Chapter XI: Animism (4)

It remains to sum up in few words the doctrine of souls, in the various phases it has assumed from first to last among mankind. In the attempt to trace its main course through the successive grades of man’s intellectual history, the evidence seems to accord best with a theory of its development, somewhat to the following effect. At the lowest levels of culture of which we have clear knowledge, the notion of a ghost-soul animating man while in the body, and appearing in dream and vision out of the body, is found deeply ingrained. There is no reason to think that this belief was learnt by savage tribes from contact with higher races, nor that it is a relic of higher culture from which the savage tribes have degenerated; for what is here treated as the primitive animistic doctrine is thoroughly at home among savages, who appear to hold it on the very evidence of their senses, interpreted on the biological principle which seems to them most reasonable. We may now and then hear the savage doctrines and practices concerning souls claimed as relics of a high religious culture pervading the primæval race of man. They are said to be traces of remote ancestral religion, kept up in scanty and perverted memory by tribes degraded from a nobler state. It is easy to see that such an explanation of some few facts, sundered from their connexion with the general array, may seem plausible to certain minds. But a large view of the subject can hardly leave such argument in possession. The animism of savages stands for and by itself; it explains its own origin. The animism of civilized men, while more appropriate to advanced knowledge, is in great measure only explicable as a developed product of the older and ruder system. It is the doctrines and rites of the lower races which are, according to their philosophy, results of point-blank natural evidence and acts of straightforward practical purpose. It is the doctrines and rites of the higher races which show survival of the old in the midst of the new, modification of the old to bring it into conformity with the new, abandonment of the old because it is no longer compatible with the new. Let us see at a glance in what general relation the doctrine of souls among savage tribes stands to the doctrine of souls among barbaric and cultured nations. Among races within the limits of savagery, the general doctrine of souls is found worked out with remarkable breadth and consistency. The souls of animals are recognized by a natural extension from the theory of human souls; the souls of trees and plants follow in some vague partial way; and the souls of inanimate objects expand the general category to its extremest boundary. Thenceforth, as we explore human thought onward from savage into barbarian and civilized life, we find a state of theory more conformed to positive science, but in itself less complete and consistent. Far on into civilization, men still act as though in some half-meant way they believed in souls or ghosts of objects, while nevertheless their knowledge of physical science is beyond so crude a philosophy. As to the doctrine of souls of plants, fragmentary evidence of the history of its breaking down in Asia has reached us. In our own day and country, the notion of souls of beasts is to be seen dying out. Animism, indeed, seems to be drawing in its outposts, and concentrating itself on its first and main position, the doctrine of the human soul. This doctrine has undergone extreme modification in the course of culture. It has outlived the almost total loss of one great argument attached to it,—the objective reality of apparitional souls or ghosts seen in dreams and visions. The soul has given up its ethereal substance, and become an immaterial entity, ‘the shadow of a shade.’ Its theory is becoming separated from the investigations of biology and mental science, which now discuss the phenomena of life and thought, the senses and the intellect, the emotions and the will, on a ground-work of pure experience. There has arisen an intellectual product whose very existence is of the deepest significance, a ‘psychology’ which has no longer anything to do with ‘soul.’ The soul’s place in modern thought is in the metaphysics of religion, and its especial office there is that of furnishing an intellectual side to the religious doctrine of the future life. Such are the alterations which have differenced the fundamental animistic belief in its course through successive periods of the world’s culture. Yet it is evident that, notwithstanding all this profound change, the conception of the human soul is, as to its most essential nature, continuous from the philosophy of the savage thinker to that of the modern professor of theology. Its definition has remained from the first that of an animating, separable, surviving entity, the vehicle of individual personal existence. The theory of the soul is one principal part of a system of religious philosophy which unites, in an unbroken line of mental connexion, the savage fetish-worshipper and the civilized Christian. The divisions which have separated the great religions of the world into intolerant and hostile sects are for the most part superficial in comparison with the deepest of all religious schisms, that which divides Animism from Materialism.

Footnote 607:

J. D. Lang, ‘Queensland,’ pp. 340, 374, 380, 388, 444 (Buddai appears,
p. 379, as causing a deluge; he is probably identical with Budyah).

Footnote 608:

Moffat, ‘South Africa,’ p. 261.

Footnote 609:

Azara, ‘Voy. dans l’Amérique Méridionale,’ vol. ii. pp. 3, 14, 25, 51,
60, 91, 119, &c.; D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. p. 318.

Footnote 610:

Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ part ii. p. 435; Euseb. ‘Hist. Eccl.’ iv. 15;
Bingham, book i. ch. ii.; Vanini, ‘De Admirandis Naturae Arcanis,’
dial. 37; Lecky, ‘Hist. of Rationalism,’ vol. i. p. 126; Encyclop.
Brit. (5th ed.) s.v. ‘Superstition.’

