Chapter V: Verbs (2)

1. I think I ---- find the work easy. 2. I ---- probably be refused, but I ---- go anyway. 3. ---- you be busy to-night? Yes, I ---- be in class until ten. 4. I ---- probably fail to pass the examination. 5. If no one assists me, I ---- drown. 6. No. I ---- never sell my library. 7. If I fail I ---- be obliged to take an examination. 8. ---- my men begin work to-day? 9. ---- you stop at Chicago on your way West? No, I don't, think I ----. 10. ---- you promise me to sing at the concert to-night? Yes, I ---- sing to-night. 11. ---- I put more wood on the fire? 12. I ---- be lost; no one ---- help me. 13. It ---- be there when you need it. 14. It is demanded that the pupils ---- be orderly and attentive. 15. I think it ---- rain soon. 16. We ---- be disappointed. 17. ---- we be permitted to go? 18. We ---- do it for you. 19. ---- I go or remain at home? 20. I ---- be very grateful to you if you ---- do this. 21. If you ---- ask her, she ---- go with you. 22. If you ---- stop, I ---- go with you. 23. Where ---- we join you? 24. I think we ---- be there in time. 25. I ---- go to the river for a boat ride. 26. When ---- you be twenty years of age? 27. ---- we ever see you again? 28. Perhaps we ---- return next year. 29. We promise, we ---- return. 30. You ---- probably suffer for it. 31. I ---- not impose on you in that way. 32. ---- I ask for your mail? 33. I hope that we ---- be there before the curtain rises. 34. ---- they probably be there? 35. ---- you please fetch me a paper? 36. ---- we stop for you on our way downtown? 37. When ---- I find you in your office? 38. They ---- never do it if I can help. 39. You ---- do as I say. 40. I ---- never, never, go there again. 41. We ---- decide what to do about that at our next meeting which ---- be in October. 42. ---- it make any difference to you? 43. ---- I go with you? 44. No, you ---- please stay here. 45. He ---- never enter this house again. 46. It is believed that they ---- probably be present. 47. He fears that he ---- die. 48. He requests that you ---- come to-day at seven o'clock. 49. She asks that it ---- be sent at once. 50. It is thought that his death ---- not seriously change things. 51. It is believed that the emperor ---- have to retract. 52. A story is told that ---- gain little credence. 53. I fear that I ---- take cold. 54. She says that I ---- take cold. 55. They say that they ---- do it in spite of anything done to prevent. 56. He is determined that he ---- go away. 57. She is determined that he ---- go to school. 58. They say they ---- probably not go. 59. John thinks he ---- probably live to be past sixty. 60. He tells me that he thinks that he ---- be elected. 61. They say that they ---- meet you. 62. They assure us that we ---- find good stores in Berlin. 63. He says he fears he ---- miss his train. 64. Wright says his father ---- become famous. 65. He writes that he ---- be here to-day. 66. Do you say that you ---- be present? 67. The book says that ---- be wrong. 68. Does she say that she ---- come? 69. I told you that I ---- not come. 70. I tell you that she ---- not come. 71. He says that he ---- go as a matter of duty. 72. John says that ---- not happen anyway. 73. Does he say that he ---- surely come? 74. Does John write what he ---- promise to do in the matter? 75. ---- you be sure to be there?

EXERCISE 47

_Write five sentences in which SHALL is used in an independent clause, and five in which SHALL is used in a dependent clause._

_Write five sentences in which WILL is used in an independent clause, and five in which WILL is used in a dependent clause._

_Write five interrogative sentences in which SHALL is used and five in which WILL is used._

68. SHOULD AND WOULD. _Should_ and _would_ are the past tenses of _shall_ and _will_, and have corresponding uses. _Should_ is used with _I_ and _we_, and _would_ with other subjects, to express mere futurity or probability. _Would_ is used with _I_ and _we_, and _should_ with other subjects, to express conditional promise or determination on the part of the speaker. Examples:

Futurity:

I _should_ be sorry to lose this book.
If we _should_ be afraid of the storm, we _should_ be foolish.
It was expected that they _would_ be here.

Volition or determination:

If it _should_ occur, we _would_ not come.
It was promised that it _should_ not occur again.
He decided that it _should_ be done.

_Should_ is sometimes used in the sense of _ought_, to imply duty; as, _He should have gone to her aid_.

