Chapter XI: Introduction (2)

One of the best Land-grant schools in the South. It has 25 teachers,
about 200 young men students and property valued at $130,000.
]

Nelson Amendment of 1907.—An act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture.—That said colleges may use a portion of this money for providing courses for the special preparation of instructors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts.

Rulings and instructions relative to the acts of Congress of August 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, in aid of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts.—“To be applied only to instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English language, and the various branches of mathematical, physical, natural, and economic science, with special reference to their applications in the industries of life, and to the facilities for such instruction” and “for providing courses for the special preparation of instructors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts.” It is held that this language authorizes the purchase from this money of apparatus, machinery, text-books, reference books, stock, and material used in instruction, or for the purposes of illustration in connection with any of the branches enumerated, and the payment of salaries of instructors in said branches only; but in case of machinery (such as boilers, engines, pumps, etc.) and farm stock, which are made to serve for both instructional and other purposes, the Federal funds may be charged with only an equitable portion of the cost of said machinery and stock.

The acts prohibit the expenditure of any portion of these funds for the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings under any pretense whatever, and the salaries of purely administrative officers, such as treasurers, presidents, secretaries.

In accordance with these acts, 17 institutions for Negroes in the Southern States are receiving Federal funds. The principal facts for sixteen of these institutions are shown in the table herewith. Hampton Institute is classified with the independent institutions because its financial support is very largely from private sources. The total annual income for the current expenses of the sixteen institutions is $544,520. Of this amount $263,074 is received from State appropriations and $2,598.51 from the Federal acts. Including the Federal grant to Hampton Institute, the total of Federal appropriations is $286,817. The value of property in the sixteen institutions is $2,576,142.

TENNESSEE AGRICULTURAL, AND INDUSTRIAL STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, NASHVILLE,
TENN.

The land-grant school for the State. It was founded in 1912, has 32
teachers, 1200 students and property valued at $250,000.
]

VIRGINIA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE, PETERSBURG, VA.

The largest school building in the United States for colored students.
The institution is owned and supported by the State. It has
twenty-five teachers and 600 students. The property is valued at
approximately $250,000.
]

The principal facts concerning these schools, by States, are as follows:

───────────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬──────────── │ │ │ │ VALUE OF STATE │ ATTENDANCE │ TEACHERS │ INCOME │ PROPERTY ───────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────── Total │ 4,875│ 400│ $544,520│ $2,576,142 ═══════════════════╪════════════╪════════════╪════════════╪════════════ Alabama │ 264│ 27│ 29,209│ 182,500 Arkansas │ 170│ 12│ 24,003│ 141,456 Delaware │ 71│ 8│ 13,159│ 42,150 Florida │ 345│ 34│ 34,168│ 131,421 Georgia │ 390│ 21│ 25,369│ 68,449 Kentucky │ 234│ 19│ 22,327│ 156,700 Louisiana │ 160│ 23│ 31,384│ 95,250 Maryland │ 123│ 12│ 15,528│ 44,950 Mississippi │ 484│ 24│ 47,774│ 258,500 Missouri │ 264│ 33│ 42,162│ 226,375 North Carolina │ 150│ 26│ 32,518│ 129,700 Oklahoma │ 408│ 28│ 46,400│ 153,827 South Carolina │ 726│ 33│ 44,216│ 397,300 Tennessee │ 300│ 25│ 39,819│ 193,915 Texas │ 552│ 46│ 49,985│ 237,200 West Virginia │ 234│ 29│ 46,499│ 216,449 ───────────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────

_State Schools_:—In addition to the land-grant schools there are eleven State schools. Four of these institutions are in Northern States. The following table gives the important facts concerning this group.

───────────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬──────────── │ │ │ │ VALUE OF STATE │ ATTENDANCE │ TEACHERS │ INCOME │ PROPERTY ───────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────── Total │ 2,638│ 188│ $246,834│ $1,394,547 ═══════════════════╪════════════╪════════════╪════════════╪════════════ Alabama │ 714│ 31│ 21,500│ 70,000 Kansas │ 82│ 14│ 15,830│ 131,395 „ │ 106│ 26│ 38,148│ 195,300 Maryland │ 50│ 8│ 8,053│ 33,500 New Jersey │ 93│ 18│ 27,755│ 99,159 North Carolina │ 249│ 8│ 6,074│ 45,000 „ │ 227│ 7│ 5,544│ 38,700 „ │ 165│ 10│ 5,258│ 51,700 Ohio │ 231│ 29│ 77,000│ 436,893 Virginia │ 573│ 25│ 27,898│ 233,900 West Virginia │ 148│ 12│ 13,774│ 59,000 ───────────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────

_Federal Schools_:—The one institution classed as Federal is Howard University at Washington, D. C. It is the only institution supported by direct annual appropriations from Congress. It is generally considered the best institution for colored people in college and professional training. It has an attendance of 1,401 pupils, 106 teachers, an annual income of $172,257 and property valued at $1,756,920.

SCHOOLS MAINTAINED BY PRIVATE AGENCIES.

It is said that the deficiencies in the public expenditure for the education of colored people largely explain the active campaign for private and higher schools since the Civil War. These schools not only represent the effort of the colored people and their friends to provide higher training for their children, but also to make up for the inadequacy of the elementary public schools.

According to the recent report of the Bureau of Education, there are 625 private schools for colored people in the United States. These schools have property valued at $28,500,000, an annual income of $3,027,000, 4,600 teachers and an attendance of approximately 100,000.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The leading institution in the country for the higher and professional
training of the Negro. In quality of work it ranks favorably with
the best New England Colleges. It was founded in 1867, largely
through the efforts of General O. O. Howard. It has 106 teachers,
1400 students and property valued at nearly $2,000,000.
]

The three great factors which have entered into the development of the educational possibilities of the colored people are the North, the South and the Negro himself.

Though the Northern States are not so immediately concerned in the education of the Negro race as the South and the Negroes themselves, the northern point of view and northern philanthropy have been just as important and are just as essential to continued development as the other two elements. In many respects the remoteness of the northern friends to Negro education gave them freedom from the traditional prejudices and the frequent irritations to which those nearby were subjected. Problems are rarely settled without the aid of those who are not party to the differences. Evidence is now gradually accumulating that the southern people are realizing that the northern teachers have rendered a valuable service not only to the Negroes but also to the South. The following testimony was given as early as 1885, by Bishop Haywood of the Southern Methodist Church in speaking of President Ware, the founder of Atlanta University:

“Very small encouragement do workers in this field get from us of the white race in the Southern States, although, next to the Negro race, we are of all men on earth most concerned in the success of your work, and most concerned because we have most at stake.”