Footnote 611:

J. de Verrazano in Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 300.

Footnote 612:

See W. Ellis, ‘Hist. of Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 429; Flacourt, ‘Hist.
de Madagascar,’ p. 59.

Footnote 613:

Dampier, ‘Voyages,’ vol. ii. part ii. p. 76.

Footnote 614:

Roe in Pinkerton, vol. viii. p. 2.

Footnote 615:

Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 564: see also ‘Origin of
Civilization,’ p. 138.

Footnote 616:

Sproat, ‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ p. 205.

Footnote 617:

Mouat, ‘Andaman Islanders,’ pp. 2, 279, 303. Since the above was
written, the remarkable Andaman religion has been described by Mr. E.
H. Man, in ‘Journ. Anthrop. Inst.’ vol. xii. (1883) p. 156. (Note to
3rd ed.)

Footnote 618:

Baker, ‘Races of the Nile Basin,’ in Tr. Eth. Soc. vol. v. p. 231;
‘The Albert Nyanza,’ vol. i. p. 246. See Kaufmann, ‘Schilderungen aus
Central-afrika,’ p. 123; Brun-Rollet, ‘Le Nil Blanc et le Soudan,’ pp.
100, 222, also pp. 164, 200, 234; G. Lejean in ‘Rev. des Deux M.’
April 1, 1862, p. 760; Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. pp. 72-5;
Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 208. Other recorded cases of denial of
religion of savage tribes on narrow definition or inadequate evidence
may be found in Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Rel.’ vol. i. pp. 11-15
(Australians and Californians); Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. i. p. 323
(Aru Islanders, &c.); Farrar in ‘Anthrop. Rev.’ Aug. 1864, p. ccxvii,
(Kafirs, &c.); Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 583 (Manaos); J. G.
Palfrey, ‘Hist. of New England,’ vol. i. p. 46 (New England tribes).

Footnote 619:

The term has been especially used to denote the doctrine of Stahl, the
promulgator also of the phlogiston-theory. The Animism of Stahl is a
revival and development in modern scientific shape of the classic
theory identifying vital principle and soul. See his ‘Theoria Medica
Vera,’ Halle, 1737; and the critical dissertation on his views,
Lemoine, ‘Le Vitalisme et l’Animisme de Stahl,’ Paris, 1864.

Footnote 620:

Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 182.

Footnote 621:

Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 291, Cree atchâk==soul.

Footnote 622:

Brasseur, ‘Langue Quichée,’ s.v.

Footnote 623:

Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 705; vol. ii. p. 310.

Footnote 624:

Dobrizhoffer, ‘Abipones,’ vol. ii. p. 194.

Footnote 625:

Döhne, ‘Zulu Dic.’ s.v. ‘tunzi;’ Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ pp. 91,
126; ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 342.

Footnote 626:

Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 245; Arbousset and Daumas, ‘Voyage,’ p. 12.

Footnote 627:

Goldie, ‘Efik Dictionary,’ s.v.; see Kölle, ‘Afr. Native Lit.’ p. 324
(Kanuri). Also ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. v. p. 713 (Australian).

Footnote 628:

Dante, ‘Div. Comm. Purgatorio,’ canto iii. Compare Grohmann,
‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ p. 221. See _ante_, p. 85.

Footnote 629:

Rochefort, pp. 429, 516; J. G. Müller, p. 207.

Footnote 630:

Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 135; S. S. Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ &c. p.
131.

Footnote 631:

Casalis, l.c. See also Mariner, ibid.

Footnote 632:

Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 15-23.

Footnote 633:

J. H. Bernau, ‘Brit. Guiana,’ p. 134.

Footnote 634:

Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 1028, 1133. Anglo-Saxon _man-lica_.

Footnote 635:

Lieber, ‘Laura Bridgman,’ in Smithsonian Contrib. vol. ii. p. 8.

Footnote 636:

G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab. of W. Australia,’ p. 103.

Footnote 637:

Brinton, p. 50, see p. 235; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 15.

Footnote 638:

Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

Footnote 639:

Crawfurd, ‘Malay Gr. and Dic.’ s.v.; Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 386.

Footnote 640:

Oviedo, ‘Hist. du Nicaragua,’ pp. 21-51.

Footnote 641:

Pott, ‘Zigeuner,’ vol. ii. p. 306; ‘Indo-Germ. Wurzel-Wörterbuch,’
vol. i. p. 1073; Borrow, ‘Lavengro,’ vol. ii. ch. xxvi. ‘write the lil
of him whose _dook_ gallops down that hill every night,’ see vol. iii.
ch. iv.

