Chapter I: Front Matter

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RACES AND IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA

RACES AND IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA

BY JOHN R. COMMONS

PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
1907

_All rights reserved_

COPYRIGHT, 1907,
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published May, 1907.

Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

CONTENTS

PAGE

REFERENCES vii

CHAPTER

I. RACE AND DEMOCRACY 1

II. COLONIAL RACE ELEMENTS 22

III. THE NEGRO 39

IV. NINETEENTH CENTURY ADDITIONS 63

V. INDUSTRY 107

VI. LABOR 135

VII. CITY LIFE, CRIME, AND POVERTY 160

VIII. POLITICS 179

IX. AMALGAMATION AND ASSIMILATION 198

INDEX 239

ILLUSTRATIONS

ELLIS ISLAND, IMMIGRANT STATION _Frontispiece_

PAGE

"RETURN OF THE MAYFLOWER." Painting By Boughton, 1834 _opposite_ 24

ANGLO-SAXON MOUNTAINEERS, BEREA COLLEGE, KENTUCKY _opposite_ 36

COUNTIES HAVING A LARGER PROPORTION OF NEGROES IN 1900
THAN IN 1880 _opposite_ 50

MOVEMENT OF IMMIGRANTS, IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE PER
CAPITA AND IMMIGRANTS PER 10,000 POPULATION _between_ 63-64

ALIENS AWAITING ADMISSION AT ELLIS ISLAND _opposite_ 78

NORWEGIAN, ITALIAN, AND ARABIC TYPES " 90

SLAV, JEWISH, POLACK, AND LITHUANIAN TYPES " 96

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS--1906 _between_ 108-109

AMERICAN SCHOOL BOYS _opposite_ 122

FILIPINO GOVERNORS " 142

GOVERNOR JOHNSON OF MINNESOTA.--SWEDE " 154

DR. ORONHYATEKHA, MOHAWK INDIAN. LATE CHIEF OF
ORDER OF FORESTERS " 168

CHINESE STUDENTS, HONOLULU " 186

FACULTY OF TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE " 202

SLAVIC HOME MISSIONARIES " 216

ALIENS AWAITING ADMISSION AT ELLIS ISLAND " 230

REFERENCES CITED IN FOOTNOTES

"AMERICA'S RACE PROBLEMS." A series of discussions on indigenous race elements and the negro. _American Academy of Political and Social Science_, Vol. XVIII, No. 1 (1901).

ATLANTA UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS:--

No. 1. "Mortality among Negroes in Cities" (1896).
No. 2. "Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities" (1897).
No. 3. "Some Efforts of Negroes for Social Betterment" (1898).
No. 6. "The Negro Common School" (1901).
No. 7. "The Negro Artisan" (1902).
No. 8. "The Negro Church" (1903).
No. 9. "Notes on Negro Crime" (1904).
No. 10. "A Select Bibliography of the Negro American" (1905).

BALCH, EMILY GREENE, "Slav Emigration at its Source," _Charities_, 1906. "Introductory," Jan. 6; "Bohemians," Feb. 3; "Slovaks," March 3, April 7; "Galicia, Austrian Poles, Ruthenians," May 5.

BLUNTSCHLI, J. K., _The Theory of the State_. New York, 1885.

BRANDENBURG, BROUGHTON, _Imported Americans_ (1904). Description of trip by author and wife through southern Italy and Sicily and return by steerage with immigrants.

BRINTON, DANIEL G., _Religions of Primitive Peoples_. New York, 1897.

BUREAU OF LABOR, Seventh Special Report, _The Slums of Baltimore, Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia_ (1894). Ninth Special Report, _The Italians in Chicago_ (1897).

BURGESS, JOHN W., _Reconstruction and the Constitution_, 1866-1876. New York, 1903.

BUSHEE, FREDERICK A., "Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston," _American Economic Association_, 3d Series, Vol. IV, pp. 305-470 (1903).

CASSON, HERBERT N., _Munsey's Magazine_, "The Jews in America," 34:381; "The Sons of Old Scotland in America," 34:599; "The Germans in America," 34:694; "The Scandinavians in America," 35:613; "The Welsh in America," 35:749; "The Italians in America," 35:122; "The Dutch in America," 35:238; "The Spanish in America," 35:294.

COMAN, KATHERINE, "The History of Contract Labor in the Hawaiian Islands," _American Economic Association_, 3d Series, Vol. IV, No. 3 (1903). "The Negro as Peasant Farmer," _American Statistical Association_, June, 1904, pp. 39-54.

COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, _Annual Reports_, Washington.

COMMISSIONER-GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION, _Annual Reports_, Washington.

