Chapter II: Part 2

PRESIDENT WILSON'S
_Address to Congress,
April 19, 1916._

"_I THOUGHT YOU SAID YOU WERE TOO PROUD TO FIGHT!_"

* * * * *

This decision I have arrived at, to break off diplomatic relations with Germany unless her methods of submarine warfare were abandoned, with the keenest regret; the possibility of the action contemplated I am sure all thoughtful Americans will look forward to with unaffected reluctance. But we cannot forget that we are in some sort and by the force of circumstances the responsible spokesmen of the rights of humanity, and that we cannot remain silent while those rights seem in process of being swept utterly away in the maelstrom of this terrible war. We owe it to a due regard for our own rights as a nation, to our sense of duty as a representative of the rights of neutrals the world over, and to a just conception of the rights of mankind to take this stand now with the utmost solemnity and firmness.

PRESIDENT WILSON'S
_Address to Congress.
April 19th, 1916._

"_Indeed, I am the most humane fellow in the world._"

* * * * *

The German Government attaches no less importance to the sacred principles of humanity than the Government of the United States. It again fully takes into account that both Governments for many years cooperated in developing international law in conformity with these principles, the ultimate object of which has always been to confine warfare on sea and land to armed forces of belligerents and safeguard as far as possible noncombatants against the horrors of war.

_German Gov't. reply to
U. S. Government in Sussex Case.
May, 1916._

_Von Tirpitz_: "_Well, my dears, I'm afraid you will have to improve your manners--for a while at least._"

* * * * *

The German Government notifies the Government of the United States that German naval forces have received the following order:

In accordance with the general principles of visit and search and the destruction of merchant vessels, recognized by international law, such vessels, both within and without the area declared a naval war zone, shall not be sunk without warning and without saving human lives unless the ship attempt to escape or offer resistance.

_Imperial German Government
to United States Government.
May 4, 1916._

"_WELL, MR. PRESIDENT, IF YOU INSIST, WE SHALL TRY TO BEHAVE LIKE GENTLEMEN._"

* * * * *

In view of the circumstances the German Government frankly admits that the assurance given to the American Government, in accordance with which passenger vessels were not to be attacked without warning, has not been adhered to in the present case. As was intimated by the undersigned in the note of the 4th instant, the German Government does not hesitate to draw from this resultant consequences. It therefore expresses to the American Government its sincere regret regarding the deplorable incident and declares its readiness to pay an adequate indemnity to the injured American citizens. It also disapproved of the conduct of the commander, who has been appropriately punished.

VON JAGOW,
_German Foreign Secretary
to United States Government,
8th May, 1916._

_GOTT STRAFE VERDUN_

"_I wish I knew whether it is wiser to retreat or to advance_"

VERDUN

* * * * *

For more than two months the battle of Verdun has raged almost ceaselessly day and night. It is conceded that Germany has concentrated picked troops and heavy guns in quantities never before seen in war. Yet, apart from the first withdrawal of General Petain's army from outlying positions to definite lines of defense, the two months fighting has not given the attacking forces a gain of two miles.

_Current History, New York._

_GERMAN MILITARISM ON THE ALLIES' OPERATING TABLE_

"_For the sake of the world's future we must first use the knife_"

* * * * *

The Germans have come with floating mines in the open seas, threatening belligerents and neutrals equally. They have come with the undiscriminating and murderous Zeppelin, which does military damage only by accident. They have come with the submarine, which destroys neutral and belligerent ships and crews, in scorn alike of law and mercy. They have come upon blameless nations with invasion, incendiarism, and confiscation. They have come with poisonous gases and liquid fire. All their scientific genius has been dedicated to wiping out human life. They have forced these things into general use in the war.

The Prussian authorities apparently have but one idea of peace--an iron peace imposed on other nations by German supremacy. They do not understand that free men and free nations will rather die than submit to that ambition, and that there can be no end to the war till that aim is defeated and renounced.

_From an interview with_
SIR EDWARD GREY,
_in the Chicago News,
May, 1916._

_EMPIRE DAY, 1916_

* * * * *

When Germany challenged us nearly two years ago to uphold with our lives the ideals by which we professed to live, we accepted the challenge, not out of madness, nor for glory or for gain, but to make good those professions. Since then the Allies and our empire have fought that they may be free and all earth may be free from the intolerable domination of German ideals. We did not foresee the size of the task when it opened. We do not flinch from it now that the long months have schooled us to full knowledge and have tempered us nationally and individually to meet it. The nations within the empire have created, maintained, and reinforced from their best the great armies they devote without question to this issue. They have emerged, one by one, as powers clothed with power through discipline and sacrifice, strong for good by their bitter knowledge of the evil they are meeting, and wise in the unpurchasable wisdom of actual achievement. Knowing as nations what it is we fight for, realizing as men and women the resolve that has been added to us by what each has endured, we go forward now under the proud banner of our griefs and losses to greater effort, greater endurance, and, if need be, heavier sacrifice, equal sponsors for the deliverance of mankind.