Footnote 642:

Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 253; Comm. in Virg. Æn. iv. 684;
Cic. Verr. v. 45; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 210; Rochholz,
‘Deutscher Glaube,’ &c. vol. i. p. 111.

Footnote 643:

Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 241.

Footnote 644:

Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 393.

Footnote 645:

Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. pp. 75-8; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian
Tribes,’ part i. pp. 33, 83, part iv. p. 70; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 194;
J. G. Müller, pp. 66, 207-8.

Footnote 646:

Cross in ‘Journ. Amer. Oriental Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 310.

Footnote 647:

Macpherson, pp. 91-2. See also Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iii. p. 71 (Lapp);
St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 189 (Dayaks).

Footnote 648:

Shürmann, ‘Vocab. of Parnkalla Lang.’ s.v.

Footnote 649:

Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 291; Keating, ‘Narr. of Long’s Exp.’ vol. ii. p.
154.

Footnote 650:

Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 242; see the converse process of catching
away a man’s soul, causing him to pine and die, p. 250.

Footnote 651:

J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 220.

Footnote 652:

Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 319; also Sproat, p. 213 (Vancouver’s
I.).

Footnote 653:

Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 34; Gmelin, ‘Reisen durch Sibirien,’ vol.
ii. p. 359 (Yakuts); Ravenstein, ‘Amur,’ p. 351 (Tunguz).

Footnote 654:

Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 143; vol. ii. pp. 388, 418; vol.
iii. p. 236. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 196, &c.; Cross, ‘Karens,’ in
‘Journ. Amer. Oriental Soc.’ vol. iv. 1854, p. 307. See also St. John,
‘Far East,’ l.c. (Dayaks).

Footnote 655:

Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 150.

Footnote 656:

Cardan, ‘De Varietate Rerum,’ Basel, 1556, cap. xliii.

Footnote 657:

Stanbridge, ‘Abor. of Victoria,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 300.

Footnote 658:

Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 103.

Footnote 659:

Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 269. See also Sproat, l.c.

Footnote 660:

Rühs, ‘Finland,’ p. 303; Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 134; Bastian,
‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 319.

Footnote 661:

Vatnsdæla Saga; Baring-Gould, ‘Werewolves,’ p. 29.

Footnote 662:

Plin. vii. 53; Lucian. Hermotimus, Musc. Encom. 7.

Footnote 663:

R. D. Owen, ‘Footfalls on the Boundary of another World,’ p. 259. See
A. R. Wallace, ‘Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural,’ p. 43.

Footnote 664:

Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. i. p. 331, vol. iii. p. 236. See Calmet,
‘Diss. sur les Esprits;’ Maury, ‘Magie,’ part ii. ch. iv.

Footnote 665:

Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

Footnote 666:

Waitz, vol. iii. p. 195.

Footnote 667:

Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 104, 184, 333; Baker in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’
vol. i. p. 57.

Footnote 668:

Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 319; Jagor in ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.,’ vol.
ii. p. 175.

Footnote 669:

Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 199; Cross, l.c.; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’
vol. i. p. 144, vol. ii. p. 389, vol. iii. p. 266.

Footnote 670:

Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 16-20; Eisenmenger, vol. i. p. 458, vol.
ii. pp. 13, 20, 453; Franck, ‘Kabbale,’ p. 235.

Footnote 671:

Augustin. De Civ. Dei, xviii. 18.

Footnote 672:

Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1036.

Footnote 673:

Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 78; Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des
Sauvages,’ vol. i. p. 363.

Footnote 674:

Callaway, ‘Relig. of Amazulu,’ pp. 228, 260, 316; ‘Journ. Anthrop.
Inst.’ vol. i. p. 170. See also St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 199
(Dayaks).

Footnote 675:

Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 242.

Footnote 676:

Mayne, ‘Brit. Columbia,’ p. 261; see Sproat, l.c.

Footnote 677:

J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Africa,’ pp. 210, 395; M. H. Kingsley, ‘W. African
Studies,’ p. 205. See also Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 396; J. G.
Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 287; Buchanan, ‘Mysore,’ in Pinkerton, vol.
viii. p. 677; ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 8.

Footnote 678:

Homer. Il. xxiii. 59. See also Odyss. xi. 207, 222; Porphyr. De Antro
Nympharum; Virgil. Æn. ii. 794; Ovid. Fast. v. 475.

Footnote 679:

Cicero De Divinatione, i. 27.

Footnote 680:

Augustin. De Curâ pro Mortuis, x.-xii. Epist. clviii.

Footnote 681:

Compare Voltaire’s remarks, ‘Dict. Phil.’ art. ‘ame,’ &c.

Footnote 682:

Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ in ‘Magazin der Evang. Missionen’,
Basel, 1856, No. 2, p. 135.

