Chapter M

Magnesia, estimation, 354, 360, 362, 365, 384, 394, 396
method of Halle station, 396

Magnesium, 18
microchemical examination, 264

Magnet, separation of silt particles, 278

Manganese, 23
estimation, 354, 360, 396, 397
French method, 397–399

Marx, method for nitric acid, 526–528

Masure’s silt apparatus, 210

Matiére noire, 324

Mayer, determination of water absorption, 138

Mayer’s modification of Schöne’s method, 220

Mechanical analysis of soils, 171–179

Mercury and sulfuric acid method, Noyes’ modification, 519
Warington’s modification, 518

Metamorphic rocks, 39

Metaphenylenediamin, reagent for nitrous acid, 557, 559

Microchemical examination of silt, 262, 266

Microscopic apparatus, 495
examination of silt separates, 256

Microscopical structure of rocks, 28, 29

Mineralogical examination of silt separates, 254–278

Minerals, classification, 26
in rocks, 24–26
machine for making sections, 267

Möckern, reduction method, for nitric acid, 533

Moissan, estimation of boric acid, 581

Moisture, effect on soil temperature, 102
estimation, 454

Moore, modification of silt analysis, 192

Muck soils, alcohol extract, 590
estimation of humus, 589
phosphoric acid, 588
sulfur, 587
ether extract, 590
organic carbon and hydrogen, 586
petroleum ether extract, 590
phosphoric acid, 415
sampling, 584
special treatment, 583
total volatile and organic matter, 586
water content, 585

Mulder, humic acid, 62

Müller, method of determining soil absorption, 126

Müntz and Marcano, origin of nitrate deposits, 14

N

Naphthylamin, reagent for nitrous acid, 560

Nessler’s process, 570
reagent, 570

Nitrate deposits, 14–16

Nitrates, estimation, 435

Nitric acid, classification of reduction methods, 531, 532
development in soils, 461
estimation by colorimetric comparison, 548–559
oxidation of a colored solution, 524–531
reduction to ammonia, 531–543
classification of methods, 496–498
in presence of nitrous acid, 557
extraction from soil, 498–500
ferrous salt process, 500–518
iodometric estimation, 543–548
mercury and sulfuric acid method, 518
methods, relative merit, 498
nitric oxid process, 500–524
reduction by electric current, 540–543
solvent for soils, 351
ferment, isolation, 471, 477, 481

Nitrification, apparatus and manipulation, 468
effect of potassium salts, 463
general conclusions, 496
necessary conditions, 461–463
preparation of seed, 468
progress, 469
statement of results, 478
test of commencement, 469

Nitrifying organisms, classification, 487
distribution, 470, 471
microscopic examination, 480, 484
occurrence, 467

Nitrites, destruction, 478, 558

Nitrogen, 12
active soil, 434
Arnold and Wedemeyer’s method, 440
Dumas’ volumetric method, 446–448
economic value, 395
estimation in soils, 428–456
of amid, 451
volatile compounds, 452–454
Hilgard’s method, 436
Methods of Official Agricultural Chemists, 434
Müller’s method 438–440
soda-lime method, 445
nature in soils, 430–434
order of oxidation, 465
organic, in soils, 459–461
oxidized, estimation in soils, 459–570
soda-lime method, 441–444
in presence of nitrates, 444

Nitrous acid, development in soils, 461
estimation, by coloration of a ferrous salt, 567
colorimetric comparison, 559
potassium ferrocyanid, 567
classification of methods, 496–498
iodometric method, 564–567
ferment, isolation, 471, 477

Nöbel’s apparatus, 207

Nöllner, nitrate deposits, 16

Norwacki and Borchardt, auger for soil sampling, 83

O

Odoriferous matters, determination, 98
in soils, 97

Official Agricultural Chemists, latest methods, 454–456
method for reduction of nitric acid, 532, 533
of analysis of soil extract, 353–356
soil solution, 349

Organic matter, estimation, 314
influence on absorption, 124
total, 315

Origin of soils, 43

Orth, classification, 185

Osborne, Berlin-Schöne method, 224
method, comparison with Schloesing’s, 241
of silt analysis, 196
-Schöne method, 219
comparisons, 223

Oxygen, 3
absorption, 286
estimation of organic, 324

P

Packard, separation of silt particles, 273

Pasturel, estimation of humus, 336

Peligot, preliminary treatment of samples, 91

Percolation, measurement, 161
soils _in situ_, 164

Petermann, determination of water absorption, 138
method for phosphoric acid, 409
preliminary treatment of samples, 92

Petrographic examination of silt particles, 266
microscope, 256

Pfaundler, specific heat method, 104–110

Phenylsulfuric acid, reagent for nitric acid, 554

Phosphoric acid, Carnot’s method, 403
estimation, 354, 362, 403–406, 409–416
French method, 406–409
Halle method, 404, 405
in muck soils, 415
method of Goss, 416–418
Hilgard, 413
Petermann’s method, 409
Russian method, 412
separation from iron and alumina, 414

Phosphorus, 6
microchemical examination, 266
state of existence in soils, 411

Piccini method for nitric acid, 558
nitrous acid, 567

Pillitz and Zalomanoff, method of determining soil absorption, 125

Pissis, nitrate deposits, 16

Polarized light, examination, 261

Porosity, 131
determination, 133

Potash, condition in soils, 367
estimation, 355, 358, 361, 365, 368, 370–372, 375–378, 381, 382
international method, 381
Italian method, 377
method of German experiment stations, 375
Tatlock and Dyer, 382
Russian method, 376
salts, deposits, 20
Smith’s method, 378–381
soluble in cold dilute acid, 370
concentrated acids, 368