RUDYARD KIPLING,
_on Empire Day, May 24, 1916._

_THE SPRING SONG_

_THE GERMAN_:

"_If you will let me keep what I have I will let you go_"

* * * * *

I have twice publicly stated that Germany has been and is prepared to discuss the termination of the war upon a basis that offers guarantee against further attack from a coalition of her enemies and insures peace to Europe. You have read President Poincare's answer to that.

One thing I do know--only when statesmen of the warring nations come down to a basis of real facts, when they take the war situation as every war map shows it to be, when, with honest and sincere will they are prepared to terminate this terrible bloodshed and are ready to discuss the war and peace problems with one another in a practical manner, only then will we be nearing peace.

Whoever is not prepared to do that has the responsibility for it if Europe continues to bleed and tear itself to pieces. I cast that responsibility far from myself.

VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG _to
Berlin Correspondent of
New York World.
May 22, 1916._

_THE WANDERING JEW_

"_Once I turned the Christ from my door; now I must wander from the Northern to the Southern seas--from Eastern to the Western shores ... asking for Peace, but never finding it._"

_GRATITUDE OF THE WOMEN OF FRANCE TO THE KING OF SPAIN FOR THE TRACING OF THE MISSING_

* * * * *

The soul of the royal work for the discovery of the missing is Don Emilio-Maria de Torres, Minister Plenipotentiary and private secretary to his Majesty. It is in the offices of his Secretariat, in the Palacio Real, that this work is installed; it was soon so crowded there that it became necessary to give up to it four halls, and then eight, in order that the collaborators, becoming more and more numerous, might work comfortably. In May, 1916, the work of the King, already a year old, occupied at Madrid twenty-eight persons, who began their day at eight in the morning and sometimes worked far into the night.

MME. GABRIELLE REVAL
_in La Revue des Deux Mondes._

_THE BILL_

* * * * *

It is proved that from May 20 to May 25 (1916) seven different divisions were flung into the battle on both sides of the Meuse. Four of these were brought from other points of the Western front--two from Flanders, two from the Somme.

On the left bank alone four divisions were employed in the last week-end fighting. Without a thought of the enormous losses caused by our curtain fire and machine guns, the German Command threw them one after the other into the boiling pot east and west of Mort Homme. On May 22 alone, before the capture of Cumieres village, which has now been retaken, the enemy made no fewer than 16 attacks upon the front from the Avocourt Wood to the Meuse. Over 50,000 men sought that day to climb the slopes of Mort Homme and the plateau of Hill 304. The great charnel heap had 15,000 fresh corpses flung upon it without the French lines having yielded.

_Official Despatch from Verdun front._

_THE LAST RIDE_

_CAGED_

* * * * *

During an enterprise directed to the northward our high sea fleet on May 31 encountered the main part of the English fighting fleet, which was considerably superior to our forces.

During the afternoon, between Skagerrak and Horn Reef, a heavy engagement developed, which was successful to us, and which continued during the whole night....

_The High Sea Fleet returned today (Thursday) into our port._

_German Admiralty Report.
Berlin, June 1, 1916._

On the afternoon of Wednesday, the 31st of May, a naval engagement took place off the coast of Jutland.

The British ships on which the brunt of the fighting fell were the battle cruiser fleet and some cruisers and light cruisers, supported by four fast battleships. Among these the losses were heavy.

The German battle fleet, aided by low visibility, avoided a prolonged action with our main forces. As soon as these appeared on the scene _the enemy returned to port_, though not before receiving severe damage from our battleships.

_British Admiralty Report.
London, June 2, 1916._

_THE BATTLE OF JUTLAND_

_William Falstaff_: "_I know not what you call all, but if I fought not with the whole British fleet, then I am a bunch of radish._"

* * * * *

Our High Sea Fleet on May 31 encountered _the main part of the English fleet_.

On our side the small cruiser _Wiesbaden_, by hostile gunfire during the day engagement, and his Majesty's ship _Pommern_, during the night, as the result of a torpedo, were sunk.

The fate of his Majesty's ship _Frauenlob_, which is missing, and of some torpedo boats, which have not returned yet, is unknown.

_German Admiralty Report. June 1, 1916._

* * * * *

In order to prevent fabulous reports, it is again stated that in the battle off Skagerrak on May 31 the German high sea forces were in battle with _the entire modern English fleet_.

We were obliged to blow up the small cruiser _Elbing_, which, on the night of May 31-June 1, owing to a collision with other German war vessels, was heavily damaged.

_German Admiralty Report. June 3, 1916._

We state that the total loss of the German high sea forces during the battle of May 31-June 1 and the following time are: One battle cruiser, one ship of the line of older construction, four small cruisers, and five torpedo boats. Of these losses, the _Pommern_, launched in 1905; the _Wiesbaden_, _Elbing_, _Frauenlob_, and five torpedo boats already have been reported in official statements. For military reasons, we refrained until now from making public the losses of the vessels _Luetzow_ and _Rostock_.

_German Admiralty Report. June 8, 1916._

"_AT LAST, TIRPITZ, I MAY TENDER MY IMPERIAL THANKS PUBLICLY._"

* * * * *

After visiting my fleet, which returned victoriously from a heavy battle, I feel I must again declare to you my imperial thanks for what you have performed in my service in the technical domain and the domain of organization. Our ships and weapons upheld themselves brilliantly in the battle in the North Sea. It is also for you a day of glory.

THE GERMAN EMPEROR _to_
GRAND ADMIRAL VON TIRPITZ.
_June, 1916._

Before the Battle of Jutland Von Tirpitz retired from his post as Minister of the Navy on the ground of ill health. He is credited with being responsible for the submarine policy of ruthlessness which the German Government were forced to moderate on account of President Wilson's firm attitude in the Sussex episode.

"_We Had Almost Beaten the Boy When His Father Arrived and Then We Had to Run for Our Lives._"

* * * * *

The Germans were driven back into their ports without so much as making an effort to grapple with the main body of our Grand Fleet, and had the temerity to claim what really was a rout as a complete victory. A couple more such victories and there will be nothing left of the German Navy worth speaking about. The truth is slowly leaking out, and its full extent is not yet realized or appreciated. Our command of the seas, so far from being impaired, has been more firmly and unshakably established.

H. H. ASQUITH,
_British Prime Minister._

_DER TAG_

_Thank God, "the Day" is over_

* * * * *

First--It was admitted that "the small cruiser _Wiesbaden_ was sunk" and that the _Pommern_--the character of that ship not being mentioned--had also been destroyed; the light cruiser _Frauenlob_ was "missing," with "some torpedo boats." The rest of the High Seas Fleet, it was declared, "had returned to our harbors."

Second--It had to be confessed that the light cruiser _Elbing_ had been sunk.

Third--A statement was issued to the effect that "one battle cruiser, (the _Luetzow_,) one ship of the line of older construction, (the _Pommern_,) four smaller cruisers," (the _Wiesbaden_, _Elbing_, _Frauenlob_, and _Rostock_,) and "five torpedo boats" (really destroyers) represented "the total loss."

Fourth--It is now known that the battle cruiser _Seydlitz_ was run ashore to save her from sinking. It is asserted by travelers who have returned to Amsterdam that the battle cruiser _Derfflinger_ sank "on being towed into Wilhelmshaven," and it is reported from Copenhagen that the _Pommern_ was not the battleship which was torpedoed in the Baltic by a British submarine in July last, but a new battle cruiser which was named after the German State, thus perpetuating its association with the navy. The story of the sinking of the dreadnought battleship _Ostfriesland_ awaits confirmation.

ARCHIBALD HURD
_in the London Daily Telegraph._

_German Admiral_: _How quiet it must be in those English harbors blockaded by our Fleet._

_THE DEATH OF KITCHENER_

* * * * *

Field Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, perished with his staff off the West Orkney Islands on June 5 by the sinking of the British cruiser _Hampshire_, which struck a mine and went down fifteen minutes later. "O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?" Formerly they had sounded in our ears as chords of solemn music, breathing consolation; now that we see them clearly to be triumphant verities, living and everlasting truths, they ring out like a trumpet call, summoning and inspiring the living to stronger action. The work continues though the hand that moulded it perishes; the body dies, but the soul lives on. There is no sting in the grave when on either side men press forward to one immortal goal and when living and dead battle together for incorruptible principles. Whether individually we live or die signifies nothing, if that high cause for which we fight wins. Lord Kitchener's death will not interfere with the work he had undertaken, nor shall his passing delay, but rather shall it hasten the victory to which he looked forward.

