Chapter II: Conclusion: 343

LIST OF PLATES.

FIG. PAGE

A Family of the Stone Age (Frontispiece).

1. Human Jaw-bone found at Moulin-Quignon, near Abbeville,
in 1863 18

2. Skull of a Man belonging to the Stone Age (The _Borreby
Skull_) 27

3. Skull of the Gorilla 28

4. Skull of the Orang-Outang _ib._

5. Skull of the Cynocephalus Ape 29

6. Skull of the _Macacus_ Baboon _ib._

7. The Production of Fire (whole page engraving).

8. _Dendrites_ or Crystallisations found on the Surface of
wrought Flints 46

9. Section of a Gravel Quarry at Saint-Acheul, which contained
the wrought Flints found by Boucher de Perthes 47

10. Hatchet of the _Almond-shaped_ type from the Valley of the
Somme 48

11. Flint Hatchet from Saint-Acheul of the so-called
_Almond-shaped_ type 49

12. Wrought Flint (_Moustier_ type) _ib._

13. Flint Scraper 50

14. Flint Knife, found at Menchecourt, near Abbeville _ib._

15. Flint Core or Nucleus 51

16. Man in the Great Bear and Mammoth Epoch (whole page
engraving).

17. The First Potter (whole page engraving).

18. Fossil Shells used as Ornaments, and found in the Gravel at
Amiens 54

19. Theoretical Section of a Vein of Clay in the Carboniferous
Limestone, _before_ the hollowing out of Valleys by
Diluvial Waters 56

20. Theoretical Section of the same Vein of Clay converted
into a Cavern, _after_ the hollowing out of Valleys by
Diluvial Waters 57

21. The Cave of Galeinreuth, in Bavaria 59

22. Section of the Sepulchral Cave at Aurignac 62

23. Flint Knife, found in the Sepulchral Cave at Aurignac 63

24. Implement made of Reindeer's or Stag's Horn, found in the
Sepulchral Cave at Aurignac _ib._

25. Series of Perforated Discs of the _Cardium_ Shell, found
in the Sepulchral Cave at Aurignac 64

26. Fragment of the Lower Jaw of a Cave-Bear found in the
Sepulchral Cave at Aurignac _ib._

27. Upper Molar of a Bison found in the Ashes of the Fire-Hearth
of the Sepulchral Cave at Aurignac 65

28. Arrow-head made of Reindeer's Horn, found in the Sepulchral
Cave of Aurignac 66

29. Bodkin made of Roebuck's Horn, found in the Sepulchral Cave
of Aurignac _ib._

30. Truncated Blade in Reindeer's Horn bearing two Series
of transversal Lines and Notches, probably used for
numeration 67

31. Funeral Feast during the Great Bear and Mammoth Epoch (whole
page engraving).

32. Carved and perforated Canine Tooth of a young Cave-Bear 69

33. Head of a Cave-Bear found in the Cave of Aurignac 70

34. Head of the _Rhinoceros tichorhinus_, found in the Cave of
Aurignac _ib._

35. Head of a great Stag (_Megaceros hibernicus_), found in the
Cave of Aurignac 71

36. Sketch of the Great Bear on a Stone, found in the Cave of
Massat 75

37. Portion of the Skull of an Individual belonging to the Epoch
of the Great Bear and the Mammoth, found in the Cave
of Engis 80