The total annual contribution of the North for the current expenses of the private schools aggregate $2,500,000. Of this fully a million and a half is given by the white churches for their denominational schools, and another $1,000,000 is contributed by individual donors and churches for the maintenance of the independent institutions. Property valuations in the private institutions founded by northern gifts now amount to $24,000,000.

ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, ATLANTA, GEORGIA.

One of the best schools of higher education. A number of notable
colored men are graduates of this institution. It was founded in
1867 by the American Missionary Association (Congregational), but it
now has an independent board of trustees. It has 35 teachers, nearly
600 students and property valued at $405,000.
]

Without the institutions thus erected and maintained, the industrial and agricultural education of the colored people would be almost entirely confined to the very limited facilities of the public schools, and the inadequate work of the land-grant institutions. Teacher training would be almost negligible, secondary courses would be conspicuously inadequate and no college work would be offered. Upon the North therefore, and the Negroes must rest the responsibility of providing higher training. While constant effort should be made to induce public authorities to provide for every phase of education, any plan to diminish private support should be adopted only after careful consideration of the local situation. The per capita public school expenditures for white children of the Southern States is four and five times that for the Negroes. All the available facts indicate that the financial aid of the North would be needed for some decades to come.

Essential as northern philanthropy has been to the education of the Negro, the greatest contribution of the North has been the teachers, sons and daughters of the best families, who have been willing to work in colored schools, and to show their colored pupils by precept and example that education is not only head knowledge, but the formation of habits that guarantee such fundamental virtues as cleanliness, thoroughness, perseverance, honesty, and the essential elements of family life.

The work of the Northern teachers is no less important than that of the northern soldier. While the one emancipated the Negro from slavery, the other laid the foundation for the greater emancipation from ignorance. In the conduct and management of colored schools, it is to be expected that the South should stress contact with the white neighborhood and conformity to the community standards. The concern of the Negro is naturally the preservation of his self-respect and the increase of opportunities for employment and influence. The concern of the North is the maintenance of such school activities as will produce manhood and womanhood of good physique, discerning minds and sound morals. In accordance with this purpose, northern people have erected schools of all types for the Negroes, including industrial, agricultural and collegiate institutions. No greater loss could befall the Negro schools than the elimination of northern philanthropy and northern teachers.

The two types of institutions which are largely supported by northern philanthropy are designated as independent schools, and schools under white denominational boards. Many of these schools also receive large sums from their colored patrons. The following table gives the important facts concerning the independent schools in the several States. The names of the larger institutions of this group are given in the table at the end of this Chapter.

DINING HALL. BIRDSEYE VIEW OF GROUNDS.
]

STUDENTS AT WORK ON NEW BUILDING. JOHN A. ANDREW HOSPITAL.

TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, TUSKEGEE, ALABAMA.

One of the best known schools in the world. Considered by many as the
greatest achievement of the Negro race. It was founded in 1880, by
Booker T. Washington. It has nearly 200 teachers, 1400 students and
property valued at approximately $4,000,000.
]

INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.

By independent schools is meant such as are not connected with any public or denominational agency; but are under the direction and control of a general board of trustees. These trustee boards are usually composed of colored men, northern men and southern men. As a rule they are self-perpetuating—that is—the trustees themselves elect new members of the board to fill vacancies such as may occur through death or resignation.

In number and income the independent schools form the most important group of schools. They are non-sectarian in character, and draw support and pupils from all sources and classes of the people. The leading facts concerning this group of schools, according to the recent report of the Bureau of Education are as follows:

INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.

───────────┬───────┬──────────┬─────────────────┬──────────┬─────────── │Number │ │ │Income for│ │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │ Value of States │Schools│Attendance│ Teachers │ Expenses │ Property ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼──────────┼─────────── │ │ │Total│White│Negr.│ │ ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────────┼─────────── Total │ 118│ 14,851│1,144│ 249│ 895│$1,099,724│$12,369,441 ═══════════╪═══════╪══════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪═══════════ Alabama │ 23│ 4,887│ 331│ 23│ 308│ 369,544│ 4,279,566 Arkansas │ 2│ 70│ 2│ │ 2│ 1,100│ 3,700 Delaware │ 2│ 22│ 4│ │ 4│ 5,250│ 18,600 Florida │ 3│ 234│ 24│ │ 24│ 19,158│ 85,875 Georgia │ 21│ 2,654│ 97│ 29│ 68│ 2,888│ 493,673 Kentucky │ 3│ 177│ 19│ 8│ 11│ 20,351│ 529,698 Louisiana │ 7│ 671│ 34│ │ 34│ 10,831│ 118,037 Maryland │ 3│ 38│ 3│ │ 3│ 1,385│ 2,750 Mississippi│ 4│ 858│ 58│ │ 58│ 33,618│ 314,220 Missouri │ 1│ 19│ 6│ │ 6│ 2,837│ 38,500 North │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 9│ 597│ 55│ │ 55│ 18,389│ 120,000 South │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 11│ 1,012│ 84│ 3│ 82│ 51,235│ 416,205 Tennessee │ 3│ 1,061│ 78│ 33│ 45│ 103,305│ 733,058 Texas │ 4│ 363│ 23│ │ 23│ 10,364│ 42,000 Virginia │ 11│ 1,685│ 256│ 147│ 109│ 321,660│ 4,414,459 Northern │ │ │ │ │ │ │ States │ 11│ 472│ 70│ 6│ 64│ 57,309│ 759,100 ───────────┴───────┴──────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴───────────

UTICA INSTITUTE, UTICA, MISSISSIPPI.

The upper figure shows building in which the school began, the lower,
the present main building. The school was founded in 1903 by W. H.
Holtzclaw, the present principal. It now has buildings valued at
almost $100,000. There are 27 teachers and over 300 pupils. The
annual income is about $20,000 and the property is valued at over
$160,000.
]

The number of pupils in attendance was 14,851, of whom 12,273 were elementary, 1,841 secondary, and 737 were collegiate and professional. The secondary courses are offered in twenty of the larger institutions. The collegiate and professional students are in Meharry Medical College, Fisk University and Atlanta University. Of the total attendance reported above, the 72 smaller schools have 4,404 pupils, of whom only 66 are secondary.