_Land and Water, London, June 8, 1916._

_Crown Prince_: "_We must have a higher pile to see Verdun, Father._"

* * * * *

The Crown Prince, after the gigantic effort of his armies, was confronted with problems more vast, with a resistance more confident and more efficient, than those which he had had to face in the opening days of the Verdun offensive. In three days the French had been driven off their first positions along a large portion of the Verdun front; over a month later they were still defending with increasing vigour their second line. Behind that line lay yet another, and the prospect of the fall of Verdun was but faint upon the German horizon. The French could already count upon victory, the price of Verdun having already been exacted in the enemy's blood, without the position having been captured. That price, it was said, had been fixed by the Imperial General Staff at 200,000 casualties.

_The Times History of the War._

_THIS WILL MAKE WILLIAM JEALOUS; IT BEATS HIS NURSE CAVELL._

* * * * *

Signor Baltisti, before the war, was Deputy for Trent in the Austrian Parliament, and in that position was a strong advocate of irredentist claims in the Trentino. When war broke out he joined a Trentino regiment under the Italian flag.

He was captured by the Austrians in June, 1916, and executed, although he wore an Italian uniform. His corpse was publicly hanged on a gibbet in the city of Trent.

_SUMMER TIME, 1916--FIVE ON A BENCH_

* * * * *

The Summer of 1916 saw the Germans defeated at Verdun on the Somme and at Riga. The Austrians were defeated in the Trentino and the Bukovina. The Turks continued their retreat in Asia Minor and the Caucasus, while the Entente Allies advanced upon the Bulgarians from Saloniki.

_CIVILISATION_: "_WHAT IS THE VERDICT._"

* * * * *

The Government has carried on the war in accordance with methods which are even incompatible with everything which has been done hitherto--the violation of Belgium and Luxemburg; the use of poison gases, which were subsequently used by the other belligerents; there were Zeppelin bombs which killed both combatants and noncombatants, a submarine war on commerce, the torpedoing of the _Lusitania_, etc.; pillage and extortion of tribute, beginning with Belgium; the internment and imprisonment of the population of the eastern provinces; various devices for forcing prisoners to work against their own country, by spying for the Central Powers, thereby committing an act of high treason; contracts arranged between Zimmermann and Sir Roger Casement in December, 1915, for the formation of armed units of English prisoners of war, for the purpose of forming the Irish brigade. Besides these, other attempts must be mentioned, which were made among the foreigners in concentration camps in Germany, threatening them with internment unless they betrayed their own countries and placed themselves at Germany's disposal.

KARL LIEBKNECHT.
_June, 1916_.

_TO THE END_

_War and Hunger_: "_Now you must accompany us to the end._"

_The Kaiser_: "_Yes, to my end._"

_THE CONFEDERATES_

"_Did they believe that peace story in the Reichstag, Bethmann?_"

"_Yes, but the Allies didn't._"

* * * * *

Germany, using in turn force when she believes herself strongest and craft when she feels herself growing feebler, is today resorting to craft. She is spreading abroad the illusive word "peace." Where does this word come from? To whom has it been spoken? And on what conditions? And to what end? By her ambiguous man[oe]uvres Germany reckons on dividing the allied countries. No one among us will fall into such a trap. I have said, and I repeat, that when blood flows in streams, when our troops with so much self-sacrifice are giving up their lives, the word "peace" is a sacrilege if it means that the aggressor will not be punished and if tomorrow Europe runs the risk of again being delivered up to the despotism, fantasy, and caprice of a military caste athirst for pride and domination. It would be the dishonor of the Allies! What should our reply be if tomorrow, after having concluded such a peace, our countries were dragged anew into the frenzy of armaments? What would future generations say if we committed such an act of folly and if we missed the opportunity which is offered us of establishing on solid foundations a lasting peace?

ARISTIDE BRIAND,
_Premier of France.
June, 1916._

"_BUNKERED_"

* * * * *

It is one of the greatest sources of pride for the Verdun Army to have earned the testimony of the great assembly which incarnates and immortalizes the genius of the French tongue and the French race. The Army of Verdun has had the good fortune to answer to the appeal addressed to it by the country. Thanks to its heroic tenacity the offensive of the Allies has already made brilliant progress ... and the Germans are not at Verdun.