_Would_ is often used to indicate habitual action; as, _This would often occur when he was preaching_.

EXERCISE 48

_Justify the correct use of SHOULD and WOULD in the following sentences:_

1. I feared that they would not come. 2. He should know his duty better than that. 3. I should be displeased if he would act that way. 4. We should be ruined if we did that. 5. You should have seen his face. 6. We would often take that road. 7. He said that he would come at once. 8. If that should happen, we should not come. 9. If you were I, what should you do? 10. I should see the president of the class. 11. We should have been at the meeting. 12. He said that we should have been at the meeting. 13. He promised that he would be at the meeting. 14. If I should say so, he would dislike me. 15. Should he come, I would go with him. 16. They would usually stop at the new hotel. 17. What would they do in the city? 18. She asked if she should write the letter. 19. She said they would write the letter. 20. She agreed that it would be right. 21. She assured us that she would attend to it.

EXERCISE 49

_Fill in the blanks with SHOULD or WOULD in the following sentences:_

1. I fear I ---- be drowned if I ---- go swimming. 2. I ---- be much pleased to meet him. 3. It was feared that they ---- not accept. 4. If it ---- storm, we ---- not start. 5. She ---- often come to class with no books. 6. I believed that he ---- come late. 7. He ---- never have been invited. 8. If that had become known, we ---- surely have been ruined. 9. To think that he ---- do such a thing! 10. I ---- like to see the game. 11. You ---- not enjoy it. 12. ---- you like to see the game? 13. ---- I bring my opera glasses? 14. Mary ---- never have known it. 15. He ---- have easily deceived her. 16. They were anxious that we ---- not miss the train. 17. If we ---- come late, ---- it make any difference? 18. If they had proposed it, we ---- have voted it down. 19. On what date ---- that come? 20. I suppose I ---- have done it; but, it ---- have inconvenienced me. 21. Had Lee known that, he ---- never have surrendered. 22. I ---- never have believed she ---- do such a thing. 23. We ---- never have come. 24. ---- you think him capable of such a trick? 25. I knew I ---- not be here on time. 26. ---- they dare to attempt opposition? 27. How ---- you go about it? 28. Lincoln, under those circumstances, ---- probable not have been elected. 29. It ---- have changed our whole history. 30. He said that it ---- have changed our whole history. 31. He said he ---- come. 32. She thinks they ---- not do it. 33. We believe that we ---- like to go at once. 34. They say it ---- be done now. 35. I think I ---- like to go.

EXERCISE 50

_Write five sentences in which SHOULD is used independently, and five in which SHOULD is used dependently._

_Write five sentences in which WOULD is used independently, and five in which WOULD is used dependently._

_Write five sentences in which SHOULD is used in questions, and five in which WOULD is used in questions._

69. USE OF MAY AND MIGHT, CAN AND COULD. _May_, with its past tense, _might_, is properly used to denote permission. _Can_, with its past tense, _could_, refers to the ability or possibility to do a thing. These two words are often confused.

EXERCISE 51

_Fill the blanks in the following sentences:_

1. ---- I go home?
2. ---- we get tickets at that store?
3. ---- the mountain be climbed?
4. ---- we come into your office?
5. You ---- stay as long as you wish.
6. ---- you finish the work in an hour?
7. How ---- you say such a thing?
8. Several people ---- use the same book.
9. We ---- afford to delay a while.
10. ---- John go with me?
11. You ---- often hear the noise.
12. What ---- not be done in a week?
13. That ---- be true, but it ---- not be relied on.
14. What ---- he do to prevent it?
15. When ---- we hand in the work?

70. PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS. The past participle has already been mentioned as one of the principal parts of the verb. Generally, the PARTICIPLES are those forms of the verb that ARE USED ADJECTIVELY; as, _seeing, having seen, being seen, having been seen, seen, playing, having played_, etc. In the following sentences note that the verb form in each case modifies a substantive: _He, HAVING BEEN INVITED TO DINE, came early, John, BEING SICK, could not come_. The verb form in all these cases is called a participle, and must be used in connection with either a nominative or objective case of a noun or pronoun.

The GERUND is the same as the participle in its forms, but differs in that, while the participle is always used adjectively, the GERUND IS ALWAYS USED SUBSTANTIVELY; as, _I told OF HIS WINNING the race, AFTER HIS ASSERTING it, I believe the statement_.