Footnote 683:

‘Historie del S. D. Fernando Colombo,’ tr. Alfonso Ulloa, Venice,
1571, p. 127, Eng. Tr. in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 80.

Footnote 684:

Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 120.

Footnote 685:

1 Sam. xxviii. 12.

Footnote 686:

Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 269.

Footnote 687:

Pennant, ‘2nd Tour in Scotland,’ in Pinkerton, vol. iii. p. 315;
Johnson, ‘Journey to the Hebrides.’

Footnote 688:

J. Gardner, ‘Faiths of the World,’ s.v. ‘bilocation.’

Footnote 689:

Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 198.

Footnote 690:

Shortland, ‘Trads. of New Zealand,’ p. 140; Polack, ‘M. and C. of New
Zealanders,’ vol. i. p. 268. See also Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p.
393; J. G. Müller, p. 261.

Footnote 691:

Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Esprits,’ vol. i. ch. xl.

Footnote 692:

Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 44, 56, 208; Brand, ‘Popular
Antiquities,’ vol. iii. pp. 155, 235; Johnson, ‘Journey to the
Hebrides;’ Martin, ‘Western Islands of Scotland,’ in Pinkerton, vol.
iii. p. 670.

Footnote 693:

See R. D. Owen, ‘Footfalls on the Boundary of another World;’ Mrs.
Crowe, ‘Night-Side of Nature;’ Howitt’s Tr. of Ennemoser’s ‘Magic,’
&c.

Footnote 694:

The conception of the soul as a small human image is found in various
districts; see Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 356; St. John, ‘Far
East,’ vol. i. p. 189 (Dayaks); Waitz, vol. iii. p. 194 (N. A. Ind.).
The idea of a soul as a sort of ‘thumbling’ is familiar to the Hindus
and to German folklore; compare the representations of tiny souls in
mediæval pictures.

Footnote 695:

Magalhanes de Gandavo, p. 110; Maffei, ‘Indie Orientali,’ p. 107.

Footnote 696:

Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 287.

Footnote 697:

Waitz, vol. ii. p. 194; Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 42.

Footnote 698:

Meiners, vol. ii. pp. 756, 763; Purchas, vol. iii. p. 495; J. Jones in
‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 138.

Footnote 699:

Calmet, vol. i. ch. xxxvi.; Plin. Ep. vii. 27; Hunt, ‘Pop. Romances,’
vol. ii. p. 156.

Footnote 700:

Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jésuites,’ 1639, p. 43; see 1634, p. 13.

Footnote 701:

Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ p. 92; Yate, p. 140; R. Taylor, pp. 104,
153; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 406.

Footnote 702:

Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ pp. 265, 348, 370.

Footnote 703:

Homer, II. xxiii. 100.

Footnote 704:

Ovid, Fast. v. 457.

Footnote 705:

Isaiah viii. 19; xxix. 4. The Arabs hate whistling (el sifr), it is
talking to devils (Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 142).
‘Nicolaus Remigius, whose “Daemonolatreia” is one of the ghastliest
volumes in the ghastly literature of witchcraft, cites Hermolaus
Barbarus as having heard the voice _sub-sibilantis daemonis_, and,
after giving other instances, adduces the authority of Psellus to
prove that the devils generally speak very low and confusedly in order
not to be caught fibbing,’ Dr Sebastian Evans in ‘Nature,’ June 22,
1871, p. 140. (Nicolai Remigii Daemonolatreia, Col. Agripp. 1596, lib.
i. c. 8, ‘pleraeque aliae vocem illis esse aiunt qualem emittunt qui
os in dolium aut restam rimosam insertum habent’—‘ut Daemones e pelvi
stridulâ voce ac tenui sibilo verba ederent’).

Footnote 706:

Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 176.

Footnote 707:

Flacourt, ‘Madagascar,’ p. 101.

Footnote 708:

N. B. Dennys, ‘Folk-Lore of China,’ p. 22.

Footnote 709:

Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ p. 142; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’
p. 209; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 801; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 761.

Footnote 710:

Lang, ‘Queensland,’ p. 441; Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 187.

Footnote 711:

Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. pp. 76, 122; Le Jeune in ‘Rel.
des Jésuites,’ 1634, p. 23; 1639, p. 44; Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 292;
Peter Jones, ‘Hist. of Ojebway Indians,’ p. 99.

Footnote 712:

Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 323.

Footnote 713:

Meiners, vol. i. p. 318.

Footnote 714:

Festus, s.v. ‘everriatores;’ see Bastian, l.c., and compare Hartknoch,
cited below, vol. ii. p. 40.

Footnote 715:

Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 132, 216.

Footnote 716:

Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 285; Glanvil, ‘Saducismus Triumphatus,’ part
ii. p. 161; Wuttke, p. 216; Bastian ‘Psychologie’ p. 192.

