Chapter I: Tennyson--And After?

When this essay first appeared in _The New Review_, the scepticism it expressed with regard to the universal appreciation of the poet was severely censured in one or two newspapers. On the other hand, the accomplished author of _Thyrza_ and _New Grub Street_ obliged me with a letter of very great interest, which fully confirmed my doubts. Mr. Gissing has kindly permitted me to print his letter here. His wide experience among the poor makes his opinion on this matter one which cannot lightly be passed by:

"_Nov. 20, 1892._

"SIR,--Will you pardon me if I venture to say with what
satisfaction I have read your remarks about Tennyson in _The New
Review_, which has only just come into my hands?

"The popular mind is my study, and I know that Tennyson's song
no more reached it than it reached the young-eyed cherubim. Nor
does _any_ song reach the populace, rich and poor, unless, as you
suggest, it be such as appears in _The Referee_.

"After fifteen years' observation of the poorer classes of
English folk, chiefly in London and the south, I am pretty well
assured that, whatever civilising agencies may be at work among
the democracy, poetry is not one of them. Reading, of one kind
or another, is universal; study, serious and progressive, is no
longer confined to the ranks that enjoy a liberal education; but
the populace, the industrial and trading masses, not merely remain
without interest in poetry, but do not so much as understand what
the term poetry means. In other intellectual points, the grades of
unlettered life are numerous; as regards appreciation of verse,
the People are one. From the work-girl, with her penny novelette,
to the artisan who has collected a little library, the natural
inclination of all who represent their class is to neglect verse
as something exotic, something without appeal to their instincts.
They either do not read it at all--the common case--or (with
an exception to be noticed) they take it as a quaint variety
of prose, which custom has consecrated to religion, to the
affections, and to certain phases of facetiousness.

"In London, through all orders of society below the liberally
educated, it is a most exceptional thing to meet with a person who
seeks for verse as verse; who recognises the name of any greater
poet not hackneyed in the newspapers, or who even distantly
apprehends the nature of the poet's art. In the north of England,
where more native melody is found, self-taught readers of poetry
are, I believe, not so rare; but they must still be greatly the
exception. As to the influence of board-schools, one cannot doubt
that the younger generation are even less inclined to a taste for
poetry than their fathers. Some elderly people, in Sunday languor,
take up a book of verse with which they have been familiar since
early days (Mrs. Hemans, Eliza Cook, Montgomery, Longfellow);
whereas their children cannot endure printed matter cut into
rhythmic lengths, unless the oddity solicit them in the columns of
a paper specially addressed to their intelligence.

"At the instigation of those zealous persons who impress upon
shopkeepers, clerks and artisans, the duty of 'self-culture
in leisure hours,' there undoubtedly goes on some systematic
reading of verse--the exceptional case to which I alluded. It
is undertaken in a resolute spirit by pallid men, who study the
poet just as they study the historian, the economist, the master
of physical science, and their pathetic endeavour is directed by
that species of criticism which demands--exclusively--from poetry
its 'message for our time.' Hence, no doubt, the conviction of
many who go down to the great democratic deep that multitudes
are hungering for the poet's word. Here, as in other kindred
matters, the hope of such enthusiasts arises from imperfect
understanding. Not in lecture-hall and classroom can the mind of
the people be discovered. Optimism has made a fancy picture of
the representative working-man, ludicrous beyond expression to
those who know him in his habitat; and the supremely ludicrous
touch is that which attributes to him a capacity for enjoying pure
literature.

"I have in mind a typical artisan family, occupying a house
to themselves, the younger members grown up and, in their own
opinion, very far above those who are called 'the poor.' They
possess perhaps a dozen volumes: a novel or two, some bound
magazines, a few musty works of popular instruction or amusement;
all casually acquired and held in no value. Of these people I am
able confidently to assert (as the result of specific inquiry)
that they have in their abode no book of verse--that they never
read verse when they can avoid it--that among their intimates
is no person who reads or wishes to read verse--that they never
knew of any one buying a book of verse--and that not one of them,
from childhood upwards, ever heard a piece of verse read aloud
at the fireside. In this respect, as in many others, the family
beyond doubt is typical. They stand between the brutal and the
intelligent of working-folk. There must be an overwhelming number
of such households through the land, representing a vast populace
absolutely irresponsive to the word of any poet.

"The custodian of a Free Library in a southern city informs me
that 'hardly once in a month' does a volume of verse pass over
his counter; that the exceptional applicant (seeking Byron or
Longfellow) is generally 'the wife of a tradesman'; and that an
offer of verse to man or woman who comes simply for 'a book' is
invariably rejected; 'they won't even look at it.'

"What else could one have anticipated? To love poetry is a boon of
nature, most sparingly bestowed; appreciation of the poet's art is
an outcome of studious leisure. Even an honest liking for verse,
without discernment, depends upon complex conditions of birth,
breeding, education. No one seeks to disparage the laborious
masses on the ground of their incapacity for delights necessarily
the privilege of a few. It was needless folly to pretend that,
because one or two of Tennyson's poems became largely known
through popular recitation, therefore Tennyson was dear to the
heart of the people, a subject of their pride whilst he lived, of
their mourning when he departed. My point is that _no_ poet holds
this place in the esteem of the English lower orders.

"Tennyson? The mere price of his works is prohibitive to people
who think a shilling a very large outlay for printed paper. Half
a dozen of his poems at most would obtain a hearing from the
average uneducated person. We know very well the kind of home in
which Tennyson is really beloved for the sake of perhaps half his
work--and that not the better half. Between such households and
the best discoverable in the world of which I speak, lies a chasm
of utter severance. In default of other tests, Tennyson might be
used as a touch-stone to distinguish the last of gentle-folk from
the first of the unprivileged.

"On the day of his funeral, I spoke of the dead poet to a live
schoolmaster, a teacher of poor children, and he avowed to me,
quite simply, that he 'couldn't stand poetry--except a few hymns;'
that he had thoroughly disliked it ever since the day, when as a
schoolboy, he had to learn by heart portions of _The Lady of the
Lake_. I doubt whether this person could have named three pieces
of Tennyson's writing. He spoke with the consciousness of being
supported by general opinion in his own world.

"Some days before, I was sitting in a public room, where two men,
retired shopkeepers, exchanged an occasional word as they read
the morning's news. 'A great deal here about Lord Tennyson,' said
one. The 'Lord' was significant; I listened anxiously for his
companion's reply. 'Ah--yes.' The man moved uneasily, and added
at once: 'What do you think about this long-distance ride?' In
that room (I frequented it on successive days with this object)
not a syllable did I hear regarding Tennyson save the sentence
faithfully recorded. This was in the south of England; perhaps it
could not have happened in the north.

"As a boy, I at one time went daily to school by train. It
happened once that I was alone in the carriage with a commercial
traveller; my Horace was open before me, and it elicited a remark
from the man of samples, who spoke with the accent of that
northern county, and certainly did not belong to the educated
class. After a word or two, he opened his bag, and took out an
ancient copy, battered, thumbed, pencilled, of--Horatius Flaccus.
Without this, he told me, he never travelled. From a bare
smattering obtained at school, he had pursued the study of Latin;
Horace was dear to him; he indicated favourite odes----

"Everywhere there are the many and the few. What of the multitude
in higher spheres? Their leisure is ample; literature lies thick
about them. It would be amusing to know how many give one hour a
month to the greater poets....

"Believe me, Sir, yours faithfully,

"GEORGE GISSING.

"To Edmund Gosse, Esq."