Chapter I: Front Matter

Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
file which includes the original illustrations and maps.
See 18757-h.htm or 18757-h.zip:
(https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/7/5/18757/18757-h/18757-h.htm)
or
(https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/7/5/18757/18757-h.zip)

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR

* * * * *

Heroes of the Nations.

PER VOLUME, CLOTH, $1.50.--HALF MOROCCO, $1.75.

I.--Nelson, and the Naval Supremacy of England. By W. CLARK RUSSELL, author of "The Wreck of the Grosvenor," etc.

II.--Gustavus Adolphus, and the Struggle of Protestantism for Existence. By C.R.L. FLETCHER, M.A., late Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.

III.--Pericles, and the Golden Age of Athens. By EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

IV.--Theodoric the Goth, the Barbarian Champion of Civilisation. By THOMAS HODGKIN, author of "Italy and Her Invaders," etc.

V.--Sir Philip Sidney: Type of English Chivalry. By H.R. FOX BOURNE.

VI.--Julius Cæsar, and the Organisation of the Roman Empire. By WARDE FOWLER, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford.

VII.--Wyclif, Last of the Schoolmen and First of the English Reformers. By LEWIS SERGEANT.

VIII.--Napoleon, Warrior and Ruler; and the Military Supremacy of Revolutionary France. By WILLIAM O'CONNOR MORRIS.

IX.--Henry of Navarre, and the Huguenots in France. By P.F. WILLERT, M.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.

X.--Cicero, and the Fall of the Roman Republic. By J.L. STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, M.A., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

XI.--Abraham Lincoln, and the Downfall of American Slavery. By NOAH BROOKS.

XII.--Prince Henry (of Portugal) the Navigator, and the Age of Discovery. By C.R. BEAZLEY, Fellow of Merton College, Oxford.

XIII.--Julian the Philosopher, and the Last Struggle of Paganism against Christianity. By ALICE GARDNER, Lecturer on Ancient History, Newnham College.

XIV.--Louis XIV., and the Zenith of the French Monarchy. By ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A., Senior Student of Christ Church College, Oxford.

(For titles of volumes next to appear and for further details of this Series see prospectus at end of volume.)

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, PUBLISHERS NEW YORK AND LONDON

* * * * *

Heroes of the Nations

Edited by Evelyn Abbot, M.A. Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford

FACTA DUCIS VIVENT, OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM.--OVID, IN LIVIAM, 265.

THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE.

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY 1394-1460 A.D.

With an Account of Geographical Progress Throughout the Middle Ages As the Preparation for His Work

by

C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S.

Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; Geographical Student in the University of Oxford, 1894

Venient annis sæcula seris
Quibus Oceanus vincula rerum
Laxet, et ingens pateat tellus,
Tethys que novos detegat orbes,
Nec sit terris ultima Thule.

SENECA, _Medea_ 376/380.

G. P. Putnam's Sons New York 27 West Twenty-Third Street London 24 Bedford Street, Strand The Knickerbocker Press 1895 Copyright, 1894 by G. P. Putnam's Sons Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Electrotyped, Printed and Bound by The Knickerbocker Press, New York G. P. Putnam's Sons

CONTENTS.

PAGE
PREFACE xvii

INTRODUCTION.

THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS
THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN
MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. 1

CHAPTER I.

EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) 29

CHAPTER II.

VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) 50

CHAPTER III.

THE CRUSADES AND LAND TRAVEL (CIRCA 1100-1300) 76

CHAPTER IV.

MARITIME EXPLORATION (CIRCA 1250-1410) 106

CHAPTER V.

GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE IN CHRISTENDOM FROM THE
FIRST CRUSADES (CIRCA 1100-1460) 114

CHAPTER VI.

PORTUGAL TO 1400 (1095-1400) 123

CHAPTER VII.

HENRY'S POSITION AND DESIGNS AT THE TIME OF
THE FIRST VOYAGES, 1410-15 138

CHAPTER VIII.

PRINCE HENRY AND THE CAPTURE OF CEUTA (1415) 147

CHAPTER IX.

HENRY'S SETTLEMENT AT SAGRES AND FIRST DISCOVERIES
(1418-28) 160

CHAPTER X.

CAPE BOJADOR AND THE AZORES (1428-41) 168

CHAPTER XI.

HENRY'S POLITICAL LIFE (1433-41) 179

CHAPTER XII.

FROM BOJADOR TO CAPE VERDE (1441-5) 192

CHAPTER XIII.

THE ARMADA OF 1445 228

CHAPTER XIV.

VOYAGES OF 1446-8 240

CHAPTER XV.

THE AZORES (1431-60) 250

CHAPTER XVI.

THE TROUBLES OF THE REGENCY AND THE FALL OF
DON PEDRO (1440-9) 257

CHAPTER XVII.

CADAMOSTO (1455-6) 261

CHAPTER XVIII.

VOYAGES OF DIEGO GOMEZ (1458-60) 289

CHAPTER XIX.

HENRY'S LAST YEARS AND DEATH (1458-60) 299