The number of teachers and workers in all independent schools was 1,144, of whom 249 were white and 895 were colored; 521 male, 623 female; 558 academic, 222 industrial, 49 agricultural, 315 other workers. The ratio of teachers and workers to pupils indicates that these institutions are fairly well managed. About a fourth of the teachers in the larger schools are white. The smaller schools are practically all taught by colored workers. On the basis of sex, the workers in the larger institutions are about equally divided.

HAMPTON INSTITUTE, HAMPTON, VIRGINIA.

Students at drill. The institution is one of the most widely known
schools in the United States, and the pioneer school in industrial
education. It has 210 teachers, 762 pupils, and income of almost
$300,000 annually, and property valued at approximately $4,250,000.
]

GEORGE W. HUBBARD HOSPITAL, OF MEHARRY MEDICAL SCHOOL, NASHVILLE,
TENN.

One of the best hospitals in Nashville. It is well equipped and has an
able staff of physicians. The property value is approximately
$75,000.
]

The schools of this group which have received most liberal support are Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia, and Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama. The large support and remarkable growth of these two schools is due largely to the growing popularity of individual education and also to the personalities of General Armstrong, who founded Hampton, and Dr. Booker T. Washington, who founded Tuskegee. The independent institutions of college grade that have attained a national reputation are Fisk University, Nashville. Tennessee, and Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia. The one independent professional institution of nation-wide reputation is Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee. A number of smaller schools, mostly of the industrial type, have attained noteworthy success. Among these might be mentioned the Daytona School for Girls, Daytona, Florida; Calhoun Colored School, Calhoun, Alabama; Penn School, St. Helena, Island, South Carolina; Snow Hill Institute, Snow Hill, Alabama; Utica Institute, Utica Mississippi, and Okolona Industrial Institute, Okolona, Mississippi. There are numerous other institutions that are doing most successful work. The existence of such institutions becomes doubly significant when the personality of their founders and the opposition they met with are considered. The influence of General Armstrong and his attitude toward education are being more and more felt in the whole educational system of the country. The story of Dr. Washington, who found at Tuskegee a log cabin and left there an industrial town is well described in his illuminating book, “Up from Slavery.” The names of Bumstead and Ware at Atlanta University, and of Gravath at Fisk, are well known. One of the leading lawyers of New York City is the son of the late President Gravath of Fisk. The growth of such institutions as Utica Institute, Snow Hill, Okolona Institute and Daytona School proves the capacity of young colored men and women to acquire training in school and also to acquire the more important qualities of leadership and determination to overcome difficulties. It is said that when William H. Holtzclaw reached Utica, Mississippi, the banks of the town refused to accept his money for deposit, because he was colored. In the thirteen years he has lived there he has succeeded in winning the friendship of the people, the credit of all the banks, and he has built an institution which has an income of nearly $20,000 a year, and property valued at over $160,000. The stories of Miss Bethune, at Daytona, Wallace A. Battle, at Okolona, and W. J. Edwards, at Snow Hill, are no less interesting and inspiring.

MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE, NASHVILLE, TENN.

One of the best medical schools in the country, and one of the two
medical schools maintained largely for colored pupils. It was
founded in 1876 through gifts from the five Meharry Brothers. It has
thirty teachers, five hundred pupils and a property valuation of
$175,000.
]

The names of the more important schools and the States in which they are located are given below:

SCHOOLS MAINTAINED BY INDEPENDENT BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

Alabama: Beloit Industrial Missionary Association School, Selma; Calhoun Colored School, Calhoun; Corona Normal Industrial Institute, Corona; Centerville Industrial School, Centerville; Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute, Kowaliga; Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, Montgomery; Mount Meigs Colored Institute, Montgomery; Peoples’ Village School, Montgomery; Snow Hill Normal and Industrial Institute, Snow Hill; Street Manual Training School, Richmond; Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee.

Florida: Daytona Industrial Educational School, Daytona; Robert Hungerford School, Eatonville.

Georgia: Albany Bible and Manual Training Institute, Albany; Atlanta University, Atlanta; Forsyth Normal and Industrial Institute, Forsyth; Helena B. Cobb Home and School, Barnesville; Model and Training School, Athens; Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute, Sparta.

Kentucky: Lincoln Institute of Kentucky, Lincoln Ridge.

Louisiana: Gaudet Industrial Home and School, Orleans; Sabine Normal and Industrial School, Sabine.

Mississippi: Okolona Industrial School, Okolona; Piney Woods Country Life School, Braxton; Prentiss Industrial School, Prentiss; Utica Normal and Industrial Institute, Utica.

Missouri: Bartlett Agricultural and Industrial School, Macon.

North Carolina: Laurinburg Normal and Industrial Institute, Laurinburg; National Training School, Durham; Palmer Memorial Institute, Sedalia.

South Carolina: Maysville Institute, Maysville; Penn School, St. Helena Island; Port Royal Agricultural School, Beaufort; Voorhees Industrial Institute, Denmark.

Tennessee: Fisk University, Nashville; Meharry Medical College, Nashville.

Texas: Farmers’ Improvement Agricultural College, Ladonia; Houston Industrial and Training School, Huntsville.

Virginia: Franklin Normal and Industrial Institute, Franklin; Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial School, Fredericksburg; Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton; Manassas Industrial School, Manassas, Prince William.

Northern States: Berean Manual Training School, Philadelphia; Cincinnati Industrial School, Cincinnati; Downingtown Industrial and Agricultural School, Downingtown, Pa.; Avery Collegiate Training School, Pittsburgh, Pa.

JUBILEE HALL, FISK UNIVERSITY, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE.

Fisk is the second largest arts college for colored people in the
world: was founded in 1866 by the American Missionary Association;
and was recently called a “great National University” by the United
States Commissioner of Education. The famous Jubilee Singers of this
school rescued the Plantation Melodies of the colored people from
loss, and raised money for the erection of the building above. The
institution has 45 teachers, 500 pupils, and property valued at
nearly $550,000.
]

WHITE CHURCH BOARDS MAINTAINING COLORED SCHOOLS.

The extent and character of the educational work done by the white churches are emphatic evidence that these churches have recognized the great opportunity for service in behalf of a struggling people. They have given their money to build and maintain the schools, they have sent their sons and daughters to teach in them, and they have rendered a service to humanity that is destined to receive recognition.

The following table presents the more important facts concerning the schools under white denominational boards:

WHITE CHURCH BOARDS MAINTAINING SCHOOLS FOR COLORED PEOPLE.