71. MISUSES OF PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS.

1. A participle should not be used unless it stands in a grammatical and logical relation to some substantive that is present in the sentence. Failure to follow this rule leads to the error known as the "dangling participle." It is wrong to say, _The dish was broken, RESULTING from its fall_, because _resulting_ does not stand in grammatical relation to any word in the sentence. But it would be right to say, _The dish was broken as a result of its fall_. Examine, also, the following examples:

Wrong: I spent a week in Virginia, _followed_ by a week at Atlantic City.

Right: I spent a week in Virginia, _following_ it by a week at Atlantic City.

Right: I spent a week in Virginia, _and then_ a week at Atlantic City.

2. A participle should not stand at the beginning of a sentence or principal clause unless it belongs to the subject of that sentence or clause. Compare the following:

Wrong: Having been sick, it was decided to remain at home.

Right: Having been sick, I decided to remain at home.

3. A participle preceded by _thus_ should not be used unless it modifies the subject of the preceding verb. Compare the following:

Wrong: He had to rewrite several pages, _thus causing_ him a great deal of trouble.

Right: He had to rewrite several pages, _and was thus caused_ a great deal of trouble.

Right: He had to rewrite several pages, _thus experiencing_ a great deal of trouble.

4. The gerund is often used as the object of a preposition, and frequently has a noun or pronoun modifier. Owing to confusion between the gerund and the participle, and to the failure to realize that the gerund can only be used substantively, the objective case of a modifying noun or pronoun is often wrongly used before the gerund. A substantive used with the gerund should always be in the possessive case. Say, _I heard OF JOHN'S COMING_, not, _I heard OF JOHN COMING_.

5. When a gerund and a preposition are used, the phrase should be in logical and immediate connection with the substantive it modifies, and the phrase should never introduce a sentence unless it logically belongs to the subject of that sentence. Exception: When the gerund phrase denotes a general action, it may be used without grammatical connection to the sentence; as, _In traveling, good drinking water is essential_. Compare the following wrong and right forms:

Wrong: _After seeing his mistake_, a new start was made.

Right: _After seeing his mistake_, he made a new start.

Wrong: _By writing rapidly, the work_ can be finished.

Right: _By writing rapidly, you_ can finish the work.

Wrong: _In copying the exercise_, a mistake was made.

Right: _In copying the exercise, I_ made a mistake.

EXERCISE 52

_In the following sentences, choose the proper form of the substantive from those italicized:_

1. He spoke of _John John's_ coming down.
2. The idea of _his him_ singing is absurd.
3. Do you remember _me my_ speaking about it?
4. What is the use of _you your_ reading that?
5. _He his him_ being arrested was a sufficient disgrace.
6. _He him his_ being now of age, sold the farm.
7. _He him his_ selling it was very unexpected.
8. You should have heard _him his_ telling the story.
9. You should have heard _his him_ telling of the story.
10. To think of _them they their_ having been seen there!
11. What is the object of _Mary Mary's_ studying French?
12. _It its_ being John was a great surprise.
13. What is the use of _them they their_ talking so much?
14. _John John's_ going to school takes all his evenings.
15. The beauty of _James James's_ writing got him the position.
16. He had heard about _me my_ coming to-day.
17. _John John's_ coming was a surprise.

EXERCISE 53

_Wherever participles or gerunds are improperly used in the following sentences, correct the sentences so as to avoid such impropriety. See §107 for rule as to punctuation:_

1. Having assented to your plan, you try to hold me responsible.
2. He asked him to make the plans, owing to the need of an experienced
architect.
3. It was decided to send his son abroad being anxious for his health.
4. On hearing that, a new plan was made.
5. Moving slowly past our window, we saw a great load of lumber.
6. Intending to go to the theater, the whole afternoon was spent in
town.
7. He was taken into the firm, thus gaining an increased income.
8. Not having the lesson prepared, he told John to stay after class.
9. No letter was written for more than a week, causing considerable
anxiety.
10. Expecting us to come, we disappointed him.
11. After telling me the story, I left him.
12. By reading aloud to the class, they do not gain much.
13. He had to wait several hours for the train, thus causing him to
lose a great deal of valuable time.
14. After listening to his lecture for an hour he became tiresome.
15. We listened attentively to his lecture, thus showing our interest.