Footnote 717:

Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 135.

Footnote 718:

Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

Footnote 719:

Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 429.

Footnote 720:

Loubere, ‘Siam,’ vol. i. p. 458; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p.
259; see p. 278.

Footnote 721:

Diog. Laert. x. 67-8; see Serv. ad. Æn. iv. 654.

Footnote 722:

Irenæus contra Hæres. v. 7, 1; see Origen, De Princep. ii. 3, 2.

Footnote 723:

Tertull. De Anima, 9.

Footnote 724:

Hampole, ‘Ayenbite of Inwyt.’

Footnote 725:

Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 216, 226.

Footnote 726:

A. J. Davis, ‘Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse,’ New York, 1851, p.
49.

Footnote 727:

Calmet, vol. i. ch. xli. &c.

Footnote 728:

‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 359; vol. iii. pp. 104, 556; Earl,
‘Eastern Seas,’ p. 266; St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 52, 73, 79,
119; Mundy, ‘Narr. from Brooke’s Journals,’ p. 203. Heads were taken
as funeral offerings by the Garos of N. E. India, Eliot in ‘As. Res.’
vol. iii. p. 28, Dalton, ‘Descr. Ethnol. of Bengal,’ p. 67; see also
pp. 46-7 (Kukis).

Footnote 729:

T. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. pp. 188-204; Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol.
ii. p. 220. For New Zealand accounts, see R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’
pp. 218, 227; Polack, ‘New Zealanders,’ vol. i. pp. 66, 78, 116.

Footnote 730:

J. M’Coy, ‘Hist. of Baptist Indian Mission,’ p. 360; Waitz, vol. iii.
p. 200.

Footnote 731:

Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 429, 512; see also J. G. Müller, pp.
174, 222.

Footnote 732:

Oviedo, ‘Hist. de las Indias,’ lib. xxix. c. 31; Charlevoix, ‘Nouv.
Fr.’ vol. vi. p. 178 (Natchez); Waitz, vol. iii. p. 219. See Brinton,
‘Myths of New World,’ p. 239.

Footnote 733:

Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 573.

Footnote 734:

Piedrahita, ‘Nuevo Reyno de Granada,’ part i. lib. i. c. 3.

Footnote 735:

Cieza de Leon, p. 161; Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruv. Ant.’ p. 200;
Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. p. 29. See statements as to effigies, J. G.
Müller, p. 379.

Footnote 736:

Simpson, ‘Journey,’ vol. i. p. 190; similar practice among Takulli or
Carrier Ind., Waitz, vol. iii. p. 200.

Footnote 737:

Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. i. p. 124; vol. ii. p. 25; ‘Dahome,’ vol.
ii. p. 18, &c.; ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 403; J. L. Wilson, ‘W.
Afr.’ pp. 203, 219, 394. See also H. Rowley, ‘Mission to Central
Africa,’ p. 229.

Footnote 738:

Cavazzi, ‘1st. Descr. de’ tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola,’
Bologna, 1687, lib. i. 264; Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 419-21; Callaway,
‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 212.

Footnote 739:

Renaudot, ‘Acc. by two Mohammedan Travellers,’ London, 1733, p. 81;
and in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 215; Marco Polo, book iii. chap. xx.;
and in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 162.

Footnote 740:

Caron, ‘Japan,’ ibid., p. 622; Siebold, ‘Nippon,’ v. p. 22.

Footnote 741:

‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ new series, vol. ii. p. 374.

Footnote 742:

Legge, ‘Confucius,’ p. 119; Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. pp. 108,
174, 192. The practice of attacking or killing all persons met by a
funeral procession is perhaps generally connected with funeral human
sacrifice; any one met on the road by the funeral of a Mongol prince
was slain and ordered to go as escort; in the Kimbunda country, any
one who meets a royal funeral procession is put to death with the
other victims at the grave (Magyar, ‘Süd. Afrika,’ p. 353); see also
Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. i. p. 403; Cook, ‘First Voy.’ vol. i. pp.
146, 236 (Tahiti).

Footnote 743:

Jakob Grimm, ‘Verbrennen der Leichen,’ contains an instructive
collection of references and citations.

Footnote 744:

Homer, Il. xxiii. 175; Eurip. Suppl.; Pausanias, iv. 2.

Footnote 745:

Edda, ‘Gylfaginning,’ 49; ‘Brynhildarqvitha,’ &c.

Footnote 746:

Cæsar., Bell. Gall. vi. 19.

Footnote 747:

Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 145.

Footnote 748:

Strabo, xv. 1, 62; Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 27, 78; Diod. Sic. xvii. 91;
xix. 33, &c.; Grimm, ‘Verbrennen,’ p. 261; Renaudot, ‘Two
Mohammedans,’ p. 4; and in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 194. See Buchanan,
ibid. pp. 675, 682; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. pp. 298-312.