────────────────┬───────┬──────────┬─────────────────┬──────────┬───────────
│Number │ │ │Income for│
Denominational │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │ Value of
Boards │Schools│Attendance│ Teachers │ Expenses │ Property
────────────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼──────────┼───────────
│ │ │Total│White│Negr.│ │
────────────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────────┼───────────
Total │ 354│ 51,529│2,562│1,069│1,493│$1,546,303│$13,822,451
════════════════╪═══════╪══════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪═══════════
Baptist: │ │ │ │ │ │ │
American │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Home │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Missions │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Society │ 24│ 5,536│ 419│ 139│ 280│ 304,861│ 3,870,744
Women’s │ │ │ │ │ │ │
American │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Baptist │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Home │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Mission │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Society │ 1│ 125│ 14│ 11│ 3│ 7,746│ 16,500
Catholic Board │ │ │ │ │ │ │
of Missions │ 112│ 13,507│ 404│ 384│ 20│ 146,821│ 491,000
Christian │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Woman’s Board │ │ │ │ │ │ │
of Missions │ 5│ 440│ 37│ 15│ 22│ 29,910│ 184,602
Congregational │ │ │ │ │ │ │
American │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Missionary │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Association │ 29│ 6,922│ 383│ 212│ 171│ 235,764│ 1,733,589
Friends Society │ │ │ │ │ │ │
and other │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Friends │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Agencies │ 8│ 1,642│ 96│ 12│ 84│ 63,868│ 915,900
Lutheran Board │ │ │ │ │ │ │
for Colored │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Missions │ 9│ 1,147│ 26│ 13│ 13│ 18,319│ 72,000
Methodist: │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Freedman’s │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Aid │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Society │ 18│ 5,059│ 266│ 65│ 201│ 230,160│ 2,605,687
Women’s Home│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Missionary│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Society │ 12│ 808│ 71│ 41│ 30│ 42,975│ 309,500
Presbyterian │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Board of │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Missions for │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Freedmen │ 85│ 8,915│ 423│ 84│ 339│ 200,124│ 628,743
Protestant │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Episcopal │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Boards, │ │ │ │ │ │ │
American │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Church │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Institute, and│ │ │ │ │ │ │
the Domestic │ │ │ │ │ │ │
and Foreign │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Missionary │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Society │ 24│ 2,988│ 176│ 12│ 164│ 118,526│ 2,151,321
United │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Presbyterian │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Church Boards │ │ │ │ │ │ │
of Freedman’s │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Missions │ 15│ 2,870│ 166│ 44│ 122│ 88,512│ 455,600
Nine small │ │ │ │ │ │ │
church boards │ 12│ 1,570│ 81│ 37│ 44│ 58,717│ 387,265
────────────────┴───────┴──────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴───────────

The total number of schools under the direction of white church boards is 354. The annual income for current expenses of these schools is one and a half million ($1,546,303). The value of property is almost fourteen millions ($13,822,421.)

LECTURE HALL. KINGSLEY HALL DORMITORY.
]

DINING HALL. PRESIDENT’S HOME.

VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

Some of the handsome buildings in colored schools. All of granite.
Founded in 1899 through the union of Wayland Seminary and Richmond
Theological School. It is owned by the American Baptist Home Mission
Society. Teachers, 16; attendance, 275; value of property $500,000.
]

The attendance on these institutions was 51,529, of whom 43,605 were elementary, 7,188 were secondary, and 736 were collegiate. The number of teachers and workers was 2,562, of whom 1,069 were white and 1,493, or 58 per cent. were colored. On the basis of sex, 714 are men and 1,848, or 70 per cent. are women. Classification according to character of work shows that 1,916, or 74 per cent. of the teachers are academic, 339 industrial, 31 agricultural, and 276 administrative. Comparison with other groups of schools indicates that those under white boards still retain a considerable fraction of white teachers, that the number of women teachers is rather larger than in other groups, and finally that the proportion of academic instructors is higher than in any group except those under the colored boards.

There are ten denominational groups which own and maintain a number of institutions for the education of colored people. Nine other denominations are supporting one or two schools each. Very few of the churches represented by either the larger or smaller of these boards have any considerable proportion of Negroes in their membership. There are other denominations, notably the Unitarians, who have contributed liberally to colored schools without any thought either of increasing their church membership or their control over these schools. The primary purpose of practically all of these organizations has been the education of the Negroes in America, and their preparation for life in a democracy.

In this connection, it is interesting to note the religious preference of the Negroes in the United States as compiled by the United States census of 1904. According to this census there were 3,685,097 Negroes in the various denominations. Of these 2,354,789 were enrolled by Baptists, 1,182,131 belonging to various branches of Methodism, and the remaining 148,177, hardly 4 per cent of the total, were distributed among the Catholic, Presbyterian, Christian, and Congregational denominations.

The larger denominations maintain central offices and one or more traveling secretaries whose duties include both the supervision of the schools and the appeal for funds to the supporting churches. This personal supervision, together with regular reports of both financial and educational activities, has developed economy and honesty in the use of funds and thoroughness in the school work.

MAIN BUILDING. GIRLS DORMITORY.

]

SHAW UNIVERSITY, RALEIGH, N. C.

One of the leading schools for colored people. Founded in 1865 by the
American Baptist Home Mission Society. It has 30 teachers, 250
students and property valued at nearly $400,000.
]

_The American Baptist Home Mission Society._—The American Baptist Home Mission Society owns or supervises 24 educational institutions. All of these are large and important schools. These schools are effectively managed, and their general average of educational efficiency is very high. The following table shows the distribution of these schools by States:

AMERICAN BAPTIST HOME MISSION SOCIETY.

───────────┬───────┬──────────┬─────────────────┬──────────┬─────────── │Number │ │ │Income for│ │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │ Value of States │Schools│Attendance│ Teachers │ Expenses │ Property ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼──────────┼─────────── │ │ │Total│White│Negr.│ │ ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────────┼─────────── Total │ 24│ 5,536│ 419│ 139│ 280│ $304,861│ $3,870,744 ═══════════╪═══════╪══════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪═══════════ Alabama │ 1│ 268│ 21│ 1│ 20│ 9,479│ 83,000 Arkansas │ 1│ 313│ 18│ │ 18│ 15,109│ 90,000 Florida │ 1│ 404│ 18│ │ 18│ 8,070│ 80,158 Georgia │ 5│ 1,287│ 106│ 50│ 56│ 81,573│ 621,624 Kentucky │ 1│ 130│ 15│ 1│ 14│ 11,308│ 60,000 Louisiana │ 2│ 572│ 26│ 10│ 16│ 16,356│ 462,000 Mississippi│ 1│ 310│ 16│ │ 16│ 1,591│ 100,000 Missouri │ 1│ 66│ 11│ │ 11│ 4,486│ 20,000 North │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 3│ 419│ 46│ 14│ 32│ 41,051│ 433,251 South │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 1│ 507│ 30│ 18│ 12│ 21,384│ 635,744 Tennessee │ 2│ 242│ 31│ │ 31│ 9,942│ 117,500 Texas │ 1│ 371│ 22│ 12│ 10│ 19,247│ 314,935 Virginia │ 3│ 537│ 36│ 21│ 15│ 37,684│ 630,354 West │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ 1│ 110│ 23│ 12│ 11│ 17,581│ 222,178 ───────────┴───────┴──────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴───────────