COMMONS, J. R., _Proportional Representation_. New York, 1907.

CUTLER, JAMES E., _Lynch Law. An Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States_. New York, 1905.

DE FOREST AND VEILLIER, _The Tenement House Problem_, 2 vols. New York, 1903.

DU BOIS, W. E. B., _The Philadelphia Negro_. Philadelphia, 1899; _The Soul of Black Folk._ New York, 1903; "Negroes," Twelfth Census, _Supplementary Analysis_, pp. 185-275; "The Negro Farmer," pp. 511-579.

EATON, DORMAN B., _The Civil Service in Great Britain_. New York, 1880.

EMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, Special Consular Reports, Vol. XXX. Department of Commerce and Labor, 1904.

_Facts about Immigration._ Reports of Conferences of the Immigration Department of the National Civic Federation, Sept. 14 and Dec. 12, 1906. New York, 1907.

_Federation._ Quarterly Journal of Federation of Churches and Christian Organizations, New York. Especially June, July, December, 1902, March, June, October, 1903. Also annual reports and sociological canvasses of the Federation.

FISKE, JOHN, _Old Virginia and her Neighbors_, 2 vols. New York, 1897.

FLEMING, WALTER L., _Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama_. New York, 1897.

FRANKLIN, F. J., _The Legislative History of Naturalization in the United States_. Chicago, 1906.

GROSE, HOWARD B., _Aliens or Americans?_ Forward Mission Study Courses. New York, 1906.

HALL, PRESCOTT F., _Immigration and its Effect upon the United States_. New York, 1906.

HAMPTON NEGRO CONFERENCE, Annual, 1897-1901.

HANNA, CHARLES A., _The Scotch-Irish_, 2 vols. New York, 1902.

HAWAII, REPORTS ON, United States Bureau of Labor, 1st Report, Sen. Doc. 169, 57th Congress, 1st Sess., 13:4231; 2d Report, _Bulletin_ No. 47 (1903); 3d Report, _Bulletin_ No. 66 (1906).

HOFFMAN, FREDERICK L., "Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro," _Publications of the American Economic Association_, Vol. XI, Nos. 1, 2, 3 (1896).

HUEBNER, GROVER G., "The Americanization of the Immigrant," _American Academy of Political and Social Science_, May, 1906, p. 191.

_Hull House Maps and Papers, A Presentation of Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago_, by residents of Hull House. New York, 1895.

HUNTER, ROBERT, _Poverty_. New York, 1904. Chapter VI, "The Immigrant."

_Immigration Laws and Regulations and Chinese Exclusion Laws_, Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, Washington.

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION LEAGUE, Prescott F. Hall, Secretary, Boston, Mass. Leaflets.

INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION, Vol. XV, _Immigration and Education_; Vol. XIX, _Miscellaneous_ (1901).

JACKSON, HELEN HUNT, _A Century of Dishonor_. New York, 1881.

JAPANESE AND KOREAN EXCLUSION LEAGUE, San Francisco. Leaflets.

JENKS, J. W., _Certain Economic Questions in the English and Dutch Colonies in the Orient_. War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, 1902, Doc. No. 168.

JEWISH AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL AID SOCIETY, _Annual Reports_. New York.

KELLOR, FRANCES A., _Out of Work_. New York, 1904.

KELSEY, CARL, _The Negro Farmer_. Chicago, 1903. Also _Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science_, January, 1903.

KING AND OKEY, _Italy To-day_. London, 1901.

KUCZYNSKI, R., "The Fecundity of the Native and Foreign Born Population in Massachusetts," _Quarterly Journal of Economics_, November, 1901, February, 1902. "Die Einwanderungspolitik und die Bevoelkerungsfrage der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika," _Volkswirthschaftliche Zeitfragen_. Berlin, 1903.

LAZARE, BERNARD, _Antisemitism, Its History and Causes_. New York, 1903.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, _Select List of References on the Negro Question (1903). List of Works relating to the Germans in the United States (1904). Select List of References on Chinese Immigration (1904). Fourteenth Amendment_. List of Discussions of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments with Special Reference to Negro Suffrage (1906). _List of References on Naturalization (1907)._

LODGE, HENRY CABOT, _Historical and Political Essays_. Boston, 1892.

LORD, TRENOR, AND BARROWS, _The Italian in America_. New York, 1905. Especially Italians in American agriculture.

MALLOCK, W. H., _Aristocracy and Evolution_. New York, 1898.

MARSHALL, ALFRED, _Principles of Economics_. New York, 1891.

MERRIAM, G. S., _The Negro and the Nation_. New York, 1906.

MUIRHEAD, JAMES F., _The Land of Contrasts_. London and New York, 1900.