38. Portion of the so-called Neanderthal Skull _ib._

39. Man of the Reindeer Epoch (whole page engraving).

40. Rock-Shelter at Bruniquel, a supposed Habitation of Man
during the Reindeer Epoch (whole page engraving).

41. A Feast during the Reindeer Epoch (whole page engraving).

42. Flint Bodkin or Stiletto for sewing Reindeer Skins, found
in the Cave of Les Eyzies (Périgord) 92

43. Bone Needle for Sewing _ib._

44. The Canine Tooth of a Wolf, bored so as to be used as an
Ornament 93

45. Ornament made of the bony part of a Horse's Ear _ib._

46. Spear-head, found in the Cave of Laugerie-Basse (Périgord) 95

47. Worked Flint from Périgord (Knife) 96

48. Worked Flint from Périgord (Hatchet) _ib._

49. Chipped Flint from Périgord (Knife) 97

50. Chipped Flint from Périgord (Scraper) _ib._

51. Small Flint Saw, found in the Rock-Shelter at Bruniquel 98

52. The Chase during the Reindeer Epoch (whole page engraving).

53. Barbed Arrow of Reindeer Horn 99

54. Arrow of Reindeer Horn with Double Barbs _ib._

55. Animal Bone, pierced by an Arrow of Reindeer Horn 100

56. Tool made of Reindeer Horn, found in the Cave of
Laugerie-Basse (Stiletto?) _ib._

57. Tool made of Reindeer Horn, found in the Cave of
Laugerie-Basse (Needle?) _ib._

58. Spoon of Reindeer Horn 101

59. Knuckle-bone of a Reindeer's Foot, bored with a hole and
used as a Whistle 102

60. Staff of authority, in Reindeer's Horn, found in the Cave
of Périgord _ib._

61. Another Staff of authority in Reindeer's Horn _ib._

62. A Geode, used as a Cooking Vessel(?), found in the Cave
of La Madelaine (Périgord) 103

63. Earthen Vase, found in the Cave of Furfooz (Belgium) 104

64. Sketch of a Mammoth graven on a Slab of Ivory 106

65. Hilt of a Dagger carved in the Shape of a Reindeer 107

66. Representation of a Stag drawn on a Stag's Horn 108

67. Representation of some large Herbivorous Animal on a
Fragment of Reindeer's Horn _ib._

68. Arts of Drawing and Sculpture during the Reindeer Epoch
(whole page engraving).

69. Representation of an Animal sketched on a Fragment of
Reindeer's Horn 109

70. Fragment of a Slab of Schist bearing the representation of
some Animal, and found in the Cave of Les Eyzies _ib._

71. A kind of Harpoon of Reindeer's Horn carved in the Shape of
an Animal's Head 110

72. Staff of Authority, on which are graven Representations of
a Man, two Horses, and a Fish 111

73. Skull, found at Furfooz by M. Édouard Dupont 114

74. Skull of an Old Man, found in a _Rock-shelter_ at Bruniquel 115

75. A Funeral Ceremony during the Reindeer Epoch (whole page
engraving).

76. Man of the Polished-stone Epoch (whole page engraving).

77. Bone Skewers used as Fish-hooks 134

78. Fishing-net with wide Meshes 136

79. Stone Weight used for sinking the Fishing-nets _ib._

80. Fishing during the Polished-stone Epoch (whole page
engraving).

81. Flint Knife from one of the Danish Beds 138

82. Nucleus off which Knives are flaked _ib._

83. Flint Hatchet from one of the Danish Beds _ib._

84. Flint Scraper from one of the Danish Beds _ib._

85. Refuse from the Manufacture of wrought Flints 139

86. Weight to sink Fishing-nets _ib._

87. Danish Axe of the Polished-stone Epoch 140

88. Double-edged Axe _ib._

89. Danish Axe-hammer drilled for handle 141

90. Ditto _ib._

91. Spear-head from Denmark 142

92. Ditto _ib._

93. Toothed Spear-head of Flint 143

94. Flint Poniard from Denmark _ib._

95. Type of the Danish Arrow-head _ib._

96. Another Type of Arrow-head _ib._

97. Arrow-head 144

98. Arrow-head from Denmark _ib._

99. Flint Chisel from Denmark _ib._

100. Small Stone Saw from the Danish Deposits 145

101. Another Stone Saw from Denmark _ib._

102. Bone Harpoon of the Stone Age, from Denmark _ib._

103. Bone Comb from Denmark 146

104. Necklace and various Ornaments of Amber _ib._

105. Nucleus in the Museum of Saint-Germain, from the Workshop
of Grand-Pressigny 148

106. Polisher from Grand-Pressigny, both faces being shown 150

107. The earliest Manufacture and Polishing of Flints (whole
page engraving).

108. Polisher found by M. Leguay 154

109. Spear-head from Spiennes 158

110. Polished Jade Hatchet in the Museum of Saint-Germain 159

111. Polished Flint Hatchet with a Sheath of Stag's Horn fitted
for a Handle 161

112. Flint Hatchet fitted into a Stag's-horn Sheath having an
Oak Handle, from Boucher de Perthes' Illustration 162

113. Hatchet Handle made of Oak 163

114. Stag's-horn Sheath open at each end, so as to receive two
Hatchets _ib._

115. Polished Flint Hatchet, from Belgium, fitted into a
Stag's-horn Sheath _ib._

116. Gardening Tool made of Stag's Horn (after Boucher de
Perthes) 164

117. Ditto _ib._

118. Ditto 165

119. Flint Tool in a Bone Handle 166

120. Flint Tool with Bone Handle _ib._

121. Ornamented Bone Handle _ib._

122. Necklace made of Boars' Tusks longitudinally divided 167

123. Flint Knife from the Peat Bogs near Antwerp 168

124. Primitive Corn-mill 170

125. The Art of Bread Making in the Stone Age (whole page
engraving).

126. The Earliest Navigators (whole page engraving).

127. The Earliest regular Conflicts between Men of the Stone Age;
or, The Entrenched Camp of Furfooz (whole page engraving).