Footnote 749:

H. H. Wilson, ‘On the supposed Vaidik authority for the Burning of
Hindu Widows,’ in ‘Journ. Roy. As. Soc.’ vol. xvi. (1854) p. 201; in
his ‘Works,’ vol. ii. p. 270. Max Müller, ‘Todtenbestattung bei den
Brahmanen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. der Deutsch. Morgenl. Ges.’ vol. ix.;
‘Chips,’ vol. ii. p. 34.

Footnote 750:

Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 543; part iii. pp. 229, 520;
Waitz, vol. iii. pp. 191-3.

Footnote 751:

Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. pp. 355, 364; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 178.

Footnote 752:

Mouhot, ‘Indo-China,’ vol. i. p. 252.

Footnote 753:

Wood in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 36.

Footnote 754:

Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 26.

Footnote 755:

De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 61.

Footnote 756:

Ravenstein, ‘Amur,’ p. 382; T. W. Atkinson, p. 483.

Footnote 757:

St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. ii. p. 253 (Dayaks).

Footnote 758:

Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 78; Sagard, ‘Hist. du
Canada,’ p. 497; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 229.

Footnote 759:

Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

Footnote 760:

Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 271; Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 429.

Footnote 761:

Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 269.

Footnote 762:

Stewart, ‘Notes on Northern Cachar,’ in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol.
xxiv. p. 632; Cross, ‘Karens,’ l.c.; Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c.

Footnote 763:

Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 317.

Footnote 764:

Low in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 426. See Meiners, vol. i. p.
220; vol. ii. p. 791.

Footnote 765:

Juvenal, Sat. xv. 148.

Footnote 766:

Alger, ‘Future Life,’ p. 632, and see ‘Bibliography,’ appendix ii.;
Wesley, ‘Sermon on Rom. viii. 19-22;’ Adam Clarke, ‘Commentary,’ on
same text. This, by the way, is the converse view to Bellarmine’s, who
so patiently let the fleas bite him, saying, ‘We shall have heaven to
reward us for our sufferings, but these poor creatures have nothing
but the enjoyment of the present life.’—Bayle ‘Biog. Dic.’ The
argument in Butler’s ‘Analogy,’ part i. ch. i. puts the evidence for
souls of brutes on much the same footing as that for souls of men.

Footnote 767:

Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. pp. 237, 262; part ii. p. 68.

Footnote 768:

D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. i. p. 196; vol. ii. pp. 23, 78;
Falkner, ‘Patagonia,’ p. 118; Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ p. 178.

Footnote 769:

Egede, ‘Greenland,’ p. 152; Cranz, p. 301: sec Nilsson, p. 140.
Torquemada, ‘Monarquia Indiana,’ xiii. ch. 47; Clavigero, ‘Messico,’
vol. ii. pp. 94-6.

Footnote 770:

Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. R.’ vol. i. p. 312.

Footnote 771:

Baron, ‘Tonquin,’ in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 704.

Footnote 772:

W. G. Palgrave, ‘Arabia,’ vol. i. p. 10; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii.
p. 334; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 519 (Gallas).

Footnote 773:

Grimm, ‘Verbrennen der Leichen.’ A curious correspondence in the
practice of cutting off a fowl’s head as a funeral rite is to be
noticed among the Yorubas of W. Africa (Burton, ‘W. and W.’ p. 220),
Chuwashes of Siberia (Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 120), old Russians
(Grimm, ‘Verbrennen,’ p. 254).

Footnote 774:

Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 335.

Footnote 775:

Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 177; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. pp.
62, 284, 331.

Footnote 776:

Mannhardt, ‘Götterwelt der Deutschen, &c.’ vol. i. p. 319.

Footnote 777:

Saint-Foix, ‘Œuvres,’ Maestricht, 1778, vol. iv. p. 150.

Footnote 778:

Chr. von Stramberg, ‘Rheinischer Antiquarius,’ i. vol. i., Coblence,
1851, p. 203; J. M. Kemble, ‘Horæ Ferales,’ p. 66.

Footnote 779:

Moerenhout, ‘Voy. Aux Iles du Grand Océan,’ vol. i. p. 430.

Footnote 780:

St. John ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 187.

Footnote 781:

Mason, ‘Karens,’ in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ 1865, part ii. p. 202;
Cross in ‘Journ. Amer. Oriental Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 309. See comparison
of Siamese and Malay ideas; Low in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p.
340.

Footnote 782:

Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 291, 443; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’
vol. ii. p. 184; Marco Polo, book iii. ch. xxii. (compare various
readings); Meiners, vol. i. p. 215; vol. ii. p. 799.