The annual income for current expense of the 24 schools is $304,861, of which $150,637 is received from the board. On the basis of income five of the schools have incomes between $1,500 and $5,000; ten between $5,000 and $15,000; six between $15,000 and $30,000; and twenty have incomes of over $30,000. The total property is valued at $3,870,744, of which about three and a third millions are in plant and almost half a million is in endowment. According to property, only one school has a valuation under $10,000; three schools have valuations between $10,000 and $25,000; four between $25,000 and $50,000; seven between $50,000 and $150,000; three between $150,000 and $250,000, and six over $250,000.

The attendance of these schools was 5,504, of whom 3,186 were elementary, 2,068 secondary, and 250 collegiate. All the schools maintain elementary classes, and all but two have secondary pupils. Seven of the institutions are offering instruction in college subjects. Two of the seven, however, had neither the equipment nor teachers to maintain college work. The number of teachers is 419, of whom 139 are white and 280, or 66 per cent. are colored; 148 are men and 271, or 65 per cent., are women; and 295, or 70 per cent., are academic teachers.

BENEDICT COLLEGE, COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA.

One of the leading colleges for colored people in the South. It was
founded in 1871, by the American Baptist Home Mission Society. It
has 30 teachers, over 700 pupils, an endowment of $140,000.00, and
property valued at $635,744.
]

MAIN BUILDING, ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY, NASHVILLE, TENN.

The school is located on a high bluff, overlooking the Tennessee
River. It was founded in 1867, by the American Baptist Home Mission
Society. It has twenty teachers, one hundred and fifty students and
a property valuation of $100,000.
]

These percentages for the color, sex, and work of the teachers indicate that the Baptist Society is following an average course in the selection of its workers, and the arrangement of the school program. The high grade of colored officers and teachers now in charge of some of the Baptist Society schools indicates that the transfer from white to colored management has usually been made with considerable care. Of the 419 teachers and workers, only 42 are offering industrial courses and seven are teaching agriculture or gardening. For a people eighty per cent. rural, this proportion of agricultural teachers is evidently not adequate.

MOREHOUSE COLLEGE, ATLANTA, GA.

One of the leading Baptist Colleges. It is owned and controlled by the
American Baptist Home Mission Society. It was founded in 1867, and
now has 20 teachers, about 300 students and property valued at
$185,000.
]

The history of the work of the American Baptist Home Mission Society in the south begins with the following resolution passed by its executive committee in 1862:

_Resolved_, That we recommend the society to take immediate steps to supply with Christian instruction by means of missionaries and teachers, the emancipated slaves—whether in the District of Columbia or in other places held by our forces—and also to inaugurate a system of operations for carrying the Gospel alike to free and bond throughout the whole southern section of our country, so fast and so far as the progress of our arms and the restoration of law and order shall open the way.

From that day to the present time the society has worked unceasingly for the education and religious development of the colored people. Some measure of the remarkable success achieved in these fifty years of service is given in the educational institutions described in this report. The efforts of the society have doubtless been strengthened by the consciousness of a certain responsibility for the colored Baptists, who constitute such a large proportion of the membership of all colored churches.

Most of the schools are well known. They number among their graduates some of the ablest leaders of the colored race. The most widely known schools are: Morehouse College and Spelman Seminary, Atlanta, Georgia; Shaw University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Virginia Union University, and Hartshorn Memorial College, Richmond, Virginia; Jackson College, Jackson, Mississippi; Arkansas Baptist College, Little Rock, Arkansas; Roger Williams University, Nashville, Tennessee; Storer College, Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia; and Selma University, Selma, Alabama.

The names of the men and women who gave many years of faithful service would constitute a list too long to be entered here. Two of those whose wisdom has directed the policies in recent years should be mentioned. Dr. H. L. Morehouse belongs to the past as well as to the present. He began as secretary of the society in 1879, and has continued until the present time. Dr. George Sale was superintendent of education for several years until his death in 1912. His influence on the educational methods of the institutions under his direction was a valuable contribution to the education of the colored people.

MOREHOUSE HALL, GIRLS DORMITORY.
]

GIRLS HALL, MAIN BUILDING, SPELLMAN SEMINARY, ATLANTA, GA.

A splendid girls school. The campus is among the most beautiful to be
found anywhere. There are 51 teachers, about 600 students and the
property is valued at $400,000.
]

_The Woman’s Baptist Home Mission Society._—The Woman’s Baptist Home Mission Society owns and maintains Mather Academy, contributes liberally to the support of Spelman Seminary and Hartshorn College, and provides some aid for other schools. So far as the facts could be ascertained, the officers of the society supervise its contributions with considerable thoroughness, and it is to be desired that their activities in Negro education could be increased, especially in the education of colored girls.

ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, BISHOP COLLEGE, MARSHALL, TEXAS.

Founded in 1881 by the American Baptist Home Mission Society and now
owned and supported by that body. It is the leading Baptist school
of Texas. There are 22 teachers, 375 students and property valued at
$315,000.
]

ARKANSAS BAPTIST COLLEGE, LITTLE ROCK, ARK.

The leading Baptist school of Arkansas. It has 18 teachers, over 300
pupils, an annual income of approximately $15,000, and property
valued at over $90,000.
]

_Roman Catholic Board._—In recent years the work of the Roman Catholic Church in developing schools and churches for colored people has been very marked. The various orders of the church now own 112 schools of which seven are rated by the Bureau of Education as large institutions. While most of the colored schools are small they are rendering a needed aid to the meagre public schools in the places in which they are located. The following table is a summary of these schools:

CATHOLIC BOARD OF MISSIONS.