GENERAL NIVELLE
_to the French Army
at Verdun, June, 1916._

"_WE HAVE FINISHED OFF THE RUSSIANS._"

"_Wait a moment_"

* * * * *

RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE, JUNE, 1916

The blow which the Russians have delivered to the Teutons has been one of the hardest given to any belligerent during the entire war. Not even the great German drive of last year has had the effect of the Russian offense of the past six weeks. In this case it is much more than a loss of territory; it is almost the destruction of an army. Russia had vast reserves on which to fall back.

Austria apparently has none. Austria alone of all the belligerents is practically exhausted. Only a week ago the Austrian Department of War endeavored to get the consent of the Government to call into the military service all men between the ages of 56 and 60. Nothing could show more eloquently the very dire straits into which the Austrian Army has fallen.

J. B. W. GARDINER.
_Current History._

_THE COSSACKS' SONG OF VICTORY_

* * * * *

The Petrograd official _communique_ of June 27, 1916, stated that the prisoners and trophies captured by the armies of General Brusiloff between June 4-23 amounted to 4,031 officers, 194,041 men, 219 guns, besides 644 machine-guns, 196 bomb mortars, 146 artillery ammunition wagons and 38 searchlights.

The enormous importance of the Russian victories of June, 1916, as a step in the attrition of the enemy forces was patent; the losses suffered by the enemy on the Eastern front during those three weeks were about equal to those he had suffered at Verdun in 130 days of fighting.

_Times History of the War._

_CAPTAIN FRYATT_

* * * * *

Captain Charles Fryatt, master of the Great Eastern Railway's steamer _Brussels_, which was captured by German warships on June 23, 1916, and taken to Zeebrugge, was tried by German courtmartial at Bruges, July 27, condemned to death by shooting, and executed immediately. The charge against him was that of attempting to ram the German submarine U-33.

His Majesty's Government find it difficult to believe that a master of a merchant vessel who, after German submarines adopted the practice of sinking merchant vessels without warning and without regard for the lives of passengers or crew, took a step which appeared to afford the only chance of saving not only his vessel, but the lives of all on board, can have been deliberately shot in cold blood for this action.

_British Foreign Office._

_BEFORE THE SOMME_

_William_: "_Why are you so heavily bombarding the remains of that 'contemptible little British army?_"

_Prince of Bavaria_: "_I am afraid the remains are bombarding us._"

* * * * *

The German view of the situation at the end of June was well shown in a typical article by the military correspondent of the "Berliner Tageblatt," Major Moraht, actually published on July 1.

The writer began by declaring that "all the belligerent armies were now at a critical stage." The Allies had undoubtedly increased the energy and the uniformity of their conduct of war, and their great resources in money and men and their command of the sea would enable them to do everything possible "to hamper Germany's final victory."

The British offensive was about to begin, and "without a serious settlement of accounts with England on the battlefields in the west the Germans would not come a step nearer to peace." Major Moraht and the other German writers betrayed no sense of the immensity of the coming events, and it was clear that the Germans had not begun to dream of the defeats that were about to be inflicted upon them.

_The Times History of the War._

_THE GERMAN TANGO_

"_From East to West, and West to East, I dance with thee_"

_The Wolf_: "_Is it not time to stop all further bloodshed?_"

* * * * *

During the early days of July, 1916, a general offensive on the part of the Allies began.

The French and British armies attacked on the Somme, taking many towns and villages and thousands of prisoners.

The Russians continued their victorious advance in the Bukowina and began a tremendous offensive far north on the Riga front.

The Italian troops attacked in the Trentino and captured important fortified Austrian positions.

_THE DEUTSCHLAND DISPATCH_

"_Never mind, Mr. Wilson; it is only a little Lusitania blood on the envelope_"

* * * * *

On July 9th the German Merchant Submarine _Deutschland_ arrived at Baltimore carrying a cargo of 1,000 tons of merchandise, principally dye stuffs. According to a statement by Captain Koenig, commander of the _Deutschland_, she was the first of a number of similar vessels which were being built for the purpose of breaking the British blockade of Germany.

It was stated at the time that the captain of the submarine brought a personal letter from the German Emperor to President Wilson.

_BALAAM AND HIS ASS_

* * * * *

What, German people, is your duty in this hour? The army wants no exhortations. It has fought superhumanly. It will fight until final victory. But the people at home--this is their duty: To suffer in silence, to bear their renunciations with dignity.

THE KAISER, _July, 1916_.