Potassium, 18
microchemical examination, 263

Pratt, bowlder phosphates, 9

Q

Qualities of soils, 52, 53

R

Rain water, method of collecting, 569
preparation for analysis, 569

Raulin, method of estimating humus, 334
potash, 375

Reaction of a soil, 303

Refractive index, determination, 259

Rideal, method for nitric acid, 553

Rocks, aeolian, 38
aqueous, 32
chemical composition, 30
color, 31
composition, 43
decay, 43–52
eruptive, 41–42
kinds, 32
metamorphic, 39
microscopical structure, 28
minerals, 24–26
sedimentary, 35
types, 28

Rohrbach’s solution, 271

Rowland, fall of particles in liquid, 180

S

Sachsse and Becker, method for iron, 401–403

Salts, preparation for absorption, 130

Samples for moisture, 74
permeability, 74
staple crops, 75
preparation, 454
for elutriation, 229

Sampling, general directions, 66
method of Caldwell, 71
German experiment stations, 69
Grandeau, 77
Hilgard, 67
Lawes, 80
Official Agricultural Chemists, 79
French Commission, 69, 80
Peligot, 72
Richards, 69
Royal Agricultural Society, 76
Wahnschaffe, 72, 81
Whitney, 68, 73
Wolff, 81

Sandstone, 35

Schaeffer and Deventer, method for nitrous acid, 567

Schloesing method, comparison with Beaker, 241
DeKonick’s modification, 514–516
for nitric acid, 500
French modification, 500–505
of collecting soil gases, 291
silt analysis, 200
Schmidt’s process, 516
Schulze-Tiemann modification, 510–514
Spiegel’s modification, 509
Warington’s modification, 505–508

Schmidt’s method for nitric acid, 539

Schöne’s elutriator, 212

Schulze-Tiemann method, 510–514

Sea-weeds, analysis, 13

Sedimentary rocks, classification, 35

Sediments, separation of fine, 233
weighing, 235

Seeding, method employed, 475

Selective absorption of soils, 122

Separation of silt particles, 272

Shaler, phosphatic limestones, 12

Sieve analysis, classification, 185
German experiment stations, 183
separation, 182

Sievert’s method for nitric acid, 536

Sifting with water, 183

Silica, 4
direct estimation, 424
estimation, 356, 361, 365

Silt analyses, value, 279
analysis, Belgian method, 204
classification of results, 235, 236
interpretation, 251
Italian method, 195, 206
method of Hilgard, 225
Osborne, 196
Schöne, 212–220
methods, 185
Moore’s modification, 192
Schloesing’s method, 200
statement of results, 194
subsidence of soil particles, 186–188
Wolff’s method, 192
classes, illustrations, 258
particles, color and transparency, 278
examination, with polarized light, 261
forms and dimensions, 257
microchemical examination, 262–266
petrographic examination, 266
separation by specific gravity, 268–277
staining, 261
percentage in soils, 249
separates, microscopic examination, 256
Mineralogical examination, 254–278

Siphon silt cylinder, 190

Soda, estimation, 355, 358, 361, 365, 374, 384

Sodium, 22
amalgam process, 537–539
microchemical examination, 263

Soil absorption, importance, 124
method of determining, 125
analyses, special methods, 367–428
definition, 1
extracts, method of preparing, 158
gases, 149, 150
heat, sources, 102
ingredients, distribution, 247
moisture, 132
particles, number, 251–253
standard sizes, 181
surface area, 253
samples, air drying, 88
preliminary examination, 87–93
treatment in laboratory, 87
sampling, general principles, 65
solutions, analyses, 352–367
temperatures, method of determining, 111
thermometry, 111–116

Soils, absorptive power, 117–131
and subsoils, 62, 63
as a mass, 95
carbon dioxid, 293
chemical elements, 2
classification; according to deposition, 52
cohesion and adhesion, 116, 117
color, 95
compact, 90
composition, relation to gases, 282
conductivity for heat, 115
deficient in carbonates, 340
digestion with solvents, 343–352
estimation of carbonates, 337
loose, 89
mechanical analysis, 171–179
method of estimating absorption of heat, 115
nitrifying power, 467
origin, 1, 43
preliminary treatment, 87–93
qualities, 52–53
reaction, 303
selective absorption, 122
specific gravity, 98
determination, 99
unusual constituents, 591–593
volume, 100
weight of one hectare, 102

Solar heat, absorption, 103

Specific gravity, 30
of soils, 98–110
apparent, 101
determination of apparent, 101
heat of soils, 102
determination, 104–110
variations, 110

Spencer, photomicrographs, 259

Squanto, manurial value of fish, 14

Staining organisms, method, 487
silt particles, 261

Stassfurt potash salts, 20

Sterilization, 489
by heat, 490
high pressure steam, 492

Sterilized soil, nitrification, 487, 488

Sterilizing apparatus, 490, 493
oven, 491

Stockbridge, composition of humus, 61
soil moisture, 132

Strontium, microchemical examination, 265

Stutzer’s method for nitric acid, 537

Subcultures, method, 479

Subsidence, physical explanation, 180

Sulfanilic acid, preparation, 562
reagent for nitrous acid, 560

Sulfur, 51
state of existence in soils, 419

Sulfuric acid, estimation, 355, 358, 361
French method, 419
Italian method, 422
method of Berthelot and André, 419
Von Bemmelén, 420–422
Wolff, 422

Surface area, influence on absorption, 123
particles, effect of potential, 172
tension, influence, 174
method of estimating, 157
of fertilizers, 156

T

Thenard, humic acid, 62

Thermometry, general principles of soil, 111

Thermostats, 494

Thoulet’s solution, 268

U

Ulmic acid, 61

Ulsch’s method for nitric acid, 539