72. INFINITIVES. The Infinitives are formed by the word _to_ and some part of the verb or of the verb and auxiliary. For _see_ and _play_ as model verbs, the infinitives are as follows:

PRESENT ACTIVE PRESENT PASSIVE
to see to be seen
to play to be played

PRESENT PERFECT ACTIVE PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE
to have seen to have been seen
to have played to have been played

The word _to_ is frequently omitted. In general, other verbs follow the same endings and forms as do the infinitives above.

It is necessary to know the difference between the two tenses, since the misuse of tenses leads to a certain class of errors.

73. SEQUENCE OF INFINITIVE TENSES. The wrong tense of the infinitive is frequently used. The following rules should be observed:

1. If the action referred to by the infinitive is of the same time or of later time than that indicated by the predicate verb, the PRESENT INFINITIVE should be used.

2. When the action referred to by the infinitive is regarded as completed at the time indicated by the predicate verb, the PERFECT INFINITIVE should be used.

Examine the following examples:

Wrong: _I should have liked to have gone._

Right: _I should have liked to go_ (same or later time).

Right: _I should like to have gone_ (earlier time).

Wrong: _It was bad to have been discovered._

Right: _It is bad to have been discovered_ (earlier time).

Right: _It was bad to be discovered_ (same or later time).

Right: _She did not believe her son to have committed the crime_ (earlier time).

Right: _When he died, he believed himself to have been defeated for the office_ (earlier time.)

EXERCISE 54

_In the following sentences choose the proper form from those italicized:_

1. I was sorry _to have heard to hear_ of John's death. 2. Should you have been willing _to go to have gone_ with us? 3. The game was intended _to be played to have been played_ yesterday. 4. I intended _to write to have written_ long ago. 5. He wished _to have met to meet_ you. 6. I should have liked _to meet to have met_ you. 7. Mary was eager _to have gone to go_. 8. Nero was seen _to have fiddled to fiddle_ while Rome burned. 9. Nero is said _to have fiddled to fiddle_ while Rome burned. 10. This was _to be done to have been done_ yesterday. 11. They agreed _to finish to have finished_ it yesterday. 12. He was willing _to sing to have sung_ alone. 13. He expected _to have spoken to speak_ here to-morrow. 14. The Civil War is said _to cause to have caused_ more loss of life than any other war. 15. Blackstone is said _to have failed to fail_ at the practice of law. 16. It would have been hard _to accomplish to have accomplished_ that result. 17. He was foolish enough _to have spoiled to spoil_ six negatives. 18. I wanted _to have attended to attend_ the convention. 19. It would be terrible _to be lost to have been lost_ in the forest. 20. We were asked _to have waited to wait_. 21. I am eager _to have seen to see it_. 22. I am pleased _to meet to have met_ you.

74. SPLIT INFINITIVES. In the sentence, care should be taken to avoid as much as possible the inserting of an adverb or an adverbial modifier between the parts of the infinitive. This error is called the "split infinitive." Compare the following:

Bad: He seemed _to easily learn_. Good: He seemed _to learn easily_.

Bad: He is said _to have rapidly run_ along the street. Good: He is said _to have run rapidly_ along the street.

EXERCISE 55

_Correct the following split infinitives:_

1. She is known to have hurriedly read the note.
2. Mary tried to quickly call help.
3. He was asked to slowly read the next paragraph.
4. John attempted to rudely break into the conversation.
5. The plan was to secretly destroy the documents.
6. His policy was to never offend.
7. He wished to in this way gain friends.
8. He proposed to greatly decrease his son's allowance.

75. AGREEMENT OF VERB IN CLAUSES. In a compound predicate, the parts of the predicate should agree in tense; PAST TENSE SHOULD FOLLOW PAST TENSE, AND PERFECT TENSE FOLLOW PERFECT TENSE. Examine the following:

Wrong: He _has tried_ to do, and really _did_ everything possible to stop his son.

Right: He _has tried_ to do, and really _has done_ everything possible to stop his son.

Right: He _tried_ to do, and really _did_ everything possible to stop his son.

Wrong: I _hoped_ and _have worked_ to gain this recognition.

Right: I _hoped_ and _worked_ to gain this recognition.

Right: I _have hoped_ and _have worked_ to gain this recognition.

EXERCISE 56

_Correct the following sentences:_

1. I went last week and have gone again this week.
2. I have heard of his being here, but not saw him.
3. I saw John, but I have not seen Henry.
4. He desired to see John, but has not wished to see Henry.
5. John was sent for, but has not yet arrived.
6. I endeavored to find a way of avoiding that, but have not succeeded.
7. I have never seen its superior, and, in fact, never saw its equal.
8. She has succeeded in getting his promise, but did not succeed
in getting his money.
9. I hoped and have prayed for your coming.
10. I have believed and usually taught that theory.
11. I intended to and have endeavored to finish the work.
12. No one has wished to see so much and saw so little of the world
as I.
13. He has gained the favor of the king and was sent to Italy.
14. We have needed you and did our best to find you.

76. OMISSION OF THE VERB OR PARTS OF THE VERB. The verb or some of its parts are often omitted. This omission sometimes makes the sentence ungrammatical or doubtful in its meaning.

_I like him better than John_. This sentence may have the meaning shown in either of its following corrected forms: _I like him better than John DOES_, or _I like him better than I LIKE John_.

As a matter of good usage, the verb or any other part of speech should be repeated wherever its omission either makes the sentence ambiguous or gives it an incomplete sound.

Bad: _He was told to go where he ought not_. Good: _He was told to go where he ought not to go_. Good: _He was told to go where he should not go_.

EXERCISE 57

_Correct the following sentences:_

1. I admire Mary more than John.
2. I think she is older than John.
3. He should have succeeded in gaining the end he tried.
4. I asked him to do what I should not have.
5. I did what I ought not.
6. We wish him better luck than Mary.
7. We want to see him more than Henry.
8. I should hate him worse than you.
9. He wanted me to do what I didn't care to.
10. You may, as you please, do it or not.
11. She may go if she wishes or not.
12. We think of you oftener than mother.

77. MODEL CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERBS TO BE AND TO SEE.

CONJUGATION OF TO BE

PRINCIPAL PARTS: AM, WAS, BEEN

INDICATIVE MODE

PRESENT TENSE

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. I _am_ We _are_ 2. [*]Thou _art_ (you _are_) You _are_ 3. He _is_ They _are_

[Footnote *: The forms, _thou art, thou wast, thou hast_, etc., are the proper forms in the second person singular, but customarily the forms of the second person plural, _you are, you were, you have_, etc., are used also in the second person singular. These distinct second person singular forms will be used throughout the model conjugations.]

PAST TENSE

1. I _was_ We _were_ 2. Thou _wast_ or _wert_ You _were_ 3. He _was_ They _were_

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(_Have_ with the past participle, _been_.)

1. I _have been_ We _have been_ 2. Thou _hast been_ You _have been_ 3. He _has been_ They _have been_

PAST PERFECT TENSE

(_Had_ with the past participle, _been_.)

1. I _had been_ We _had been_ 2. Thou _hadst been_ You _had been_ 3. He _had been_ They _had been_

FUTURE TENSE

(_Shall_ or _will_ with the present infinitive, _be_.[*])

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. I _shall be_ We _shall be_ 2. Thou _shalt be_ You _shall be_ 3. He _shall be_ They _shall be_

[Footnote *: To determine when to use _shall_ and when to use _will_ in the future and future perfect tenses, see §§ 65, 66, and 67. In these model conjugations the forms of _shall_ are given with the future and the forms of _will_ with the future perfect.]

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

(_Shall_ or _will_ with the perfect infinitive, _have been_.[*])

1. I _will have been_ We _will have been_ 2. Thou _wilt have been_ You _will have been_ 3. He _will have been_ They _will have been_

[Footnote *: See Note under Future Tense.]

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE

(Generally follows _if, though, lest, although_, etc. See §59.)

PRESENT TENSE

1. (If) I _be_ (If) we _be_ 2. (If) thou _be_ (If) you _be_ 3. (If) he _be_ (If) they _be_

PAST TENSE

1. (If) I _were_ (If) we _were_ 2. (If) thou _were_ (If) you _were_ 3. (If) he _were_ (If) they _were_

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(_Have_, unchanged, with the past participle, _been_.)

1. (If) I _have been_ (If) we _have been_ 2. (If) thou _have been_ (If) you _have been_ 3. (If) he _have been_ (If) they _have been_

PAST PERFECT TENSE

(_Had_, unchanged, with the past participle, _been_.)

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. (If) I _had been_ (If) we _had been_ 2. (If) thou _had been_ (If) you _had been_ 3. (If) he _had been_ (If) they _had been_

FUTURE TENSE

(_Shall_ or _will_, unchanged, with present infinitive _be_.[*])

[Footnote *: See Note to Future Indicative.]