_TEAM WORK_

* * * * *

The great armies recruited and trained by Lord Kitchener, with the mountains of munitions piled up by Lloyd George, have become a tremendous weapon in the skilled hands of General Sir Douglas Haig; and they are supported on the right by a French army under General Foch that has shown itself more than able to keep pace with them. It must not be forgotten that the battle of the Somme is a joint enterprise of close teamwork under the supreme direction of General Joffre.

Thus far we have heard less of the French than of the English wing, but its achievement has been equally brilliant. The Germans caught between these Frenchmen and Peronne, like those caught between the British and Bapaume, have resisted to the limit of human endurance, but nothing human could survive the awful blasting of high explosives to which their first and second trench lines were subjected; and the Allies now have the shells and the men to keep up the pressure indefinitely.

_Current History, New York, July, 1916._

"_I Hope, My Dear Friends and Allies, That I Have Been Able to Make You Feel Happy and Confident Again._"

* * * * *

The battle is raging, huge beyond all previous imagination. Rejuvenated, perfectly equipped with all they want, Russia's armies again have broken against our bulwarks in the east. France has experienced a regeneration in this war of which she hardly believed herself capable. She has dragged her dilatory English Ally into joining the offensive on the Somme, and whatever inward worth the British army has it now has an abundance of artillery.

THE KAISER, _July, 1916_.

_ANOTHER NAIL IN HINDENBURG_

(_In 1915 a gigantic statue of wood was erected in Berlin to Hindenburg_)

* * * * *

The problem implied in the second phase of the great Russian offensive of 1916 had been solved completely in favour of our Allies. The enemy had abandoned his entire front south of the Marshes, having lost in ten weeks' fighting (May, June, July) in prisoners alone well over 300,000 men. The total casualties suffered by him in that campaign almost equalled the original strength of his armies between the Pripet Marshes and the Carpathian Mountains.

_The Times History of the War._

"_SEEMS TO BE NEUTRAL: SINK HIM!_"

* * * * *

The freedom of the sea means to Germany that the German Navy is to behave at sea as the German Army behaves on land. It means that neither enemy civilians nor neutrals may possess rights against militant Germany; that those who do not resist will be drowned, and those who do will be shot.

Already 244 neutral merchantmen have been sunk in defiance of law and humanity, and the number daily grows. Mankind, with the experience of two years of war behind it, has made up its mind about German culture. It is not, I think, without material for forming a judgment about German freedom.

A. J. BALFOUR,
_First Lord of the Admiralty.
July, 1916._

_NOW ALSO THE AXE IS LAID UNTO THE ROOT OF THE TREE_

* * * * *

As the second year of the war drew to its close important gains were made by the Allied Armies on all fronts. On the Somme the British occupied Mameton Wood, Trones Wood, and the villages of Ovillers-la-Boiselle, Longueval, Podieres. The French advanced on a front of 10-1/2 miles and captured the German positions from Estrees to Vermando-Villers. On the Eastern Front, the Russians crossed the Carpathians in the south and pierced Hindenburg's Riga line at several points.

On the Isonzo the Italians began a great drive towards Gorizia.

_THE SPIRIT OF FRANCE_

"_France is dying._"--_Hindenburg_

* * * * *

This year has been so full of a glory so pure that it will forever illumine the human race. It has been a year in which France, the France of Joan of Arc and Valmy, has risen, if possible, to even greater heights.

Be the war of short or long duration, France accepts it. The country is summoning its genius and changing its methods. Each French soldier before the enemy repeats the words of Joan of Arc, "You can enchain me, but you cannot enchain the fortunes of France."

PAUL DESCHANEL, _President of French
Chamber of Deputies._

"_BEFORE THE FALL_"

_Europe_: "_Am I not yet sufficiently civilised?_"

* * * * *

_Direct Losses of Human Life During Two Years of War_
Dead Wounded Dead and Invalids
Wounded
Austria-H'gry 718,000 1,777,000 2,495,000 533,000
Belgium 50,000 110,000 160,000 33,000
Bulgaria 25,000 60,000 85,000 18,000
England 205,000 512,000 717,000 154,300
France 885,000 2,115,000 3,000,000 634,000
Germany 885,500 2,116,300 3,001,800 634,900
Italy 105,000 245,000 350,000 73,500
Russia 1,498,000 3,820,000 5,318,000 1,146,000
Serbia 110,000 140,000 250,000 42,000
Turkey 150,000 350,000 500,000 105,000
--------- ---------- ---------- ---------
Total 4,631,500 11,245,300 15,876,800 3,373,700
_From a Danish Estimate
published by the War Study Society
of Copenhagen._