────────────────────┬────────┬───────────┬─────────┬─────────┬───────── │ │ │ │ Income │ │ Number │ │ │ for │ │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │Value of States │Schools │Attendance │Teachers │Expenses │Property ────────────────────┼────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── Total │ 112│ 13,507│ 404│ $146,821│ $491,000 ════════════════════╪════════╪═══════════╪═════════╪═════════╪═════════ Alabama │ 9│ 885│ 25│ 13,064│ 25,000 Arkansas │ 3│ 253│ 13│ 4,230│ Delaware │ 1│ 80│ 18│ 23,000│ 75,000 Florida │ 7│ 663│ 17│ 3,330│ Georgia │ 7│ 1,170│ 23│ 4,840│ Kentucky │ 6│ 506│ 10│ 2,510│ Louisiana │ 25│ 3,142│ 83│ 18,304│ Maryland │ 4│ 888│ 20│ 5,650│ Mississippi │ 13│ 1,440│ 42│ 8,952│ 56,000 North Carolina │ 6│ 407│ 12│ 2,700│ Oklahoma │ 2│ 65│ 4│ 750│ South Carolina │ 3│ 366│ 10│ 2,500│ Tennessee │ 2│ 281│ 9│ 4,350│ Texas │ 6│ 617│ 17│ 3,640│ Virginia │ 7│ 847│ 52│ 31,075│ 335,000 Northern States │ 9│ 1,387│ 38│ 15,094│ District of Columbia│ 2│ 510│ 11│ 2,882│ ────────────────────┴────────┴───────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────

So far as they could be determined, the annual income for current expenses is about $150,000. The value of the property of the seven larger schools is about $500,000, of which $335,000 is in the two schools at Belmeed, Va. The total attendance is 13,507, of whom 13,443 are elementary and only 64 secondary. The number of teachers is 404, of whom the majority are white sisters of various Catholic orders. The proportion of teachers of simple industry is small and the number teaching gardening and agriculture is negligible.

The two largest Catholic schools are located at Rock Castle, Virginia. Both of these schools receive the greater part of their support from Mother Catherine Drexel, of Philadelphia and her family. These schools are the St. Emma Industrial and Agricultural College and the St. Francis de Sales Institute. The literary works of these schools is low; but the industrial work is of high order. Other large Catholic schools are: St. Joseph’s Catholic School, Montgomery, Alabama; St. Joseph’s Industrial School, Newcastle, Delaware; Holy Ghost Catholic School, Jackson, Mississippi; St. Joseph’s Parish School, Meridian, Mississippi, and St. Mary’s Commercial College, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

BIRDSEYE VIEW OF SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN INSTITUTE, EDWARDS, MISS.

The leading school of the Christian denomination. It was founded in
1875, and is owned and supported by the Christian Woman’s Board of
Missions. It has 18 teachers, nearly 200 pupils, an annual income of
$21,000, and property valued at $160,090.
]

_The Christian Church._—The Christian Church began work among the colored people as soon as the Civil War was ended. The official body of the denomination is called The Christian Woman’s Board of Missions. The church had no organized plan until 1872, when a group of philanthropists formed a stock company to start a school in Mississippi. About 1890 the American Christian Missionary Society took over the property and work of the stock company. In 1900 all the property was finally transferred to the Woman’s Board. Through the efforts of this board the annual contributions have increased from $3,000 to $10,000, and four schools have been added to the one in Mississippi. A summary of the schools of this church is given herewith:

CHRISTIAN WOMAN’S BOARD OF MISSIONS.

────────────────────┬────────┬───────────┬─────────┬─────────┬───────── │ │ │ │ Income │ │ Number │ │ │ for │ │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │Value of States │Schools │Attendance │Teachers │Expenses │Property ────────────────────┼────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── Total │ 5│ 440│ 37│ $29,910│ $184,602 ────────────────────┼────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── Alabama │ 1│ 93│ 6│ 2,512│ 8,875 Mississippi │ 1│ 196│ 18│ 21,006│ 160,491 Tennessee │ 1│ 61│ 4│ 1,730│ 3,750 Texas │ 1│ 14│ 3│ 1,712│ 3,000 Virginia │ 1│ 76│ 6│ 2,950│ 8,485 ────────────────────┴────────┴───────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────

The Christian Woman’s Board maintains five schools, of which two are rated as “larger or more important.” The total income for current expenses is $29,910, of which $21,000 is for the Southern Christian Institute in Mississippi. The value of property is $184,602, of which $160,492 is also in the plant of the Southern Institute. The total income for current expenses is $29,910, of which $21,000 is for the Southern Christian Institute in Mississippi. The value of property is $184,602, of which $160,492 is also in the plant of the Southern Institute. The total attendance is 440, of whom 409 are elementary and 31 secondary. The number of teachers is 37, of whom 15 are white and 22 colored; 14 are men and 23 are women.

The general management of these schools is economical and the educational work is effective. This simplicity of organization and the genuine interest of the teachers are noteworthy. The other important school of this denomination is The Alabama Christian Institute, Lowndes County, Alabama.

_Congregational Board._—No church denomination has made a greater contribution of the Negro than the Congregational church through the American Missionary Association.

The American Missionary Association owns and supervises 29 schools for Negroes in the Southern States. The Association also owns property in other schools and makes contributions to their work. As the management of these affiliated institutions has been transferred to independent boards of trustees, they are classified under other groups. Credit must here be given to this association, however, not only for such splendid affiliated institutions as Fisk University and Atlanta University; but also for a number of others now maintained independently.

No denominational schools surpass those of this group in educational standards or administrative efficiency. It is probable that no church board has equaled this association in the thoroughness of its self-examination. The following quotation from the 1914 report outlines several policies to which every church board should give serious consideration:

In the realm of educational policy we record a most important change of tendency, which it is better to state positively, as _a movement toward concentration in order to greater efficiency_. This has involved the discontinuance or radical limitation of five of our smaller schools, including some of long history and rich service. * * * The time had come when the socialized Christian conscience demanded such improved methods in missionary service as it requires—often by law—of educators, landlords, employers of labor and congregations of men anywhere. It has cost $1,000 for instance, literally to stop rat holes in mission buildings, and thus to save New Orleans and Porto Rico from danger from bubonic plague. We had to do better what we did at all, and our resources were insufficient. We simply had to close institutions. * * *

While these peremptory conditions have closed some of the schools nearest to the masses of the people, we are glad to record as the chief technical gain of the year, that the colleges have been made more available and useful to the masses. Their curricula have been broadened, and the conditions of entrance made more democratic and in harmony with those of the great middle western State universities. This is immediately manifest in the increased number of high-school pupils, and will affect the colleges tomorrow.