1. (If) I _shall be_ (If) we _shall be_ 2. (If) thou _shall be_ (If) you _shall be_ 3. (If) he _shall be_ (If) they _shall be_

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

(_Shall_ or _will_, unchanged, with the perfect infinitive, _have been_.*)

1. (If) I _shall have been_ (If) we _shall have been_ 2. (If) thou _shall have been_ (If) you _shall have been_ 3. (If) he _shall have been_ (If) they _shall have been_

POTENTIAL MODE[*]

[Footnote *: The distinct potential mode is no longer used by many authorities on grammar, and the potential forms are regarded as of the indicative mode. It has, however, been thought best to use it in these model conjugations.

As to when to use the different auxiliaries of the potential mode see §§ 68 and 69. The conjugation with _must_ (or _ought to_) is sometimes called the OBLIGATIVE MODE. The conjugation with _should_ or _would_ is sometimes called the CONDITIONAL MODE.]

PRESENT TENSE

(_May, can_, or _must_, with the present infinitive, _be_.)

1. I _may, can_, or _must be_ We _may, can_, or _must be_ 2. Thou _mayst, canst_, or _must be_ You _may, can_, or _must be_ 3. He _may, can_, or _must be_ They _may, can_, or _must be_

PAST TENSE

(_Might, could, would_, or _should_, with the present infinitive, _be_.)

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. I _might, could, would_, or We _might, could, would_, or _should be_ _should be_ 2. Thou _mightst, couldst,_ You _might, could, would,_ or _wouldst,_ or _shouldst be_ _should be_ 3. He _might, could, would,_ They _might, could, would,_ or or _should be_ _should be_

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(_May, can_, or _must_, with the perfect infinitive, _have been_. For forms substitute _have been_ for _be_ in the present potential.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE

(_Might, could, would_, or _should_, with the perfect infinitive _have been_. For forms substitute _have been_ for _be_ in the past potential.)

IMPERATIVE MODE[*]

[Footnote *: The imperative is the same in both singular and plural.]

_Be_

INFINITIVE MODE

PRESENT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE _To be To have been_

PARTICIPLES

PRESENT TENSE PERFECT TENSE _Being Having been_

GERUNDS

(Same as participles)

CONJUGATION OF TO SEE

PRINCIPAL PARTS: SEE, SAW, SEEN

INDICATIVE MODE

PRESENT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. I _see_ We _see_ 2. Thou _seest_ You _see_ 3. He _sees_ They _see_

_Emphatic_

1. I _do see_ We _do see_ 2. Thou _dost see_ You _do see_ 3. He _does see_ They _do see_

_Progressive_

1. I _am seeing_ We _are seeing_ 2. Thou _art seeing_ You _are seeing_ 3. He _is seeing_ They _are seeing_

PRESENT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_Simple_

1. I _am seen_ We _are seen_ 2. Thou _art seen_ You _are seen_ 3. He _is seen_ They _are seen_

_Progressive_

1. I _am being seen_ We _are being seen_ 2. Thou _art being seen_ You _are being seen_ 3. He _is being seen_ They _are being seen_

PAST TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

1. I _saw_ We _saw_ 2. Thou _sawest_ You _saw_ 3. He _saw_ They _saw_

_Emphatic_

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. I _did see_ We _did see_ 2. Thou _didst see_ You _did see_ 3. He _did see_ They _did see_

_Progressive_

1. I _was seeing_ We _were seeing_ 2. Thou _wast_ or _wert seeing_ You _were seeing_ 3. He _was seeing_ They _were seeing_

PAST TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_Simple_

1. I _was seen_ We _were seen_ 2. Thou _wast_ or _wert seen_ You _were seen_ 3. He _was seen_ They _were seen_

_Progressive_

1. I _was being seen_ We _were being seen_ 2. Thou _wert_ or _wast being seen_ You _were being seen_ 3. He _was being seen_ They _were being seen_

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _seen_ for _been_ in the present perfect indicative of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _been seeing_ for _been_ in the present perfect indicative of _to be_.)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _been seen_ for _been_ in the present perfect indicative of _to be_.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _seen_ for _been_ in the past perfect indicative of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _been seeing_ for _been_ in the past perfect indicative of _to be_.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _been seen_ for _been_ in the past perfect indicative of _to be_.)