Footnote 783:

Malay evidence has since been noticed by Wilken, ‘Het Animisme bij den
Volken van den Indischen Archipel.’ p. 104. (Note to 3rd edition.)

Footnote 784:

Hume, ‘Nat. Hist. of Rel.’ sec. ii.; Comte, ‘Philosophie Positive,’
vol. v. p. 30.

Footnote 785:

Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 74; Keating, ‘Long’s Exp.’ vol. ii. p. 154; Le
Jeune, ‘Nouvelle France,’ p. 59; also Waitz, vol. iii. p. 199; Gregg,
‘Commerce of Prairies,’ vol. ii. p. 244; see Addison’s No. 56 of the
‘Spectator.’

Footnote 786:

Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 129; Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p.
242. Similar ideas in Tahiti, Cook’s 3rd Voy. vol. ii. p. 166.

Footnote 787:

Cross, l.c. pp. 309, 313; Mason, l.c. p. 202. Compare Meiners, vol. i.
p. 144; Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 161-3.

Footnote 788:

Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part ii. p. 68; ‘Algec Res.’ vol. ii. p.
128; Lallemant in ‘Rel. des Jésuites dans la Nouvelle France,’ 1626,
p. 3.

Footnote 789:

Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. pp. 188, 243, 246; Alger, p. 82; Seemann,
‘Viti,’ p. 229.

Footnote 790:

‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ new series, vol. ii. p. 421.

Footnote 791:

For some cases in which horror or abnegation are assigned as motives
for abandonment of the dead man’s property, see Humboldt and Bonpland,
vol. v. p. 626; Dalton in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ 1866, part ii. p.
191, &c.; Earl, ‘Papuans,’ p. 108; Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 13;
Egede, ‘Greenland,’ p. 151; Cranz, p. 301; Loskiel, ‘Ind. N. A.’ part
i. p. 64, but see p. 76. The destruction or abandonment of the whole
property of the dead may plausibly, whether justly or not, be
explained by horror or abnegation; but these motives do not generally
apply to cases where only part of the property is sacrificed, or new
objects are provided expressly, and here the service of the dead seems
the reasonable motive. Thus, at the funeral of a Garo girl, earthen
vessels were broken as they were thrown in above the buried ashes.
‘They said, the spirit of the girl would not benefit by them if they
were given unbroken, but for her the fragments would unite again.’
(Dalton, ‘Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal,’ p. 67.) The mere fact of
breaking or destruction of objects at funerals does not carry its own
explanation, for it is equally applicable to sentimental abandonment
and to practical transmission of the spirit of the object, as a man is
killed to liberate his soul. For good cases of the breaking of vessels
and utensils given to the dead, see ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p.
325 (Mintira); Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. i. p. 322; G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab.
W. Australia,’ p. 13 (Australians); Markham in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol.
iii. p. 188 (Ticunas); St. John, vol. i. p. 68 (Dayaks); Ellis,
‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 254; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p.
84 (Appalachicola); D. Wilson, ‘Prehistoric Man,’ vol. ii. p. 196 (N.
A. I. and ancient graves in England). Cases of formal sacrifice where
objects are offered to the dead and taken away again, are generally
doubtful as to motive; see Spix and Martius, vol. i. p. 383; Martius,
vol. i. p. 485 (Brazilian Tribes); Moffat, ‘S. Africa,’ p. 308
(Bechuanas); ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 149 (Kayans).

Footnote 792:

Alger, ‘Future Life,’ p. 81. He treats, however (p. 76), as
intentionally symbolic the rite of the Winnebagos, who light fires on
the grave to provide night after night camp-fires for the soul on its
far journey (Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tr.’ vol. iv. p. 55; the idea is
introduced in Longfellow’s ‘Hiawatha,’ xix.). I agree with Dr. Brinton
(‘Myths of New World,’ p. 241) that to look for recondite symbolic
meaning in these simple childish rites is unreasonable. There was a
similar Aztec rite (Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 94). The Mintira light
fires on the grave for the spirit to warm itself at (‘Journ. Ind.
Archip.’ vol. i. p. 325, see p. 271, and compare Martius, vol. i. p.
491). So Australians will light a fire near their camp at night for
the ghost of some lately dead relative to sit by (Millett, ‘Australian
Parsonage,’ p. 76.)

Footnote 793:

J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 222, see 420.

Footnote 794:

Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 430.

Footnote 795:

Polack, ‘M. of New Zealanders,’ vol. ii. pp. 66, 78, 116, 127.

Footnote 796:

Georgi, ‘Russ. R.’ vol. i. p. 266; Herodot. iv. 71, see note in
Rawlinson’s Tr. &c. &c.

Footnote 797:

Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. pp. 228, 245.

Footnote 798:

Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 97.

Footnote 799:

Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ pp. 263, 301.

