Chapter XXX: The Study of Mounted Preparations

1. =Preparation.= Analyze the method of preparation of the specimen, noting-methods of fixation, hardening, imbedding, injection, impregnation, staining, etc. Note the reaction of nucleus, protoplasm, red blood-cells and connective-tissue to the stain. Look for special staining reactions (hyalin. amyloid, mucin, etc.) and metachromasia.

2. =Histology.= Look for histologic landmarks by which the organ, or part of the body, from which the specimen is taken can be recognized. If such landmarks cannot be found, analyze the section, element by element, until its histologic features are fully noted and recognized. Answer the question, “From what part of the body does the tissue come?” Carry the differential diagnosis as far as possible, with regard to sex, age, side of the body or organ (for example, in the heart decide as to auricle or ventricle, left ventricle or right, etc.).

3. =Pathology.= Study next the deviations from the normal. Answer these questions: “Is the tissue normal?” “If not, in what respects does it differ from the normal?” Study pathologic conditions with the low power first, then use the high power for the finer details. Consider the histologic features of the organ (capsule, stroma, parenchyma, ducts, etc.) with respect to pathologic changes.

4. =Diagnosis.= After the pathologic changes have been fully studied, the diagnosis should be formulated. If the pathologic changes found can be correlated as factors in some specific conditions they should not be considered separately, but the specific condition itself would constitute the diagnosis. When the pathologic conditions have no definite relation to each other they should be classified separately. If a section of kidney shows cloudy swelling, congestion, œdema, small-celled infiltration, hæmorrhage and casts, these different conditions would all be included in the diagnosis of an acute parenchymatous degenerative nephritis. If the general picture corresponds to that of tuberculosis, syphilis, neoplasm, etc., the various associated changes need not be considered alone, but the broad and comprehensive diagnosis should be expressed in as concise terms as possible.

Written descriptions of microscopic appearances should be so full and clear that it is possible to make a diagnosis from the word-picture. A full and adequate analysis of the preparation set forth in concise and clear language is of more objective value than the bare diagnosis. Reproductions by means of drawings are also of great value in assisting the memory or in communicating the results of the observation to others. A technique sufficient for ordinary purposes may soon be obtained. Color work is usually easiest, since the majority of sections are stained in color. The camera lucida or Edinger’s drawing apparatus may be of great service in the enlargement and placing of the various elements of the section; with these instruments but little practice is necessary to produce rapid and accurate representations. The close inspection of the preparation during the drawing often reveals features that previously had escaped attention. Many workers object to drawings on the ground of subjectivity, but the same criticism applies even more to word-descriptions. Especial attention must, however, be paid to this danger, both in the case of drawings and word-descriptions. In the case of scientific work the written description is best backed up by photographs, rather than by drawings. Microphotography has the very great advantage of being purely objective, although dishonest photographs are possible. There are, however, certain limitations to microphotography. Differential details are lost in sections; all parts of the section cannot be fairly represented; and focal and color limitations are great disadvantages. I believe, however, that for pure scientific work word-descriptions should be accompanied by objective microphotographs instead of drawings. The microphotographic outfit of Zeiss has already been recommended as the best. It is impossible to take up the subject of microphotographic technique in this book. The reader is referred to the chapter on “Microphotography” in Aschoff and Gaylord’s Atlas, and to the works of Cresbie, Bagshaw, Kaiserling, Neuhauss, and others. (See article on “_Mikrophotographic_” in the _Enzyklopädie der mikroscopischen Tecknik_.)

INDEX.

A.

Abdomen:
Inspection of, 45
Section of, 140

Abdominal cavity, pathology of, 102

Abdominal organs, pathology of, 104

Abortion, death from, 191

Acetic acid fuchsin, 220

Acetone, 226, 237

Acetone-colophonium, 278

Acetone-xylol, 278

Acids:
Acetic, 220
Chromic, 228
Fatty, 268
Mineral, 220
Osmic, 220, 230, 267, 299
Picric, 231, 258
Poisoning with, 189

Acid fuchsin, 258

Acid stains, 253

Adrenals, examination of, 145, 146
Left, 145, 155
Right, 146, 155
Special pathology of, 155

African relapsing fever, 284

Agar-formol, 237

Age of new-born, 182

Alcohol, 220, 227

Alcohol poisoning, 189

Alkalies, poisoning with, 190

Alum carmine, 256

Alum cochineal, 283

Alum hæmatoxylin, 254

Altmann’s granules, 230, 265

Ammonium sulphide test, 275

Amœba coli, 285

Amyloid, staining of, 262

Aniline dyes, 253

Aniline-xylol, 270, 278

Animal parasites, 285

Anomalies, 45

Antimony, poisoning with, 190

Antrums, examination of, 86

Aorta, 120, 130
Abdominal, 158

Apathy’s method, 300

Aronson-Philipp stain, 292

Arsenic, poisoning with, 190

Artefacts, 251

Asphyxia, death from, 191

Atrophy, 264

Atropine, poisoning with, 190

Autopsy:
General considerations, 3
Heller’s method, 30
Importance of, 3
Instruments, 9
Legal aspects of, 5
Letulle’s method for, 30
Medicolegal, 187
of new-born, 177
in animals, 196
Order of, 24
Permit for, 8
Preparation for, 15
Technique, 20
Time of, 42

Axis-cylinders, staining, 299

Azur-blau, 290

B.

