convert:-- Degrees C. to Degrees F., multiply by 9, divide by 5, then add 32. Degrees F. to Degrees C., first subtract 32, then multiply by 5 and divide by 9.