Footnote 800:

Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iv. pp. 55, 65; J. G. Müller,
‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 88, 287.

Footnote 801:

Sahagun, book iii. App. in Kingsborough, ‘Antiquities of Mexico,’ vol.
vii.; Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 94; Brasseur, vol. iii. pp. 497, 569.

Footnote 802:

Cieza de Leon, p. 161; Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruvian Antiquities,’ pp.
186, 200.

Footnote 803:

Ellis, ‘Hist, of Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 254, 429; see Flacourt, p.
60.

Footnote 804:

Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth,’ p. 118; J. Billings, ‘Exp. to N. Russia,’ p.
129; see ‘Samoiedia’ in Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 532, and Leems,
‘Lapland,’ ibid. p. 484.

Footnote 805:

Boecler, ‘Ehsten Gebraüche,’ p. 69.

Footnote 806:

‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 691; see vol. i. pp. 297, 349.

Footnote 807:

Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 89; ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 337.
For other instances, see Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 332, &c.;
Alger, ‘Future Life,’ part ii.

Footnote 808:

Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iv. p. 159; Ezek. xxxii. 27.

Footnote 809:

Max Müller, ‘Todtenbestattung der Brahmanen,’ in D. M. Z. vol. ix. pp.
vii.-xiv.

Footnote 810:

Lucian. De Luctu, 9, &c.; Philopseudes, 27; Strabo, viii. 6, 12;
Herodot. v. 92; Smith’s ‘Dic. Gr. and Rom. Ant.’ art. ‘funus.’

Footnote 811:

Valer. Max. ii.; Mela, iii. 2. Froius (1565) in Maffei, ‘Histor.
Indicarum,’ lib. iv.

Footnote 812:

Grimm, ‘Verbrennen der Leichen,’ pp. 232, &c., 247, &c.; ‘Deutsche
Myth.’ pp. 795-800.

Footnote 813:

Dusburg, ‘Chronicon Prussiæ,’ iii. c. v.; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ pp.
898, 415 (Anafielas is the glass-mountain of Slavonic and German myth,
see Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 796). Compare statement in St. Clair and Brophy,
‘Bulgaria,’ p. 61; as to food transmitted to dead in other world, with
more probable explanation, p. 77.

Footnote 814:

St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 54, 68. Compare Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in
Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 430.

Footnote 815:

Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iv. p. 54.

Footnote 816:

Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 210.

Footnote 817:

Davis, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 276; Doolittle, vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii.
p. 275; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 334; see Marco Polo, book ii.
ch. lxviii.

Footnote 818:

Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. pp. 161, 169.

Footnote 819:

Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 142; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol.
ii. p. 319.

Footnote 820:

Beeckmann, ‘Voy. to Borneo,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xi. p. 110.

Footnote 821:

Politis, ‘Neohellen. Mythologia,’ vol. i. part i. p. 266; Hartknoch,
‘Alt. und Neues Preussen,’ part i. p. 181; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 791-5;
Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ p. 212; Rochholz, ‘Deutscher
Glaube,’ &c. vol. i. p. 187, &c.; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c. p. 158 (France).

Footnote 822:

Maitland, ‘Church in the Catacombs,’ p. 137; Forbes Leslie, vol. ii.
p. 502; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 750; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’, vol. ii. p. 307.

Footnote 823:

Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 284.

Footnote 824:

From the collated and annotated text in J. C. Atkinson, ‘Glossary of
Cleveland Dialect,’ p. 595 (a = one, neean = none, beean = bone).
Other versions in Scott, ‘Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,’ vol. ii.
p. 367; Kelly, ‘Indo-European Folk-lore,’ p. 115; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’
vol. ii. p. 275. Two verses have perhaps been lost between the fifth
and sixth. J. C. A. reads ‘meate’ in vv. 7 and 8; the usual reading
‘milke’ is retained here. The sense of these two verses may be that
the liquor sacrificed in life will quench the fire: an idea parallel
to that known to folklore, that he who gave bread in his lifetime will
find it after death ready for him to cast into the hellhound’s jaws
(Mannhardt, ‘Götterwelt der Deutschen und Nordischen Völker,’ p. 319),
a sop to Cerberus.

Footnote 825:

Lewes, ‘Biographical History of Philosophy,’ Democritus (and see his
remarks on Reid); Lucretius, lib. iv.; ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 8;
Stewart, ‘Philosophy of Human Mind,’ vol. i. chap. i. sec. 2; Reid,
‘Essays,’ ii. chaps. iv. xiv.; see Thos. Browne, ‘Philosophy of the
Mind,’ lect. 27.

END OF VOL. I.

● Transcriber’s Notes:
○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
○ Footnotes have been moved to follow the chapters in which they are
referenced.