FUTURE TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _see_ for _be_ in the future indicative of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _be seeing_ for _be_ in the future indicative of _to be_.)

FUTURE TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _be seen_ for _be_ in the future indicative of _to be_.)

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _have seen_ for _have been_ in the future perfect indicative of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _have been seeing_ for _have been_ in the future perfect indicative of _to be_.)

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _have been seen_ for _have been_ in the future perfect indicative of _to be_.)

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE

PRESENT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. (If) I _see_ (If) we _see_ 2. (If) thou _see_ (If) you _see_ 3. (If) he _see_ (If) they _see_

_Emphatic_

_Person Singular Number Plural Number_ 1. (If) I _do see_ (If) we _do see_ 2. (If) thou _do see_ (If) you _do see_ 3. (If) he _do see_ (If) they _do see_

_Progressive_

1. (If) I _be seeing_ (If) we _be seeing_ 2. (If) thou _be seeing_ (If) you _be seeing_ 3. (If) he _be seeing_ (If) they _be seeing_

PRESENT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

1. (If) I _be seen_ (If) we _be seen_ 2. (If) thou _be seen_ (If) you _be seen_ 3. (If) he _be seen_ (If) they _be seen_

PAST TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

1. (If) I _saw_ (If) we _saw_ 2. (If) thou _saw_ (If) you _saw_ 3. (If) he _saw_ (If) they _saw_

_Emphatic_

1. (If) I _did see_ (If) we _did see_ 2. (If) thou _did see_ (If) you _did see_ 3. (If) he _did see_ (If) they _did see_

_Progressive_

1. (If) I _were seeing_ (If) we _were seeing_ 2. (If) thou _were seeing_ (If) you _were seeing_ 3. (If) he _were seeing_ (If) they _were seeing_

PAST TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

1. (If) I _were seen_ (If) we _were seen_ 2. (If) thou _were seen_ (If) you _were seen_ 3. (If) he _were seen_ (If) they _were seen_

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _seen_ for _been_ in the present perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _been seeing_ for _been_ in the present perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _been seen_ for _been_ in the present perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _seen_ for _been_ in the past perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _been seeing_ for _been_ in the past perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _been seen_ for _been_ in the past perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

FUTURE TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _see_ for _be_ in the future subjunctive of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _be seeing_ for _be_ in the future subjunctive of _to be_.)

FUTURE TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _be seen_ for _be_ in the future subjunctive of _to be_.)

FUTURE PERFECT--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _seen_ for _been_ in the future perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _been seeing_ for _been_ in the future perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

FUTURE PERFECT--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _been seen_ for the future perfect subjunctive of _to be_.)

POTENTIAL MODE

PRESENT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _see_ for _be_ in the present potential of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _be seeing_ for _be_ in the present potential of _to be_.)

PRESENT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _be seen_ for _be_ in the present potential of _to be_.)

PAST TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _see_ for _be_ in the past potential of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _be seeing_ for _be_ in the past potential of _to be_.)

PAST TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _be seen_ for _be_ in the past potential of _to be_.)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _have seen_ for _be_ in the present potential of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _have been seeing_ for _be_ in the present potential of _to be_.)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _have been seen_ for _be_ in the present potential of _to be_.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

(Substitute _have seen_ for _be_ in the past potential of _to be_.)

_Progressive_

(Substitute _have been seeing_ for _be_ in the past potential of _to be_.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

(Substitute _have been seen_ for _be_ in the past potential of _to be_.)

IMPERATIVE MODE

ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_see_.

_Emphatic_

_do see_.

_Progressive_

_be seeing_.

PASSIVE VOICE

_be seen_

INFINITIVE MODE

PRESENT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_to see._

_Progressive_

_to be seeing._

PRESENT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_to be seen_

PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_to have seen._

_Progressive_

_to have been seeing._

PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_to have been seen._

PARTICIPLES

PRESENT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_seeing_

PRESENT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_being seen_

PAST TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE[*]

_seen_

[Footnote *: There is no past participle in the active voice.]

PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_Simple_

_having seen_

_Progressive_

_having been seeing_

PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_having been seen_

GERUNDS

PRESENT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_seeing_

PRESENT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_being seen_

PERFECT TENSE--ACTIVE VOICE

_having seen_

PERFECT TENSE--PASSIVE VOICE

_having been seen_