Back, inspection of, 45

Bacteria:
Acid fast, 280
Actinomyces, 278, 283
Bacillus:
Aërogenes capsulatus, 278, 281
of anthrax, 278, 280
of bubonic plague, 279, 281
of chancroid (Ducrez-Unna), 279, 281
Coli communis, 279, 281
Diphtheriæ, 278, 281
Dysenteriæ, 279
of epidemic conjunctivitis, 279, 281
of fowl cholera, 279
of Friedländer, 282
of glanders, 279, 281
of influenza, 279, 281
of Koch-Weeks, 270, 281
of leprosy, 278, 280, 283
of Lustgarten, 280
Mallei, 279, 281
of malignant œdema, 279, 280
of mouse septicæmia, 278
Paratyphoid, 281
Pestis, 279, 281
Pneumoniæ, 279, 282
Proteus, 279
Pyocyaneus, 279, 281
of rabbit septicæmia, 279
Rhinoscleroma, 278, 282
Smegma, 280
of swine erysipelas, 278
of swine plague, 279
of tetanus, 278, 281
Tuberculosis, 278, 280, 282
of typhoid fever, 279, 281
Cladothrix, 283
Diplococcus pneumoniæ, 278, 280
Gonococcus, 279, 280
Gram-negative, 278
Gram-positive, 278
Leptothrix, 283
Meningococcus, 279, 280
Micrococcus:
Catarrhalis, 280
Melitensis, 279
Tetragenus, 278, 280
Nocardia, 283
Oïdium Albicans, 278, 285
Spirilla and spirochaetes, 283
Spirillum:
of Asiatic cholera, 279
Obermeieri, 284
of recurrent fever, 283
of Vincent’s angina, 284
Spirochæte:
of African relapsing fever, 284
of fowl-spirillosis, 284
Pallida, 279, 284
Refringens, 284
Staphylococcus:
Pyogenes albus, 278, 280
Pyogenes aureus, 278, 280
Pyogenes citreus, 278, 280
Streptococcus pyogenes, 278, 280
Vibrios:
Staining of, 283
of cholera, 283

Balantidium coli, 286

Basic stains, 253

Basic aniline dyes, 257

Beale’s glycerin carmine, 218

Béclard’s center, 181

Benda’s method, 268
Iron hæmatoxylin, 273

Beneke’s method, 147

Best’s glycogen methods, 270

Bethe’s method, 300

Biebrich scarlet, 293

Bielschowsky’s method, 299, 300

Bignami’s method, 286

Bile capillaries, demonstration of, 297

Bile passages, 151

Birch-Hirschfeld’s method, 263

Bismarck brown, 257

Bladder, urinary, 161, 163, 165, 169

Blastomycetes, 285

Bleu Borrel, 290

Blood:
Biologic test for, 306
Examination of, 288
Fat in, 293
Films, 288
Fixing of, 288
Medicolegal examination of, 305
Parasites of, 293
Sections, 293
Size of red cells, 305
Staining of, 289

Blood-content, 39

Blood platelets, 292

Blood vessels, peripheral, 174, 176

Body, heat of, 50

Böhmer’s hæmatoxylin, 254

Bone marrow:
Examination of, 173
Special pathology of, 174
Staining of, 293
Staining methods, 294

Bones:
Examination of, 173
Special pathology of, 174

Borax carmine, 257

Bordeaux red, 273

Brain:
Basal vessels, 89
Removal of, 69
Section of, 70
Section in skull, 76
Section, Déjerine method, 77
Section, Meynert method, 77
Section, Pitres method, 75
Section, Virchow method, 70
Special pathology of, 93

Bremer’s reaction, 292

Broad ligament, 165, 172

Bronchi, 118, 120, 128

Bunge’s fluid, 275

Burckhardt’s fluid, 231

Burns, death from, 192

Buzzi’s method, 267

C.

Cadaver:
Age of, 42
Build of, 44
External examination of, 41
Facies of, 44
Head of, 44
Identification of, 41, 187
Legal status of, 5
Nationality of, 42
Nutrition of, 44
Occupation of, 42
Orifices of, 52
Palpation of, 52
Percussion of, 52
Restoration of, 193
Sex of, 41
Status of, 42

