Chapter X: Sensation 187

The Sense Organs 188

Analysis of Sensations 197

The Skin Senses 197

The Sense of Taste 201

The Sense of Smell 203

Organic Sensations 204

The Sense of Sight 204

Simpler Forms of the Color Sense 209

Visual Sensations as
Related to the Stimulus 212

Color Mixing 214

What Are the Elementary
Visual Sensations? 216

Theories of Color Vision 220

Adaptation 224

Rod and Cone Vision 226

After-images 226

Contrast 227

The Sense of Hearing 228

Comparison of Sight and Hearing 231

Theory of Hearing 234

Senses of Bodily Movement 236

Exercises 241

References 243

CHAPTER XI

ATTENTION 244

The Stimulus, or
What Attracts Attention 245

The Motor Reaction in Attention 248

The Shifting of Attention 251

Laws of Attention and
Laws of Reaction in General 256

Sustained Attention 257

Distraction 259

Doing Two Things at Once 260

The Span of Attention 261

Summary of the Laws of Attention 262

Attention and Degree of Consciousness 265

The Management of Attention 267

Theory of Attention 268

Exercises 270

References 270

CHAPTER XII

INTELLIGENCE 271

Intelligence Tests 272

Performance Tests 275

Group Testing 276

Some Results of the Intelligence Tests 278

Limitations of the Intelligence Tests 281

The Correlation of Abilities 288

General Factors in Intelligence 285

Special Aptitudes 288

Heredity of Intelligence
and of Special Aptitudes 289

Intelligence and the Brain 292

Exercises 294

References 295

CHAPTER XIII

LEARNING AND HABIT FORMATION 296

Acquired Reactions Are
Modified Native Reactions 297

Acquired Tendencies 299

Animal Learning 302

Summary of Animal Learning 310

Human Learning 311

Human Compared with Animal Learning 313

Learning by Observation 317

The Learning of Complex
Practical Performances 321

Higher Units and Overlapping 323

Moderate Skill Acquired in
the Ordinary Day's Work 326

Habit 328

Exercises 330

References 331

CHAPTER XIV

MEMORY 332

The Process of Memorizing 333

Economy in Memorizing 333

Unintentional Learning 346

Retention 348

Recall 364

Recognition 357

Memory Training 360

Exercises 364

References 365

CHAPTER XV

ASSOCIATION AND MENTAL IMAGERY 366

What Can Be Recalled 366

Memory Images 368

Limitations of Imagery 371

The Question of Non-Sensory Recall 373

Hallucinations 375

Free Association 376

Controlled Association 381

Examples of Controlled Association 384

Exercises 386

References 388

CHAPTER XVI

THE LAWS OF ASSOCIATION 389

The Law of Exercise 389

The Law of Effect 391

Limitations of the Law of Exercise 393

Association by Similarity 395

Association by Contiguity 396

The Law of Combination 398

The Law of Combination in Recall 413

The Laws of Learning in
Terms of the Neurones 414

Exercises 418

References 418

CHAPTER XVII

PERCEPTION 418

Some Definitions 421

The Difference Between
Perception and Sensation 423

Perception and Image 425

Perception and Motor Reaction 427

What Sort of Response,
Then, Is Perception? 431

Practiced Perception 433

Corrected Perception 435

Sensory Data Serving as Signs
of Various Sorts of Fact 437

The Perception of Space 439

Esthetic Perception 443

Social Perception 444

Errors of Perception 446

Illusions 450

Exercises 460

References 461

CHAPTER XVIII

REASONING 462

Animal and Human Exploration 463

Reasoning Culminates in Inference 465

Varieties of Reasoning 468

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 474

Psychology and Logic 476

Exercises 480

References 480

CHAPTER XIX

IMAGINATION 481

Beginnings of Imagination
in the Child 482

Preliminary Definition of Imagination 483

Play 485

The Play Motives 488

Empathy 491

Worry 497

Day Dreams 498

Dreams 499

Freud's Theory of Dreams 505

Autistic Thinking 508

Invention and Criticism 509

The Enjoyment of Imaginative Art 512

The Psychology of Inventive Production 517

Imagination Considered in General 519

Exercises 521

References 522

CHAPTER XX

WILL 523

Voluntary and Involuntary Action 524

Development of Voluntary Control 526

Ideomotor Action 527

Conflict and Decision 528

Obstruction and Effort 535

Thought and Action 539

Securing Action 541

The Influence of Suggestion 546

Exercises 551

References 561

CHAPTER XXI

PERSONALITY 552

Factors in Personality 553

The Self 555

Integration and Disintegration
of the Personality 558

The Unconscious, or,
the Subconscious Mind 561

Unconscious Wishes and Motives 565

Exercises 571

References 571

INDEX 573

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PSYCHOLOGY