As to educational plant, last year’s survey touched upon the demand of the socialized conscience for better housing conditions in missionary institutions. Our response is in the fact that no year has ever spent so much for sanitation, that more fire escapes have been erected, and more bathtubs installed than any previous year. * * * As a class, they are more nearly fire-proof, they have more steel in their structure, more scientifically determined allowance of light and air, and more beauty than any previous group. * * * If the Lord’s work is attempted at all it shall be done under somewhat decent conditions. Nor do we feel that it is a substitution of the physical for the spiritual. To live up to plumbing is itself a training of character, health is a prerequisite of thought, and beauty an inalienable right of the spirit.

A summary of the schools is given below:

AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION.

───────────┬───────┬──────────┬─────────────────┬──────────┬─────────── │Number │ │ │Income for│ │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │ Value of States │Schools│Attendance│ Teachers │ Expenses │ Property ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼──────────┼─────────── │ │ │Total│White│Negr.│ │ ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────────┼─────────── Total │ 29│ 6,992│ 383│ 212│ 171│ $235,764│ $1,733,589 ═══════════╪═══════╪══════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪═══════════ Alabama │ 6│ 1,714│ 89│ 57│ 32│ 63,553│ 546,769 Florida │ 1│ 225│ 12│ │ 12│ 3,343│ 49,300 Georgia │ 6│ 1,459│ 68│ 32│ 36│ 33,583│ 133,900 Kentucky │ 1│ 170│ 10│ 7│ 3│ 5,559│ 39,000 Louisiana │ 1│ 578│ 30│ 17│ 13│ 20,885│ 150,000 Mississippi│ 4│ 843│ 47│ 38│ 9│ 32,489│ 172,400 North │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 5│ 826│ 52│ 16│ 36│ 30,000│ 394,920 South │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 2│ 484│ 21│ 17│ 4│ 13,626│ 53,900 Tennessee │ 1│ 285│ 21│ 14│ 7│ 12,537│ 54,000 Texas │ 1│ 223│ 20│ 14│ 6│ 12,792│ 103,500 Virginia │ 1│ 115│ 13│ │ 13│ 788│ 35,900 ───────────┴───────┴──────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴───────────

The total income for the current expenses of these institutions is $235,461, of which $129,429 is from the association. This includes the income from the Daniel Hand Fund, which is administered by the association. On the basis of income 5 of the schools are under $2,500, 7 have incomes between $2,500 and $5,000, 13 between $5,000 and $15,000, 3 between $15,000 and $30,000, and one has an income of over $30,000. The total property is valued at $1,733,589, of which about one and a third million is in plant and a third of a million in endowment. With the Daniel Hand Fund of almost two million dollars, the property of the American Missionary Association for work among Negroes aggregates over three and a half millions. According to property, four schools have a valuation under $10,000, ten schools have valuations between $10,000 and $25,000, nine schools between $25,000 and $50,000, five schools between $50,000 and $250,000, and two have a valuation over $250,000.

The attendance on these schools was 6,922, of whom 5,448 were elementary, 1,380 secondary, and 94 collegiate. All the schools have elementary classes, all but three have secondary, and four offer instruction in college subjects. The number of teachers is 383, of whom 212 are white and 171, or 45 per cent. colored; 92 are men and 291, or 76 per cent. are women; and 270, or 70 per cent., are academic teachers.

GIRLS’ DORMITORY, TOUGALOO COLLEGE, TOUGALOO, MISS.

One of the most picturesque institutions in America, being located in
a magnificent grove. It was founded by the American Missionary
Association in 1869. There are thirty-one teachers and five hundred
students. The property is valued at $150,000.
]

Though the colored membership of the Congregational Church is almost negligible as compared with that of the Baptist and Methodist Churches, the American Missionary Association was probably the first to undertake educational work in behalf of the Negroes. In 1861 Rev. L. I. Lockwood, commissioned by the Association, wrote from Fortress Monroe:

“I ask especial interest in your prayers that I may be endowed with wisdom for these peculiar and momentous responsibilities. Parents and children are delighted with the idea of learning to read.”

The history of the American Missionary Association is a story of the patient and persevering efforts of hundreds of faithful men and women who have given themselves and their means for a people struggling upward from slavery.

The administration of the affairs of the association has always been in the care of strong men of broad education. Some of them were statesmen in power and vision. Dr. Beard, the honorary secretary, and secretaries Ryder and Douglass, are worthy successors of these able men.

The most far reaching work of the association was, perhaps, the founding of Fisk University, Atlanta University and Talladega College. The names of these institutions are inseparably connected with the higher education of the Negro. Fisk and Atlanta are now independent institutions; but the spirit of their founders still lives in them and the policies of the American Missionary Association are still maintained.

The names of the American Missionary Association schools and the States in which they are located are given below:

Alabama: Burrel Normal School; Cotton Valley School; Emerson Institute; Lincoln Normal School; Talladega College; Trinity College.

Florida: Fessenden Academy.

Georgia: Albany Normal School; Allen Normal School; Ballard Normal School; Beach Institute; Dorchester Academy; Knox Institute.

Kentucky: Chandler Normal School.

Louisiana: Straight University.

Mississippi: Girls’ Industrial School of Mississippi; Mount Bayou Institute; Mount Hermon Seminary; Tougaloo University.

North Carolina: Gregory Normal School; J. K. Brick Agricultural, Industrial and Normal School; Lincoln Academy; Peabody Academy; Washburn Academy.

South Carolina: Avery Institute; Brewer Normal Institute.

Tennessee: Le Moyne Institute.

Texas: Tillotson College.

Virginia: Gloucester High and Industrial School.

_Friends Educational Boards._—The various societies of Friends maintain six schools rated as “larger and more important” and two smaller schools. All of these schools are owned and managed by independent boards composed largely of Friends. The names and locations of the six more important schools are as follows: Schofield Normal and Industrial School and Laing School, in South Carolina; Cheyney Institute, in Pennsylvania; Christiansburg Industrial Institute, in Virginia; High Point Normal School, in North Carolina; and Southland College, in Arkansas. The educational work and administrative management of these institutions compare favorably with those of other church schools. In proportion to their numbers no religious group has surpassed the Friends either in financial contributions or personal endeavor for the education of the Negroes. While none of these schools are of college grade, all of them are doing excellent work. Cheyney Institute, Christiansburg Institute and High Point Normal are presided over by colored men who rank high in educational circles.

A summary of the schools maintained by Friends is given herewith:

FRIENDS SOCIETIES AND OTHER FRIENDS’ AGENCIES.

