Chapter IV

BONE AND SHELL WORKERS.
Bone and Ivory Workers—Substitutes for Flint—Proofs of Relative
Age—Domestic Bone Implements—Rude Palæolithic Art—Whalebone
Workers—Primitive Working Tools—Fish-spears and
Harpoons—Artistic Ingenuity—Drawing of the Mammoth—The
Madelaine Etchings—Righthanded Workers—Deer-horn Quarry
Picks—Bonebracer or Guard—Birthtime of the Fine Arts—Innuit
Carvers of Alaska—Troglodytes of Central France—Post-Glacial
Man—Symmetrical Head-Form—Intellectual Vigour—Evidence of
Latent Powers—Tawatin Ivory Carving—Lake-Dwellers’
Implements—Cave Implements—Arts of the Pacific Islanders—Carib
Shell-Knives—Aborigines of the Antilles—Caribs of St.
Domingo—Cave Pictures and Carvings—Prized Tropical
Shells—Ancient Graves of Tennessee—Shell Manufactures—Huron and
Petun Graves—Sacred Shell-Vessels—Primitive Shell
Ornaments—American Shell Mounds—A Shell Currency—Ioqua Standard
of Value, 96

CHAPTER V.
FIRE.
The Fire-using Animal—Esquimaux use of Fire—Fuegian
Fire-making—Modes of producing Fire—Australian Fire-myth—Men of
the Mammoth Age—Hearths of the Cave-Men—Pacific Root-Word for
Fire—Great Cycle of the Aztecs—Rekindling the Sacred
Fire—Peruvian Sun-Worshippers—Sacrifice of the White Dog—Sacred
Fires of the Mound-Builders—Indian Fire-making—Sanctity of
Fire—Tierra del Fuego, 135

CHAPTER VI.
THE CANOE.
The use of Tools—Tool-using Instinct—Rudimentary stage of
Art—Primitive River-Craft—The Guanahanè Canoe—Ocean
Navigation—African Canoe-making—Oregon Cedar Canoes—Native
Whalers of the Pacific—Prehistoric Boat-Builders—Mawai’s
Canoes—The Polynesian Archipelago—The Terra Australis
Incognita—Canoe-Fleets of the Pacific—Primitive
Navigation—Portable Boats—The Coracle and Kaiak—The Peruvian
Balsa—Ocean Navigators, 151

CHAPTER VII.
TOOLS.
Man the Artificer—The Law of Reason—Indigenous Races—Man’s
Capacity for Deterioration—What is a Stone Period?—Materials of
Primitive Art—Succession of Races—Indications of Ancient
Trade—The Shoshone Indian—Texas Implements—Modes of
Hafting—Deer’s-horn Sockets—Stone Knives—Thlinkets of
Alaska—Metals of a Stone Period—Arts of the South
Pacific—Malayan Influence—Fijian Constructive Skill—Fijian
Pottery—Slow Maturity of Races—The Flint-edged Sword—The League
of the Five Nations—Iroquois Predominance—Work in Obsidian and
Flint—Honduras Flint Implements—Sources of the
Material—Collision of Races—Fate of Inferior Races, 170

CHAPTER VIII.
THE METALS.
Dawn of a Metallurgic Era—Primitive Copper-Working—Copper Region
of Lake Superior—The Pictured Rocks—Jackson Iron Mountain—The
Cliff Mine—Copper Tools—Ancient Mining Trenches—Great extent of
Works—Mines of Isle Royale—Their estimated Age—Ancient Mining
Implements—Stone Mauls and Axes—Ontonagon Mining Relics—Sites
of Copper Manufactories—Native Copper and Silver—Brockville
Copper Implements—Lost Metallurgic Arts—Chemical
Analyses—Native Terra-Cottas—Ancient British Mining Tools—The
Race of the Copper Mines—Chippewa Superstitions—Earliest
notices of the Copper Region—Ontonagon Mass of Copper—Ancient
Native Traffic—Native use of Metals—Condition of the
Mound-Builders—Mineral Resources—Antiquity of Copper
Workings—Desertion of the Mines, 198

CHAPTER IX.
ALLOYS.
The Age of Bronze—An intermediate Copper Age—European Copper
Implements—Native Silver and Copper—Tin and Copper Ores—The
Cassiterides—Ancient Sources of Tin—Arts of Yucatan—Alloyed
Copper Axe-Blades—Bronze Silver-Mining Tool—Peruvian
Bronzes—Primitive Mining Tools—Native Metallurgic
Processes—Metallic Treasures of the Incas—Traces of an Older
Race—Peruvian History—The Toltecs and Mexicans—Adjustment of
Calendar—Barbarian Excesses—Native Goldsmith’s Work—Panama Gold
Relics—Mexican Metallic Currency—Experimental Processes—Ancient
European Bronzes—Tests of Civilisation—Ancient American
Bronzes—The Native Metallurgist, 229

CHAPTER X.
THE MOUND-BUILDERS.
Earth Pyramids—Monuments of the Mound-Builders—Seats of Ancient
Population—Different Classes of Works—Ancient
Strongholds—Natural Sites—Fort Hill, Ohio—Iroquois
Strongholds—Analogous Strongholds—Fortified Civic Sites—Sacred
Enclosures—Newark Eagle Mound—Geometrical Earthworks—Plan of
Newark Earthworks, Ohio—A Standard of Measurement—Diversity of
Works—Evidence of Skill—The Cincinnati Tablet—Scales of
Measurement—Traces of Extinct Rites, 256

CHAPTER XI.
SEPULCHRAL MOUNDS.
Sources of Information—Hill Mounds—The Scioto Mound—The Taylor
Mound—The Issaquina Mound—The Elliot Mound—The Lockport
Mound—Black Bird’s Grave—Scioto Valley Mounds—Symbolical
Rites—Human Sacrifices—The Grave Creek Mound—Common
Sepulchres—Cremation—Scioto Mound Cranium—Sacred Festivals, 277

CHAPTER XII.
SACRIFICIAL MOUNDS.
Mound Altars—Altar Deposits—Quenching the Altar Fires—Mound
Hearths—Mound City—Military Altar Mounds—Their Structure and
Contents—Significance of their Deposits—Analogous Indian
Rites—Transitional Civilisation, 293

CHAPTER XIII.
SYMBOLIC MOUNDS.
The Wisconsin Region—Animal Mounds—Symbolic Mounds—Big Elephant
Mound—Dade County Mounds—Magnitude of Earthworks—Enclosed Works
of Art—Rock River Works—The Northern Aztalan—Ancient Garden
Beds—The Wisconsin Plains—A Sacred Neutral Land—The Alligator
Mound—The Great Serpent, Ohio—Serpent Symbols—Intaglio
Earthworks—Suggestive Inferences—The Ancient Race—A Sacerdotal
Caste—Antiquity of the Race—Inferiority of the Indian Tribes, 303

CHAPTER XIV.
NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILISATION.
The Toltecs—Ixtlilxochitl—The Aztecs—American
Architecture—Aztalan—The Valley of Mexico—Montezuma’s
Capital—Its Vanished Splendour—Mexican Calendar—The Calendar
Stone—Mexican Deities—Toltec Civilisation—Race Elements—The
Toltec Capital—Tezcucan Palaces—Their Modern
Vestiges—Quetzalcoatl—The Pyramid of Cholula—The Sacred
City—The Moqui Indians—The Holy City of Peru—Worship of the
Sun—Astronomical Knowledge—Agriculture—The Llama—Woven
Textures—Science and Art—Native Institutions—Metallurgy—Origin
of the Mexicans—Mingling of Races, 324