Calcification, 220, 264

Canada balsam, 250

Carotids, 134, 139

Carbol-kresyl-echt-violett, 220, 263

Carbol-xylol, 249

Carbon-monoxide poisoning, 190

Carmine, 256

Carmine, ammonia, 258

Carmine and picric acid, 260

Carnoy’s fluid, 231

Cartilage:
Béclard’s center, 181
Costal, 99, 105
Staining of, 295

Cell granules, 265

Cell inclusions, 265

Cellodin, 234, 235, 239, 240, 243, 245, 247, 251

Cercomonas, 286

Cerebellum:
Examination of, 92
Pathology of, 92
Section of, 74

Cerebrum:
Examination of, 90
Section of, 70
Size, 90
Weight, 90

Cestodes, 287

Chancroid, bacillus of, 281

Chisel, 12
Brunetti, 15, 56
Curved, 55
Esquirol, 55
Straight, 55
Tomahawk, 55

Cholera, vibrio of, 283

Cholesterin, 266

Chorioid plexus, 92

Chloral hydrate, poisoning with, 190

Chloroform, poisoning with, 190

Chromaffinic tissues, 304

Chromic acid, 228

Chromogen, 300

Chromophilic cells, 276

Claudius’ method, 223

Clearing, 249

Clearing fluids, 249

Cloudy swelling, 266

Cocci, staining of, 278, 279, 280

Coccidia, 286

Cold, death from, 192

Collagen, staining of, 296

Colloid, 266

Colophonium, 250, 278

Color:
of hair, 48
of organs, 35

Congo red, 293

Connective tissue, staining of, 295

Consistence, 36

Copper, test for, 276

Cord, spinal:
Examination of, 53, 61
Pathology of, 61, 62
Removal of, 57, 59
Size, 61
Weight, 61

Cornification, 266

Courmont and Andre’s method, 276

Cover-glass preparations, 244

Cowper’s gland, 161

Cranium:
Examination of, 64
Examination of base, 78, 93

Crushing, 210

Crystal-violet, 224

Cut surface, 38

D.

Dahlia, 271

Damar, 250

Dark field, 205, 284
Condenser, 284

Death:
Apparent, 43
Icard’s test for, 43
Larcher’s sign of, 43
Magnus’ sign of, 44
Positive signs of, 42
Ripault’s test for, 43
Tests for, 43
Time of, 42

Decalcification, methods of, 232
Combined with fixation, 232
Ebner’s fluid, 233
Haug’s solution, 233
Phloroglucin, 233
Schaffer’s, 233
Sulphurous acid, 232
Trichloracetic acid, 232

Decidua, demonstration of, 307

Deetjen’s agar solution, 292

Deformities, 45

Dehydration, 249

Déjerine method, 77

Delafield’s hæmatoxylin, 255

Delépine’s method, 261

Diaphragm, 98, 104, 148, 159

Differentiation, 246, 247

Diffuse stains, 258

Diffusion spots, 51

Digestion, 210, 217, 296

Diplococcus pneumoniæ, 278, 280

Dissociation fluids, 219

Donaggio’s methods, 302

Dorsal incision, 60

Drawing, 310

Duodenum, 143, 150

Dura:
Basal, 93
of brain, 88
of cord, 60

E.

Ear, 81, 82, 83, 94
Examination of, 81, 82, 83, 94
Politzer method of examining, 85
Microscopic examination of, 297

Edinger drawing apparatus, 310

Ehrlich:
Acid hæmatoxylin, 255
Dahlia method, 271
Triple stain, 261, 292

Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain stain, 273

Ejaculatory ducts, 161

Elastic fibres:
Orcein stain for, 296
Resorcin-fuchsin, 296
Staining of, 296
Weigert’s method, 296

Electricity, death from, 192

Eleidin, 266, 267

Eosin, 258, 259, 260

Epithelial fibres, 304

Ergot, poisoning with, 190

Erlitzky’s fluid, 228

Ether, 220

Eustachian tube, 83, 84, 85

Eyes, 45, 94
Microscopic examination of, 297
Pathology of, 94

F.

Face, 86

Facies, 44

Fat, in blood, 293
Indophenol stain for, 268
Osmic acid stain for, 267
Scarlet R stain for, 268
Scharlach R stain for, 268
Staining of, 267
Sudan III stain for, 268

Fat-granule cells, 303

Fat tissue, staining of, 297

Fatty acids, 268

Fett Ponceau, 220

Fibres, elastic, 296
Epithelial, 304
Sharpey’s, 295

Fibrin:
Staining of, 269
Weigert’s method of staining, 269

Fibroglia, 296
Mallory’s stain for, 296

Filaria, staining of, 287

Films, blood, 288

Fisher’s milk injection, 218

Fixation, 225, 288

Fixation and hardening, 225
Acetone method, 226
Alcohol, 227
Altmann’s solution, 230
Burckhardt’s fluid, 231
Carnoy’s fluid, 231
Chromic acid and salts, 228
Combined with decalcification, 232
Determination of method, 231
Erlitzky’s fluid, 228
Flemming’s solution, 230
Flemming’s chroma-cetic solution, 231
Formalin, 229
Formol, 229
Formol-acetone, 227
Formol-alcohol, 228
Freezing and drying, 229
Heat, 229
Hermann’s solution, 230
Marchi’s solution, 230
Mercuric chloride solution, 230
Merkel’s fluid, 231
Orth’s fluid, 228
Osmic acid, 230
Pianese’s solution, 230
Picric acid solution, 230
Rabl’s fluid, 231
Rawitz’s fluid, 231
Rules for, 226
Sublamine, 230
Zenker’s solution, 230

Flemming’s solution, 230

Flemming’s solution and safranin, 272

Fluids:
Burckhardt, 231
Carnoy, 231
Dissociation, 219
Ebner, 233
Erlitzky’s, 228
Indifferent, 219
Maceration, 219
Merkel, 231
Müller’s, 228
Orth, 228
Pacini, 305
Physiologic, 219
Rabl, 231
Rawitz, 231

Fluorchrom, 299

Florence sperm reaction, 300

Fœtal tissues, demonstration of, 307

Formalin, 229

Formol, 229

Formol-agar, 237

Formol-alcohol, 228

Formol-gelatin, 237

Fowl-spirillosis, 284

Freezing, 211

Freezing and drying, 229

Freezing microtome, 211, 214, 216

Fresh material, examination of, 208
Staining of, 220, 243
Treatment of, 221

Fuchsin, 257

G.

Gaffky’s method, 281

Gall bladder, 145, 155

Ganglia:
Cerebral, 92
Spinal, 60
Sympathetic, 148, 158

Ganglion cells, staining of, 298

Gelatin preparations, 223

Gentian violet, 263, 279

Giemsa’s method, 291
Stain, 284, 290, 291

Glycerin, 219, 250

Glycerin-gelatin, 250

Glycogen:
Best’s method for, 270
in leucocytes, 293
Staining of, 270

Golgi’s network, 300

Gonococcus, 279, 280

Gram-positive bacteria, 278

Gram-negative bacteria, 278

Gram-Weigert stain, 269

Granules:
Altmann’s, 230, 265
Basophile, 290, 291, 292
Cell:
Plasma, 271, 272
Mast, 271, 272
Eosinophile, 290, 291, 292
Neutrophile, 290, 291, 292
Nissl’s, 298

Green’s method, 263

H.

Hæmalum, 255
Mayer’s, 255
Mayer’s acid, 255
Staining with, 256

Hæmatoxylin, 234
Alum, 254
and acid fuchsin, 259
and eosin, 259
and orange G, 259
and picric acid, 259
Benda’s iron, 273
Böhmer’s, 254
Delafield’s, 255
Ehrlich’s acid, 255
Hansen’s, 255
Heidenhain’s iron, 273
Weigert’s iron, 255

Hæmolymphnodes, 148, 158

Hæmosiderin, 275

Hair, 48
Medicolegal examination of, 307

Hansen’s hæmatoxylin, 255

Hardening, methods of, 225

Harke’s method, 85

Hasting’s stain, 290

Haug’s solution, 233

Head, 44
Examination of, 63
Inspection of, 44

Heart:
Left, 125
Nauwerck’s method of opening, 114
Orifices and valves of, 125
Prausnitz’s method of opening, 116
Right, 124
Section of, 107
Size and weight of, 123
Special pathology of, 126
Vessels of, 125
Virchow’s method of opening, 113

Heat, death from, 192
fixation by, 229

Heidenhain’s iron hæmatoxylin, 273

Heller’s method, 30

Hermann’s solution, 230

Herxheimer’s method, 304

Hey saw, 14, 85

Histologic features, 39

Huber and Snow’s plate method, 245

Hyalin, staining of, 271

Hydrocyanic acid, poisoning with, 190

Hydropic degeneration, 271

Hydroxides, potassium and sodium, 220

Hypertrophy, 271

Hypophysis, 80, 92

Hypostasis, 50

I.

Icard’s test, 43

Identification of cadaver, 41, 187

Iliacs, 158

Iliopsoas muscle, 148, 159

Illuminating gas, poisoning with, 190

Imbedding, methods of, 234
Acetone, 237
Celloidin, 234, 235
Formol-agar, 237
Formol-gelatin, 237
Paraffin, 234, 236
Pyridin, 237

Incision, main, 96

India ink method, 284

Indophenol, 268

Infanticide, 191

Infiltration, 234

Inflammation, 271

Injection, methods of, 217
Beale’s glycerin carmine, 218
Fisher’s milk, 218
Silbermann’s, 218
Thiersch’s Berlin blue gelatin, 218

Instruments, autopsy, 9

Intestines, 141, 150

Iodine-glycerin, 220

Iodine, test for, 272

Iodine green, 263

Iodine test for amyloid, 262

Iron:
Ammonium sulphide test, 275
Combined or masked, 275
Potassium ferrocyanide test, 275
Tests for, 275

J.

Joints, 174, 176

Jugulars, 133, 139

Justus’ test, 272

K.

Kaiserling’s method, 222

Keratin, 267

Keratohyalin, 266, 267

Kidney:
Left, 145, 155
Removal of, 145-147
Right, 146, 155

v. Kölliker’s method, 295

v. Kossa’s silver method, 264

Kresyl-echt-violett, 263, 273

L.

Laboratory, outfit, 201
Utensils, 207

Lævulose, 250

Lake, 253

Langhans’ method, 240

Larcher’s sign, 43

Larynx, section of, 133
Pathology of, 136

Lead, poisoning with, 190
Test for, 276

Legal aspects of autopsy, 5

Leishman-Donovan bodies, 286

Leishman’s stain, 290

v. Lenhossék’s method, 298

Leptothrix, 283

Letulle’s method, 30

Leukocytes, staining of, 291

Levaditi’s method, 284

Ligaments, broad, 165, 172
Uterine, 172

Lithium carmine, 257

Liver, pathology of, 153
Section of, 144
Staining of, 297

Location of organs, 34

Luer’s rhachiotome, 14, 55

Lugol’s solution, 220

Lungs, section of, 116
Pathology of, 126, 127

Lustgarten’s bacillus, 280

Lymphatics, 158
Uterine, 172

Lymphnodes:
Bronchial, 118, 120, 129
Cervical, 134, 138
Mesenteric, 145, 155
Microscopic examination, 293
Pelvic, 165
Portal, 145
Regional, 174, 176
Retroperitoneal, 148

Lymphocytes, staining of, 292

M.

Maceration, 210
Fluids, 219

Macroscopic preparations, 222

Magnus’ sign, 44

Malarial organisms, 286, 291, 292

Mallory’s method for actinomyces, 283
for amœba, 285
for fibroglia, 296
for neuroglia, 301
for reticulum, 295

Mallory-Wright method:
Serial sections, 240
Tubercle-stain, 282

Mall’s digestion-method, 296

Mamma, 99, 105

Mann’s method, 287

Marchi’s fluid, 230
Method, 302

Marking of plates, 246

Mast cells, staining of, 271

Material, examination of fresh, 208
Treatment of, 199

Mayer’s acid-hæmalum, 255
Hæmalum, 255

Mediastinum, anterior, 121

Medicolegal examination, 305

Medulla, 75, 92

Megastoma entericum, 286

Melnikow-Raswedenkow, 223

Meninges of cord, 60, 61
Basal, 89, 93
Inner, 61, 89
Vessels of, 88

Meningococcus, 279, 280

Mercuric chloride fixation, 230

Mercury, test for, 276

Merkel’s fluid, 231

Mesenteric lymphnodes, 145, 155

Mesentery, 145, 155

Metachromasia, 247, 254

Methods:
Apathy’s, 300
Benda’s, 268
Best’s, 270
Bethe’s, 300
Bielschowsky’s, 299, 300
Bignami’s, 286
Birch-Hirschfeld’s, 263
Buzzi’s, 267
Claudius’, 223
Courmont and Andre’s, 276
Delépine’s, 261
Donaggio’s, 302
Ehrlich’s dahlia, 271
Ehrlich’s triple stain, 261, 292
Fick’s, 267
Gaffky’s, 281
Giemsa’s, 284, 291
Golgi’s, 300
Green’s, 263
Herxheimer’s, 304
Huber and Snow’s, 245
India-ink, 284
Jenner’s, 290
Kaiserling’s, 222
v. Kölliker’s, 295
v. Kossa’s, 264
Langhans’, 240
v. Lenhossék’s, 298
Levaditi’s, 284
Mallory’s, 240, 285, 295, 296, 301
Mallory and Wright’s, 240, 282
Mann’s, 287
Marchi’s, 302
Melnikow-Raswedenkow, 222
Meynert’s, 77
Molasses plate, 245
Morse’s, 263
Nikiforoff’s, 283
Nissl’s, 298
Noniewicz’s, 281
Pappenheim’s, 279, 292
Pianese’s, 265
Pick’s, 223
Platner’s, 303
Politzer’s, 85
Ramon j Cajal, 300
Romanowsky, 272, 286, 290
Schaffer’s, 233
Schmorl’s, 294
Schmorl-Giemsa, 284
Schmorl-Obregia, 240, 245
Silbermann’s, 218
Smith’s, 269
Strouse’s, 220
Trambusi’s, 293
Unna’s chancroid, 281
Collagen, 296
Fungi, 285
Mast cell, 271
Van Gieson’s, 260
Warthin’s plate, 221, 245
Weigert’s, elastic tissue, 296
Fibrin, 269
Gram, 269, 278
Myelin sheath, 299
Neuroglia, 300
Westenhoeffer’s, 223
White’s, 261
Wiesel’s, 304
Williamson-Bielschowsky, 299
Wolkowitsch’s, 282
Wood’s, 220
Wright’s blood, 284, 290
Ziehl-Neelsen, 280
Zieler’s, 279

Methods of staining, 246

Methyl blue, 287

Methylene blue, 257, 260, 289

Methyl green, 257, 263

Methyl green-pyronin, 279, 292

Methyl violet, 262

Meynert’s method, 77

Micrococcus, catarrhalis, 280
Melitensis, 279
Tetragenus, 278, 280

Micro-organisms, pathogenic, 277

Microscope, accessories, 201-205
Choice of, 201
Polarization, 205
Use of, 203

Microspectroscope, 205, 306

Microtome, choice of, 206
Freezing, 206
Knives, 206, 211

Milk-injection, 218

Mineral acids, 220

Mitotic figures, 272

Molasses method, 221, 245

Mordant, 253

Morse’s method, 263

Moulds, pathogenic, 220, 285

Mounted preparations, drawing of, 310
Photographing of, 310
Study of, 309

Mounting, 243, 250, 251

Mouth, 135

Muchæmatin, 274

Mucin, 273

Mucicarmin, 274

Mucous membranes, 49

Müller’s fluid, 228

Muscles, 49, 102, 148, 159, 297

Myelin, 274

Myelin-sheath staining, 299

Myoglia, 297

N.

Nails, 49

Natural dyes, 253

Neck, 45

Neck organs, pathology of, 135
Removal of, 131
Section in situ, 134

Necrosis, 274

Negri bodies, 286

Nematodes, 287

Neoplasms, 274

Nerve-degeneration, 302, 303

Nerves, cranial, 93
Inferior laryngeal, 134, 139
Peripheral, 174, 176, 303
Superior laryngeal, 134, 139

Nervous tissue, staining of, 298

Neurofibrillar structures, 300

Neuroglia, staining of, 300, 301

New-born:
Age of, 182
Autopsy of, 177, 182
Cause of death, 185
Organs of, 183
Size of, 182

Nikiforoff’s method, 283

Nissl’s granules, 298
Method, 298

Nitrobenzol, poisoning with, 191

Nocardia, 283

Nocht’s stain, 290

Noniewicz’s method, 281

Nose, pathology of, 95, 136
Section of, 85

Nuclear stains, 246, 254

Nucleolus, staining of, 258

O.

Occupation, 42

Odor, 37

Oedema, 50

Oesophagus, pathology of, 130, 136
Section of, 120, 133

Oïdium albicans, 278, 285

Omentum, 104

Opium, poisoning with, 191

Orange G, 258, 259

Orbit, examination of, 81

Orcein, 279, 296

Organs, abdominal, 104
of new-born, 183
of special sense, 174, 176
Thoracic, 121

Orifices, 52

Orr’s osmic-acid method, 299

Orth’s fluid, 228

Osmic acid, 220, 230, 267

Ovary, pathology of, 172
Section of, 165

P.

Pacchionian bodies, 88

Pacini’s fluid, 305

Palate, 133, 135

Palpation, 52

Pal’s solution, 302

Pancreas, 144, 152

Panniculus, 50, 102

Pappenheim’s method, 279, 292

Paraffin, imbedding in, 234, 236
Mounting of sections, 251
Ovens, 207
Preparation of sections, 244, 245, 246
Sections, 241
Serial sections, 242
Staining of sections, 247

Parametrium, 165

Parasites, animal, 285

Parathyroids, 134, 138

Parotid, 86, 134, 138

Parovarium, 165

Pathogenic, bacteria, 277
Moulds, 220, 285
Yeasts, 285

Peduncles, 92

Pelvis, examination of female, 163
Examination of male, 160

Penciling, 216

Penis, 163, 166

Percussion of cadaver, 52

Pericardium, 106, 122

Peripheral nerves, 174, 176, 303

Peritoneum, 148

Pharynx, 133, 135

Phosphomolybdic acid, 294

Phosphorus, poisoning with, 190

Phosphotungstic acid, 294

Pianese’s method, 265
Solution, 230

Pick’s method, 223

Picric acid, 231, 258, 259, 260

Picrocarmine, 260

Pigment, 274

Pineal gland, 92

Pitre’s method, 75

Plasmodium malariæ, 286, 291, 292

Plate method, 245, 246

Platner’s method, 303

Plimmer’s bodies, 266

Poisoning:
Acids, 189
Alcohol, 189
Alkalies, 190
Antimony, 190
Arsenic, 190
Atropine, 190
Carbon monoxide, 190
Chloral hydrate, 190
Chloroform, 190
Ergot, 190
Formalin, 190
Hydrocyanic acid, 190
Illuminating gas, 190
Lead, 190
Mercury, 190
Morphine, 191
Nitrobenzol, 191
Opium, 191
Phosphorus, 191
Potassium chlorate, 191
Potassium cyanide, 190
Ptomaine, 191
Strychnine, 191
Suspected, 188

Polarization microscope, 205

Politzer’s method, 85

Polychrome methylene blue, 264

Pons, 92

Portal vein, 145, 155

Potassium acetate, 219, 250

Potassium ferrocyanide, 275

Progressive staining, 247

Prostate, 161, 163, 168

Protocol, 33

Pseudomucin, 276

Purin bodies, 276

Putrefaction, 51

Pyridin, 237

Pyronin, 279, 292

Pyrosoma bigeminum, 286

R.

Rabl’s fluid, 231

Rawitz’s fluid, 231

Reagents for fresh tissue, 219

Rectum, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169

Regeneration, 276

Regressive staining, 247

Repair, 276

Resorcin-fuchsin, 296

Reticulum, 295, 296

Rhachiotome of Amussat, 55
of Luer, 14, 55

Rigor mortis, 49

Ripault’s test, 43

Romanowsky method, 272, 286, 290

Ross’ electrical warmer, 218

Russell’s bodies, 265

S.

Sarcosporidia, 286

Scalp, 87

Scalds, death from, 192

Scars, 46

Schmorl’s bone methods, 295

Schmorl-Obregia method, 240, 245

Schmorl’s method of examining blood, 305

Scraping, 209

Scrotum, 167

Section cutting, 210, 238
of celloidin blocks, 239
of frozen tissue, 239
of paraffin blocks, 241
serial of celloidin, 240
serial of paraffin, 242
without imbedding, 238

Sedimentation, 209

Semen, tests for, 306

Seminal vesicles, 161, 163, 168

Sex, 41

Shaking, 216

Shape of organs, 35

Sharpey’s fibres, 295

Silbermann’s method, 218

Silver, test for, 276

Sinus, basal, 93
Longitudinal, 88

Size of organs, 34

Skin, 46
Staining of, 304

Skull:
Base of, 78, 93
Pathology of, 87
Periosteum of, 87
Removal of cap, 63

Smears, 209

Soap, Venetian, 298

Soaps, staining of, 268

Sperm-reaction, 306

Spermatozoa, 306

Spinal cord, 53, 57, 59, 61
Ganglia, 60

Spirillum, Obermeieri, 283, 284
of African relapsing fever, 284
of fowls, 284
of recurrent fever, 283
of Vincent’s angina, 284
Staining of, 283

Spirochæte:
Pallida, 284, 292
Refringens, 284
Staining of, 283

Spleen, 140, 148, 293

Stage, mechanical, 204
Warm, 205, 218

Staining, 246, 247, 253
General rules for, 248
Huber and Snow’s method, 245
In bulk, 247
Intravital, 217
Methods, 246, 247, 253
of bacteria in tissue, 277
of blood, 288
of celloidin sections, 243, 247
of cover-glass preparations, 244
of fresh tissue, 220, 243, 247
of leukocytes, 291
of paraffin sections, 243, 247
of unimbedded tissue, 243, 247
on slide, 244
Plate method, 245
Preparation for, 243
Progressive, 247
Regressive, 247
Schmorl and Obregia method, 245
Strouse’s method, 220
Supravital, 217
Theories, 253
Warthin’s molasses method, 245
Wood’s method, 220

Stains:
Acid, 253
Acid fuchsin, 258
Alum carmine, 256
Alum cochineal, 283
Ammonia carmine, 258
Aniline, 253
Aniline blue, 295
Aniline-gentian-violet, 269, 282
Aronson-Philipp, 292
Azur Blau, 290
Basic, 253
Basic aniline, 257
Benda’s, 268
Benda’s iron hæmatoxylin, 273
Best’s glycogen, 270
Biebrich scarlet, 293
Birch-Hirschfeld, 263
Bismarck brown, 257
Bleu Borrel, 290
Borax carmine, 257
Bordeaux red, 273
Carbol-fuchsin, 280
Carbol-kresyl-echt-violett, 220
Carbol-thionin, 220, 286
Carmine, 256
Carmine and picric acid, 260
Combined, 259
Congo red, 267, 293
Crystal violet, 224
Dahlia, 271
Delépine’s, 261
Diffuse, 246, 258
Eosin, 258
Eosin and methylene blue, 260
Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain, 273
Ehrlich’s dahlia method, 271
Ehrlich’s triple, 261, 292
Erythrosin, 253, 259, 261
Fett Ponceau, 220
Fuchsin, 257
Gentian violet, 263, 279
Giemsa’s, 284, 290, 291
Gram-Weigert, 269
Green’s, 263
Hæmatoxylin, 254
Alum, 254
Böhmer’s, 254
Delafield’s, 255
Ehrlich’s acid, 255
Hansen’s, 255
Weigert’s iron, 255
Hæmatoxylin and acid fuchsin, 259
Hæmatoxylin and eosin, 259
Hæmatoxylin and orange G, 259
Hæmatoxylin and picric acid, 259
Hasting’s, 290
Heidenhain’s iron, 273
Indigo carmine, 295
Indophenol, 268
Iodine green, 220, 263, 265
Jenner’s, 290
Kresyl-echt-violett, 263, 271, 273
Leishman’s, 290
Lithium carmine, 257
Löffler’s methylene blue, 278
Magenta, 286
Malachite green, 265
Mallory’s fibroglia, 296
Mallory’s neuroglia, 301
Mallory’s reticulum, 295
Martius yellow, 265
Mayer’s acid hæmalum, 255
Mayer’s hæmalum, 255
Methyl blue, 287
Methyl green, 257, 263
Methyl green-pyronin, 279, 292
Methyl violet, 262
Methylene azure, 254
Methylene blue, 257, 260, 289
Alkaline, 257, 278
Morse’s, 263, 273
Muchæmatin, 274
Mucicarmin, 274
Natural dyes, 253
Neutral red, 217, 266
Nile blue, 269
Nocht’s, 290
Nuclear, 246, 254
Orange G, 258, 259
Orcein, 279, 296
Pappenheim’s, 279, 292
Phlosin-red, 218
Picric acid, 258
Picrocarmin, 260
Polychrome methylene blue, 264, 271, 276
Pranter’s, 279
Protoplasmic, 246, 258
Resorcin fuchsin, 296
Romanowsky’s, 272, 286, 290
Rubin, 259, 261
Safranin, 272
Scarlet R, 220, 264, 268
Scharlach R, 220, 264, 268
Schmorl’s, for bone, 294
Schmorl-Giemsa, 284
Selective, 246
Smith’s, 269
Specific, 246
Sudan III, 220, 264, 268
Thionin, 220, 254, 264, 273
Thionin and phosphotungstic acid, 294
Thionin and phosphomolybdic acid, 294
Thionin-picric acid, 294
Toluidin blue, 253, 264
Unna’s mast cell, 271
Unna’s methylene blue, 257, 271, 276
Unna’s orcein, 296
Van Gieson’s, 260
Vesuvin, 253
Water blue, 304
Weigert’s elastic tissue, 296
Weigert’s fibrin, 269
Weigert’s neuroglia, 297, 300
White’s, 261
Wright’s, 284, 290
Ziehl-Neelsen, 280
Zieler’s, 279

Staphylococcus, 278, 280

Starvation, death from, 192

Status of cadaver, 42

Sternum, 105

Stomach, 144, 151

Streptococcus, 278, 280

Sublamine, 230

Sublingual gland, 134, 138

Submaxillary gland, 134, 138

Sulphurous acid, 232

Supreme Court decisions, 6, 7

Surgical operation, material from, 196

Surgical material, care of, 198
Description of, 197
Removal of, 196

Surgical wounds, 46

Sympathetic, abdominal, 148, 158
Cervical, 134, 139
Peripheral, 174, 176

T.

Teasing, 210

Technique, autopsy, 20

Teeth, inspection of, 49
Microscopic examination, 295

Teichmann’s crystals, 301

Testicles, 161, 162, 167

Tests, to determine death, 43
Icard’s, 43
Ripault’s, 43

Tetanus bacillus, 278, 281

Thiersch’s Berlin-blue gelatin, 218

Thionin, 220, 254, 264, 294

Thoracic cavity, 106, 121
Duct, 120, 130, 134
Great vessels of, 129
Vertebræ, 120, 130

Thorax, 45, 121

Thymus, 106, 121, 184

Thyroid, 134, 137

Time of death, 42

Tissue, cultivation of, 219

Tongue, 133, 135

Tonsils, 133, 135

Trachea, 133, 136

Trambusi’s method, 293

Trauma, signs of, 46

Trematodes, 287

Treponema pallidum, 284

Trichina, 287

Trichloracetic acid, 232

Trichomonas, 286

Trichomycetes, 283

Trypanosoma, 286

Tubercle-bacillus, 278, 280, 282

Tubes, 165, 171

Typhoid-fever bacillus, 279, 281

U.

Unimbedded tissue, 243

Unna’s alkaline methylene blue, 257
Chancroid bacillus, 281
Collagen stain, 296
Glycerin-ether, 271
Mast cell stain, 271
Orcein stain, 296
Polychrome methylene blue, 271, 276
Stain for fungi, 285

Ureters, 158, 161

Urethra, 161, 165, 168, 169

Uric acid, 233, 276

Uterus, 165, 170

Uvula, 133, 135

V.

Vaccine bodies, 287

Vagina, 165, 169

Vagus, 134, 139

Van Gieson’s stain, 260

Vena cava, 158

Ventricles, 72, 91

Venetian soap, 298

Vermes, 287

Vertebræ, 60, 62, 139, 148, 159

Vessels, basal, 89
Meningeal, 88
Peripheral, 174, 176
Uterine, 172

Vesuvin, 253

Vibrios, 283

Vincent’s angina, 284

Violence, death from, 192

Virchow method, 70

Viscera, hollow, 34, 40

Vulva, 169

W.

Warthin’s molasses method, 245

Washing, 248

Weigert’s copper-fluorochrom, 268
Elastic tissue stain, 296
Fibrin stain, 269
Gram method, 269
Iron-hæmatoxylin, 255
Myelin-sheath stain, 299
Neuroglia, 297, 300

Weight, of organs, 34

Westenhoeffer’s method, 223

White’s method, 261

Wiesel’s method, 304

Williamson-Bielschowsky method, 299

Wright’s blood-stain, 284, 290

X.

Xylol, 249, 250
Acetone, 278
Aniline, 270, 278

Xylol-balsam, 250

Xylol-damar, 250

Y.

Yeasts, pathogenic, 285

Z.

Zenker’s solution, 230

Ziehl-Neelsen method, 280

Zieler’s method, 279

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 159 Changed: gangrenous inflammations, tuberculosis, atinomycosis
to: gangrenous inflammations, tuberculosis, actinomycosis

pg 193 Changed: A little ingenunity will suffice
to: A little ingenuity will suffice

pg 254 Changed: one of the most valuable when odidized
to: one of the most valuable when oxidized

pg 259 Changed: Stain with hæmaotxylin, and after washing
to: Stain with hæmatoxylin, and after washing

pg 295 Changed: Cartilage stains deeply with hæmatoxlyin
to: Cartilage stains deeply with hæmatoxylin

pg 303 Changed: stains the neroglia of degenerated areas
to: stains the neuroglia of degenerated areas

Errata changes have been made in text.