128. Flint Arrow-head from Civita-Nova (Italy) 180

129. The Borreby Skull 182

130. Danish _Dolmen_ 185

131. _Dolmen_ at Assies (department of Lot) _ib._

132. _Dolmen_ at Connéré (Marne) 186

133. Vertical Section of the _Dolmen_ of Lockmariaker, in
Brittany. In the Museum of Saint-Germain _ib._

134. _Tumulus-Dolmen_ at Gavr'inis (Morbihan) 187

135. A Portion of the _Dolmen_ of Gavr'inis _ib._

136. General Form of a covered Passage-Tomb 188

137. Passage-Tomb at Bagneux, near Saumur _ib._

138. Passage-Tomb at Plauharmel (Morbihan) 189

139. Passage-Tomb, the so-called _Table de César_, at
Lockmariaker (Morbihan) _ib._

140. A Danish _Tumulus_ or chambered Sepulchre 190

141. Usual Shape of a _Menhir_ 191

142. The Rows of _Menhirs_ at Carnac _ib._

143. _Dolmen_ with a Circuit of Stones (_Cromlech_), in the
Province of Constantine 192

144. Group of Danish _Cromlechs_ _ib._

145. Position of Skeletons in a Swedish Tomb of the Stone Age 194

146. A _Tumulus_ of the Polished Stone Epoch (whole page
engraving).

147. A Founder's Workshop during the Bronze Epoch (whole page
engraving).

148. Section of the _Ténevière_ of Hauterive 220

149. A Swiss Lake Village of the Bronze Epoch (whole page
engraving).

150. Vertical Section of a _Crannoge_ in the Ardakillin Lake 230

151. Vertical Section of the _Marniera_ of Castione 233

152. Floor of the _Marniera_ of Castione 234

153. Plan of the Piles and Cross-beams in the _Marniera_ of
Castione _ib._

154. The Chase during the Bronze Epoch (whole page engraving).

155. Stone Hatchet from the Lacustrine Habitations of
Switzerland 241

156. Stone Chisel with Stag's-horn Handle, from the Lacustrine
Habitations of Switzerland 241

157. Flint Hammer fitted with a Stag's-horn Handle 242

158. Stone Hatchet with Double Handle of Wood and Stag's Horn _ib._

159, 160. Serpentine Hatchet-Hammers from the Lacustrine
Habitations of Switzerland 243

