Chapter I: Preface

Many influences have conditioned the teaching of history in the public schools--local and national, statutory and constitutional, ephemeral and enduring, religious, educational, racial and patriotic.

It is the purpose of this study to give an historical account of some of the attempts to control the teaching of history in the public schools. The first four chapters trace the legislative control that has been exerted in all periods of our history, beginning with the educational enactments of the early colonies and following the development of the curriculum to the present time.

Such statutory control falls into fairly definite periods. The first embraces the earliest statutes relating to public education. During this period history was introduced into the school curriculum as a separate subject specified by law. The next stage, 1860 to 1900, was characterized by the influences set in motion by the Civil War and the Economic Revolution. In the years from 1900 to 1917, the history curriculum reflected the new interest of the American people in the social and economic conditions that had developed. From 1917 to the present, the dominant note has been a dynamic patriotism growing out of the World War.

Besides the legislative aspects of the subject, I have endeavored to set forth the propagandist influences on textbook-making exerted by religious, patriotic, racial and other organized groups. Within the last five years attention to an unprecedented degree has been focused upon history and its allied subjects. Although much interest has been attached to the agitation carried on since the World War, similar movements marked earlier periods. A chapter on Disloyalty Charges against Teachers since 1917 has been included as pertinent to the discussion in general.

Because of their kinship with history, the other social studies have been considered. The term _social studies_ has been used to embrace history, economics, government and sociology. Geography has not been included, because it but recently acquired a place in the curriculum as a social study. More attention, furthermore, has been paid to the subject of history, since it has been the chief social study in the public school curriculum. There has been no attempt to portray the extent to which laws have been enforced. Throughout it has been my desire to narrate without partiality or prejudice the facts relating to the subject under discussion.

In the preparation of this volume I am indebted to many friends for advice and coöperation in obtaining material. In the search for present-day conditions I have drawn heavily upon many correspondents including school superintendents, textbook authors and publishers, as well as those engaged in criticising school histories. To all who have aided, I would here express my sincere gratitude. I have particularly profited by the guidance and constructive criticism of Professor Arthur M. Schlesinger of Harvard University, who first called the subject to my attention, and who is chiefly responsible for whatever merit there is in this study. I am indebted for many helpful suggestions to Professor Ernest Horn of the University of Iowa, to Professor Carl Wittke of Ohio State University, and to Dr. Richard J. Purcell of the Catholic University of America. These acknowledgments would not be complete without mentioning my obligation to my sister, Anne E. Pierce, for assistance at all stages in the preparation of the manuscript, and to my mother, whose spirit of coöperation has proved a constant source of inspiration.

B. L. P.

CONTENTS

PART I

STATUTORY REGULATION OF THE TEACHING OF HISTORY

I. The Periods of Beginnings 3

II. Nationalism and Localism in History Legislation, 1860-1900 12

III. Laws for the Expansion of the History Curriculum, 1900-1917 43

IV. The Effect of the World War on Laws for Teaching History 70

V. Disloyalty Charges Against Teachers Since 1917 111

PART II

THE ACTIVITIES OF PROPAGANDIST AGENCIES

VI. Attempts to Control Textbooks 135

VII. The Attack on History Textbooks Since 1917 206

Appendices 301

Bibliography 339

Index 355

PART I

STATUTORY REGULATION OF THE TEACHING OF HISTORY

“The law is only a memorandum ... and as fast as the public mind is opened to more intelligence, the code is seen to be brute and stammering. It speaks not articulately and must be made to.... The history of the State sketches in coarse outline the progress of thought, and follows at a distance the delicacy of culture and of aspiration.”

EMERSON, _Essays and English Traits_.

PART I

STATUTORY REGULATION OF THE TEACHING OF HISTORY