───────────┬───────┬──────────┬─────────────────┬──────────┬─────────── │Number │ │ │Income for│ │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │ Value of States │Schools│Attendance│ Teachers │ Expenses │ Property ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼──────────┼─────────── │ │ │Total│White│Negr.│ │ ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────────┼─────────── Total │ 8│ 1,642│ 96│ 12│ 84│ $63,868│ $915,900 ═══════════╪═══════╪══════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪═══════════ Arkansas │ 1│ 352│ 16│ 6│ 10│ 4,115│ 79,400 North │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 1│ 408│ 14│ │ 14│ 12,366│ 39,000 South │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 2│ 408│ 31│ 4│ 27│ 8,551│ 180,000 Virginia │ 1│ 225│ 13│ │ 13│ 8,798│ 157,500 Northern │ │ │ │ │ │ │ States │ 3│ 249│ 22│ 2│ 20│ 30,038│ 460,000 ───────────┴───────┴──────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴───────────

The total income for current expenses is $63,868, and the value of property is $915,000, of which $378,900 is in plants and $537,000 in endowment. The attendance is 1,642, of whom 1,444 are elementary and 198 secondary. The teachers are 96 in number; 9 are white and 84 are colored; 19 are men and 67 women; and 57 are academic teachers. Only two of the schools are managed by white officers. The proportion of industrial teachers is fairly adequate. Instruction in gardening and agriculture is, however, not sufficiently emphasized to meet the needs of a rural people.

_Lutheran Board of Education._—The Lutheran Board of Colored Missions owns and maintains two large schools and seven smaller schools. Luther College is located at Greensboro, N. C. While the name would indicate college grade, full college courses have not yet been provided. Luther College at New Orleans is also to be developed as a training school for colored leaders of the Lutheran faith. All of the smaller schools are located in Louisiana.

MAIN BUILDING, PHILANDER SMITH COLLEGE, LITTLE ROCK, ARK.

Founded in 1883 by a donation from Philander Smith of Illinois. It is
owned by the Freedmen’s Aid Society of the M. E. Church. It has 15
teachers, nearly 450 students and property valued at $75,000.
]

RUST COLLEGE, HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI.

One of the leading Methodist schools. It was founded in 1866 by the
Freedmen’s Aid Society of the M. E. Church. It has 19 teachers, 336
students and property valued at $115,000.
]

The total income for current expenses of these schools is $72,000. The attendance is 1,147, practically all of elementary grade. The total number of teachers is 26, of whom 13 are white and 13 colored; 21 are men and 5 are women. Some effort is made to teach secondary and theological subjects at the Greensboro school. The teachers devote practically all their time to academic instruction. There seems to be little effort to give instruction in gardening or simple industry.

The Lutheran work for Negroes was begun as early as 1879, and the board has expended considerable money and effort in the development of the schools.

_Methodist Episcopal Church._—The Freedmen’s Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church owns and supervises 18 educational institutions for Negroes in the United States. All of these schools are rendering valuable educational service to their communities and all deserve the support and interest of the church. In addition to these institutions, credit must be given to this society for the organization of Meharry Medical College, now managed by an independent board of trustees and classified with that group.

A tabular view of the work of the Freedmen’s Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church is given herewith:

FREEDMEN’S AID SOCIETY OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

───────────┬───────┬──────────┬─────────────────┬──────────┬─────────── │Number │ │ │Income for│ │ of │ Counted │ │ Current │ Value of States │Schools│Attendance│ Teachers │ Expenses │ Property ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼──────────┼─────────── │ │ │Total│White│Negr.│ │ ───────────┼───────┼──────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────────┼─────────── Total │ 18│ 5,059│ 266│ 65│ 201│ $230,160│ $2,605,687 ═══════════╪═══════╪══════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪═══════════ Alabama │ 1│ 190│ 11│ │ 11│ 5,657│ 42,500 Arkansas │ 1│ 439│ 15│ │ 15│ 9,226│ 72,300 Florida │ 1│ 408│ 14│ 3│ 11│ 9,387│ 101,578 Georgia │ 2│ 382│ 23│ 9│ 14│ 43,714│ 859,200 Louisiana │ 2│ 645│ 28│ 9│ 19│ 16,133│ 219,000 Maryland │ 1│ 81│ 11│ 7│ 4│ 16,419│ 96,874 Mississippi│ 2│ 504│ 23│ 5│ 18│ 21,850│ 146,200 Missouri │ 1│ 73│ 12│ 2│ 10│ 8,520│ 59,000 North │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 1│ 312│ 12│ │ 12│ 6,000│ 49,000 South │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina │ 1│ 814│ 27│ 6│ 21│ 39,547│ 362,035 Tennessee │ 2│ 365│ 42│ 24│ 18│ 25,084│ 274,000 Texas │ 2│ 761│ 43│ │ 43│ 25,223│ 293,000 Virginia │ 1│ 85│ 5│ │ 5│ 3,400│ 35,500 ───────────┴───────┴──────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴───────────

The annual income for current expenses of the 18 schools is $230,160, of which $105,835 is from the society. All of the schools have an annual income of $2,500 or over; two have incomes between $2,500 and $5,000; 12 between $5,000 and $15,000; three between $15,000 and $30,000; and one has an income of over $30,000. The total property valuation is $2,605,687, of which $1,824,778 is in the school plant and $742,874 in endowment. All of the schools have a property valuation in excess of $25,000, four have valuations between $25,000 and $50,000; five between $50,000 and $100,000; three between $100,000 and $150,000; three between $150,000 and $250,000; and three have valuations over $250,000.

MAIN BUILDING, GAMMON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ATLANTA, GA.

The leading theological school for colored people. It is beautifully
located and well endowed. It was founded in 1882, through a gift
from Mr. Gammon, and is now under the Freedmen’s Aid Society of the
M. E. Church. It has 6 teachers, 78 pupils and endowment of
$420,000.
]

The attendance on these schools is 5,059, of whom 3,263 are elementary, 1,600 secondary, and 196 collegiate. All but 2 of the schools have elementary pupils, all are maintaining secondary classes, and 8 are offering instruction in college subjects. The number of teachers is 266, of whom 65 are white and 201, or 75 per cent. are colored; 109 are men and 157, or 59 per cent., are women; and 191, or 72 per cent., are academic teachers.

CHRISMAN HALL, CLARK UNIVERSITY, ATLANTA, GA.

One of the leading schools of the Freedmen’s Aid Society of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1870. It has 17
teachers, 304 students, and property valued at nearly $300,000.
]