161. Another Hatchet-hammer from the Lacustrine Habitations of
Switzerland _ib._

162. Flint Saw fitted into a Piece of Stag's Horn 244

163. Flint Spear-head from the Lacustrine Settlements of
Switzerland _ib._

164. Various Shapes of Flint Arrow-heads from the Lacustrine
Settlements of Switzerland _ib._

165. Arrow-head of Bone fixed on the Shaft by means of Bitumen 245

166. Stone Arrow-head fixed on the Shaft by means of Bitumen _ib._

167. Arrow-head fixed on the Shaft by a Ligature of String _ib._

168. Bone Bodkin, from the Lacustrine Habitations of Switzerland 246

169. Ditto _ib._

170. Carpenter's Chisel, from the Lacustrine Habitations of
Switzerland _ib._

171. Bone Needle _ib._

172. Pick-axe of Stag's Horn 247

173. Harpoon made of Stag's Horn, from the Lacustrine
Habitations of Switzerland _ib._

174. Ditto _ib._

175. Vessel made of Stag's Horn _ib._

176. Bronze Winged Hatchet, from the Lacustrine Habitations of
Switzerland 249

177. Winged Hatchet (front and side view), from the Lacustrine
Habitations of Switzerland _ib._

178. Socketed Hatchet, from the Lacustrine Habitations _ib._

179. Knife Hatchet (front and side view) from the Lacustrine
Habitations _ib._

180. Carpenter's Chisel, in Bronze 250

181. Hexagonal Hammer _ib._

182. Knife with a Tang to fit into a Handle, from the Lacustrine
Settlements of Switzerland _ib._

183. Socketed Knife, from the Lacustrine Settlements of
Switzerland 251

184. Bronze Sickle, found by M. Desor at Chevroux _ib._

185. Bronze Fish-hook, from the Lacustrine Settlements of
Switzerland 252

186. Double Fish-hook, from the Lacustrine Settlements of
Switzerland _ib._

187. Hair-pin, found by M. Desor in one of the Swiss Lakes 253

188. Ditto _ib._

189. Hair-pin with Cylindrical Head _ib._

190. Hair-pin with Curled Head _ib._

191. Bronze Bracelet, found in one of the Swiss Lakes 254

192. Another Bronze Bracelet 255

193. Bronze Ring _ib._

194. Bronze Pendant, from the Lacustrine Habitations of
Switzerland 256

195. Another Bronze Pendant, from the Lacustrine Habitations
of Switzerland _ib._

196. Bronze Ring, from the Lacustrine Habitations of Switzerland _ib._

197. Another Ornamental Ring _ib._

198. Earthenware Vessel with Conical Bottom, from the Lacustrine
Habitations of Switzerland 259

199. Earthen Vessel placed on its Support _ib._

200. Fragment of an Earthen Vessel with a Handle 259

201. Vessel of Baked Clay, from the Lacustrine Settlements of
Switzerland 260

202. Ditto _ib._

203. Cloth of the Bronze Age, found in the Lacustrine Settlements
of Switzerland 262

204. The First Weaver (whole page engraving).

205. Spindle-whorls, made of Baked Clay, found in the Lacustrine
Settlements of Switzerland 263

206. Principal Designs for the Ornamentation of Pottery during
the Bronze Epoch 264

207. The Cultivation of Gardens during the Bronze Epoch (whole
page engraving).

208. A Feast during the Bronze Epoch (whole page engraving).

209. Bronze Sword in the Museum of Neuchâtel 272

210. Bronze Dagger, found in one of the Swiss Lakes _ib._

211. Bronze Spear-head, found in one of the Swiss Lakes 273

212. Bronze Arrow-head, found in a Lacustrine Settlement of
Switzerland _ib._

213. Scandinavian Sword 274

214. Hilt of a Scandinavian Sword _ib._

215. Mode of fixing the Handle to a Scandinavian Hatchet _ib._

216. Another Mode of fixing the Handle to a Scandinavian Hatchet _ib._

217. Danish Bronze Knife of the Bronze Epoch 275

218. Ditto _ib._

219. Blade of a Danish Razor of the Bronze Epoch 276

220. Woollen Cloak of the Bronze Epoch, found in 1861, in a Tomb
in Denmark 277

221. Woollen Shawl, found in the same Tomb _ib._

222. Woollen Shirt, taken from the same Tomb 278

223. First Woollen Cap, found in the same Tomb _ib._

224. Second Woollen Cap, found in the same Tomb _ib._

225. Bronze Comb, found in the same Tomb _ib._

226. Warriors during the Bronze Epoch (whole page engraving).

227. Bronze Hatchet Mould, found in Ireland 279

228. Stone Crescent, found in one of the Swiss Lakes 280

229. Skull found at Meilen, Front View 289

230. Skull found at Meilen, Profile View _ib._

231. Primitive Furnace for Smelting Iron (whole page engraving).

232. Bronze Coin, from the Lake of Neuchâtel 310

233. Sword, from the Tombs of Hallstadt (with a Bronze Hilt and
Iron Blade) 313

234. Ditto _ib._

235. Dagger, from the Tombs of Hallstadt (Bronze Handle and Iron
Blade) 314

236. Ditto _ib._

237. Funeral Ceremonies during the Iron Epoch (whole page
engraving).

238. A Skeleton, portions of which have been burnt, from the
Tombs of Hallstadt 315

239. A Necklace with Pendants, from the Tombs of Hallstadt 316

240. Bracelet, from the Tombs of Hallstadt 317

241. Ditto _ib._

242. Bronze Vase, from the Tombs of Hallstadt _ib._

243. Bronze Vase, from the Tombs of Hallstadt 317

244. Warriors of the Iron Epoch (whole page engraving).

245, 246. Fore-arm encircled with Bracelets, found in the Tombs
of Belleville (Savoy) 319

247. Iron Sword, found in one of the Swiss Lakes 321

248. Sword with Damascened Blade, found in one of the Swiss
Lakes _ib._

249. Sheath of a Sword, found in one of the Swiss Lakes 322

250. Lance-head, found in one of the Swiss Lakes 323

251. Head of a Javelin, found in the Lacustrine Settlement of La
Tène (Neuchâtel) 324

252. The Chase during the Iron Epoch (whole page engraving).

253. Square-socketed Iron Hatchet, found in one of the Lakes of
Switzerland 325

254. Sickle _ib._

255. Scythe, from the Lacustrine Settlements of Switzerland 326

256. Iron Point of Boat-hook, used by the Swiss Boatmen during
the Iron Epoch _ib._

257. Horse's Bit, found in the Lake of Neuchâtel _ib._

258. _Fibula_, or Iron Brooch, found in the Lake of Neuchâtel 327

259. Iron Buckle for a Sword-belt, found in the Lake of Neuchâtel 328

260. Iron Pincers, found in the Lake of Neuchâtel _ib._

261. Iron Spring-scissors, found in the Lake of Neuchâtel _ib._

262. Razor 329

263. Agriculture during the Iron Epoch (whole page engraving).

PRIMITIVE MAN.