MUeNSTERBERG, HUGO, _American Traits_. New York, 1902.

NATURALIZATION, REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE COMMISSION ON. Submitted Nov. 8, 1905, 59th Cong., 1st Sess., H. R. Doc. 46.

NEGRO. Series of Articles on the Reconstruction Period, _Atlantic Monthly_. "The Reconstruction of the Southern States," Woodrow Wilson, 87:1; "The Conditions of the Reconstruction Problem," Hilary A. Herbert, 87:145; "The Freedman's Bureau," W. E. B. Du Bois, 87:354; "Reconstruction in South Carolina," Daniel H. Chamberlain, 87:473; "The Ku-Klux Movement," William G. Brown, 87:634; "Washington during Reconstruction," S. W. McCall, 87:817; "Reconstruction and Disfranchisement," Editors, 88:31; "New Orleans and Reconstruction," Albert Phelps, 88:121; "The Southern People during Reconstruction," Thomas Nelson Page, 88:289; "The Undoing of Reconstruction," William A. Dunning, 88:437.

United States Bureau of Labor, _Bulletin_ No. 22, "The Negro in the Black Belt"; No. 32, "The Negroes of Sandy Spring, Maryland"; No. 35, "The Negro Landholder of Georgia"; No. 37, "The Negroes of Litwalton, Virginia"; No. 38, "Negroes of Cinclare Central Factory and Calumet Plantation, Louisiana"; No. 48, "The Negroes of Xenia, Ohio."

"NEGROES, SOCIAL INTERESTS OF, IN NORTHERN CITIES." _Charities_, special number, Oct. 7, 1905.

RIPLEY, W. Z., _The Races of Europe_. New York, 1899.

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, _The Winning of the West_, 4 vols. New York, 1889-1894.

ROSENBERG, EDWARD, "Chinese Workers in China," "Filipinos as Workmen," "Labor Conditions in Hawaii," _American Federationist_, August, October, December, 1905.

ROSS, EDWARD A., "The Causes of Race Superiority," _Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science_, July, 1901, pp. 67-89. The notable address in which the term "race suicide" was coined.

ROWE, LEO S., _The United States and Porto Rico_. New York, 1904.

SEMPLE, ELLEN CHURCHILL, _American History and its Geographic Conditions_. New York, 1903. "The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains: A Study in Anthropogeography," _Geographical Journal_, 17:588 (1901).

SLAV IN AMERICA, THE, _Charities_, December, 1904. Descriptive articles by representatives of the several Slav nationalities.

SMITH, R. M., _Emigration and Immigration_. New York, 1890. "Assimilation of Nationalities in the United States," _Political Science Quarterly_, Vol. IX, pp. 426-444, 650-670 (1894).

STEWART, ETHELBERT, "Influence of Trade Unions on Immigrants," Bureau of Labor, _Bulletin_ No. 56.

STONE, A. H., "The Negro in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta," _American Economic Association_, 3d Series, Vol. III, pp. 235-278 (1901). "The Mulatto Factor in the Race Problem," _Atlantic Monthly_, May, 1903. "A Plantation Experiment," _Quarterly Journal Economics_, 19:270 (1905). "The Italian Cotton Grower: The Negro's Problem," _South Atlantic Quarterly_, 4:45 (1905).

SUFFRAGE, SUPPRESSION OF THE. Report of the Committee on Political Reform of the Union League Club. New York, 1903.

THOMAS, W. H., _The American Negro_, 1901.

TILLINGHAST, JOSEPH A., "The Negro in Africa and America," _American Economic Association_, 3d Series, Vol. III, No. 2 (1902).

VAN VORST, MRS. JOHN AND MARIE, _The Woman who Toils_. New York, 1903. Contains introduction by President Roosevelt.

WALKER, FRANCIS A., _Discussions in Economics and Statistics_, 2 vols., 1897.

WARD, ROBERT DE C., "Sane Methods of Regulating Immigration," _Review of Reviews_, March, 1906.

WARNE, FRANK JULIAN, _The Slav Invasion and the Mine Workers_, 1904.

WASHINGTON, BOOKER T., _The Future of the American Negro_, 1900. _Up from Slavery_, 1901.

WATSON, ELKANAH, _Men and Times of the Revolution_. Edited by his son, Winslow C. Watson, 2d edition. New York, 1861.

WELFARE WORK, CONFERENCE ON, National Civic Federation. New York, 1904.

WHELPLEY, JAMES D., _The Problem of the Immigrant_, 1905. Emigration laws of European countries and immigration laws of British Colonies and the United States.

WOODS, R. A., _The City Wilderness_, 1898. _Americans in Process_, 1902.

RACES AND IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA