Chapter LXXXI: Appendix

THUGGEE, AND THE PART TAKEN IN ITS SUPPRESSION BY GENERAL SIR W. H. SLEEMAN, K.C.B.

NOTE BY CAPTAIN J. L. SLEEMAN, ROYAL SUSSEX REGIMENT

The religion of murder known as 'Thuggee' was established in India some centuries before the British Government first became aware of its existence, It is remarkable that, after an intercourse with India of nearly two centuries, and the exercise of sovereignty over a large part of the country for no inconsiderable period, the English should have been so ignorant of the existence and habits of a body so dangerous to the public peace. The name 'Thug' signifies a 'Deceiver', and it will be generally admitted that this term was well earned.[1] There is reason to believe that between 1799 and 1808 the practice of 'Thuggee' (Thagî) reached its height and that thousands of persons were annually destroyed by its disciples. It is interesting to note the legendary origin of this strange and horrible religion: In remote ages a demon infested the earth and devoured mankind as soon as created. The world was thus left unpeopled, until the goddess of the Thugs (Dêvî or Kâlî) came to the rescue. She attacked the demon, and cut him down; but from every drop of his blood another demon arose; and though the goddess continued to cut down these rising demons, fresh broods of demons sprang from their blood, as from that of their progenitors; and the diabolical race consequently multiplied with fearful rapidity. At length, fatigued and disheartened, the goddess found it necessary to change her tactics. Accordingly, relinquishing all personal efforts for their suppression, she formed two men from perspiration brushed from her arms. To each of these men she gave a handkerchief, and with these the two assistants of the goddess were commanded to put all the demons to death without shedding a drop of blood. Her commands were immediately obeyed; and the demons were all strangled. Having strangled all the demons, the two men offered to return the handkerchiefs; but the goddess desired that they should retain them, not merely as memorials of their heroism, but as the implements of a lucrative trade in which their descendants were to labour and thrive. They were in fact commanded to strangle men as they had strangled demons.

Several generations passed before Thuggee became practised as a profession--probably for the same reason that a sportsman allows game to accumulate--but in due time it was abundantly exercised. Thus, according to the creed of the Thug, did their order arise, and thus originated their mode of operation.

The profession of a Thug, like almost everything in India, became hereditary, the fraternity, however, receiving occasional reinforcements from strangers, but these were admitted with great caution, and seldom after they had attained mature age. The Thugs were usually men seemingly occupied in most respectable and often in most responsible positions. Annually these outwardly respectable citizens and tradesmen would take the road, and sacrifice a multitude of victims for the sake of their religion and pecuniary gain. The Thug bands would assemble at fixed places of rendezvous, and before commencing their expeditions much strange ceremony had to be gone through. A sacred pickaxe was the emblem of their faith: its fashioning was wrought with quaint rites and its custody was a matter of great moment. Its point was supposed to indicate the line of route propitious to the disciples of the goddess, and it was credited with other powers equally marvellous. The brute creation afforded a vast fund of instruction upon every proceeding. The ass, jackal, wolf, deer, hare, dog, cat, owl, kite, crow, partridge, jay, and lizard, all served to furnish good or bad omens to a Thug on the war-path. For the first week of the expedition fasting and general discomfort were insisted on, unless the first murder took place within that period. Women were never murdered unless their slaughter was unavoidable (i.e. when they were thought to suspect the cause of the disappearance of their men-folk). Children of the murdered were often adopted by the Thugs, and the boys were initiated in due course in the horrid rites of Thuggee. Men skilled in the practice of digging and concealing graves were always attached to each Thug gang. These were able to prepare graves in anticipation of a murder, and to effectually conceal all trace of the crime after they were occupied. To assist the grave-diggers in this duty all roads used by Thugs had selected places upon them at which murders were always carried out if possible. The Thugs would speak of such places with the same affection and enthusiasm as other men would of the most delightful scenes of their early life. It was these people, versed in deceit and surrounded by a thousand obstacles to conviction, that General Sir W. H. Sleeman so nobly set out to exterminate. Within seven years of his first commencing the suppression of Thuggee it had practically ceased to exist as a religion; and he had the privilege of seeing it entirely suppressed as such before giving up this work for the Residentship at Lucknow.

He was described when taking over the latter appointment as follows: 'He had served in India nearly forty years. His work had been of the best. He had done more than any one to suppress 'Thuggee' finally, and had a knowledge of the Indian character and language possessed by very few. He was personally popular with all classes of Indians, and respected, feared, and trusted by all.'

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES BY THE EDITOR

Captain J. L. Sleeman, who had intended to contribute an account in some detail of his grandfather's operations for the suppression of Thuggee, has been ordered on active service, and consequently has been unable to write more than the short note printed above.

The editor thinks it desirable to supplement Captain Sleeman's observations by certain additional remarks.

The earliest historical notice of Thuggee appears to be the statement in the History of Fîrôz Shâh Tughlak (1351-88) by a contemporary author that at some time or other in the reign of that sovereign about one thousand Thugs were arrested in Delhi, on the denunciation of an informer. The Sultan, with misplaced clemency, refused to sanction the execution of any of the prisoners, whom he shipped off to Lakhnauti or Gaur in Bengal, where they were let loose. (Elliot and Dowson, _Hist. of India_, iii. 141.) That absurd proceeding may well have been the origin of the system of river Thuggee in Bengal, which possibly may be still practised.

The next mention of Thugs refers to the reign of Akbar (1556-1605). Both Meadows Taylor and Balfour affirm that many Thugs were then executed, and according to Balfour, they numbered five hundred and belonged to the Etawah District, I have not succeeded in finding any mention of the fact in the histories of Akbar--the memory of the event may be preserved only by oral tradition. Etawah, between the Ganges and Jumna, in the province of Agra, has always been notorious for Thuggee and cognate crime.

In the year 1666, towards the close of Shahjahân's reign, the traveller de Thevenot noted that the road between Delhi and Agra was infested by Thugs. His words are:

'The cunningest Robbers in the World are in that Countrey. They use a certain slip with a running-noose, which they can cast with so much slight about a Man's Neck, when they are within reach of him, that they never fail; so that they strangle him in a trice.' (English transl., 1686, Part III, p. 41.)

After the capture of Seringapatam in 1799 the attention of the Company's government was drawn to the prevalence of Thuggee. In 1810 the bodies of thirty victims were found in wells between the Ganges and Jumna, and in 1816 Dr. Sherwood published a paper entitled 'On the Murderers called Phânsigars', _sc._ 'stranglers', in the _Madras Journal of Literature and Science_, which was reprinted in _Asiatic Researches_, vol. xiii (1820). Various officers then made unsystematic efforts to suppress the stranglers, but effectual operations were deferred until 1829. During the years 1881 and 1832 the existence of the Thug organization became generally known, and intense excitement was aroused throughout India. The Konkan, or narrow strip of lowlands between the Western Ghâts and the sea, was the only region in the empire not infested by the Thugs. (See H. H. Wilson in supplement to Mill, _Hist. of British India_, ed. 1858, vol. ix, p. 213; Balfour, _Cyclopaedia of India_, 3rd ed., 1885, _s.v._ Thug; and Crooke, _Things Indian_, Murray, 1906, _s.v._ Thuggee.)

The records summarized above prove that the Thug organization existed continuously on a large scale from the early part of the fourteenth century until Sir William Sleeman's time, that is to say, for more than five centuries. In all probability its origin was much more ancient, but records are lacking. It is said that a sculpture representing a Thug strangulation exists among the sculptures at Ellora executed in the eighth century. No such sculpture, however, is mentioned in the detailed account of the Ellora caves by Dr. Burgess.

The magnitude of the organization with which Sleeman grappled is indicated by the following figures.

During the years 1831-7 3,266 Thugs were disposed of one way or another, of whom 412 were hanged, and 483 were admitted as approvers. Amîr Alî, whose confessions are recorded in Meadows Taylor's fascinating book, _The Confessions of a Thug_, written in 1837 and first published in 1839, proudly admitted having taken part in the murders of 719 persons, and regretted that an interruption of his career by twelve years' imprisonment in Oudh had prevented him from completing a full thousand of victims. He regarded his profession as affording sport of the most exciting kind possible. V. A. S.

Notes:

1. Pronounced 'T'ug', a hard cerebral _t_, with some aspiration.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

[Transcriber's note: These have been incorporated into the e-text. The note numbers below correspond to the original text, not to the renumbered notes of the e-text.]

When the printing of the book was almost completed, the following additions and corrections were kindly communicated by Mr. J. S. Cotton, editor of _I. G._, 1907, 1908.

Page 14, text, line 13. For 'leader', read 'barber'. Page 57, note 4, line 2. After 'Baitûl', insert 'Mandlâ'. Page 115, text, line 27. 'G----' appears to have been Robert Gregory, C.B. Page 115, note 2. Add, 'In 1911, Michael Filose of Gwâlior was appointed K.C.I.E.' Page 124, note 3. After '1860', insert 'and constitutes the District called Pânch Mâhals in the Northern Division of the Bombay Presidency. The vernacular word _pânch_, like the Persian _panj_, means 'five'.

Page 124, note 3. Add at end, 'and is still used by Marâthâ nobles.' Page 146, note 3. For 'may be' read 'is'. _Dele_. 'The name is common.' Page 241, note 1, line 2. _Dele_ 'in the Nizam's territories '. Page 262, note 2. The author may possibly have referred to Agra and Gwâlior, rather than to Lucknow and Udaipur. Page 338, note 2. For the clause 'From 1765 . . . English', substitute, 'From 1765 to 1771 he was the dependant of the English at Allahabad. From 1771 to 1803 he was usually under the control of Marâthâ chiefs, and from the time of Lord Lake's entry into Delhi, in 1803, he became simply a pensioner of the British Government. His successors occupied the same position.' Page 452, line 17. 'Southern' is in original edition, but 'Western' would be more accurate. Page 453, line 18. For 'its' read 'his own'. Page 459. 'The story of the murder of Fraser is told very differently in Bosworth-Smith's _Life of Lord Lawrence_, where all the detective credit is given to Lord L., apparently on his own authority. See also an article in the _Quarterly Review_ for April 1883, by Sir H. Yule, and another in _Blackwoods Magazine_ for January 1878.' Page 555, note, line 1. For 'Supreme' read Superior'. Page 581, note, line 18. For 'James Watts', read 'William Watts'. Page 584, note 2. For 'vexare' read 'vexari'. Page 595, note 2. 'The best account of Begum Sumroo is to be found in _A Tour through the Upper Provinces of Hindustan_, 1804-14, by A. D. = Ann Deane (1823). Walter Scott introduces more than one of the stories about the Begum into _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (1827), e.g.: "But not to be interred alive under your seat, like the Circassian of whom you were jealous," said Middlemas, shuddering' (vol. 48, Black's ed. of the novels, p. 382). Page 596, note 4. Probably 'Gorgîn' is a corruption of 'Gregory'. Page 615, note l. Perhaps the author was mistaken, and the letter was sent by Lady Bentinck, whose name was Mary.

INDEX

[Transcriber's note. Many of the spellings in this index differ from the spelling used in the text and notes, especially in the use of the diacritical mark.]

Abû-Alîsena, or Avicenna, 339, 524. Abû Bakr, Khalîf, 199. Abûl Fazl, 111 n., 355 n.; on music, 562 n. Abûl Hasan = Amîr Khusrû, poet, 508 n. _Acacia suma_, worshipped, 174 n. Adam's Bridge, 692 n. Adham Khân, tomb of, 503 n. _Âdi Granth_, Sikh scripture, 477 n. Adilâbâd, in Old Delhi, 487 n. Adoption, 211 n. Adultery, 198-201. Afghan War, first, 291 n., 417; history, 288-91. Ages, Hindu, 522 n. Agra, Christians at. II, 335; buildings at, 312-24; date of fort at, 357 n.; books about, 358 n. Ahmadnagar, kingdom, 458 n. Ahmad Shâh, Durrânî, 289. Ajmêr, 350. Ajodhya, kingdom, 374; city, 457 n., 641. Akbar (I), the Great, taxed marriages, 40 n.; had Abûl Fazl as minister, 111 n.; officials of, 283 n.; tomb and bones of, 323, 325, 354 n.; character of, 356 n.; Maryam-uz-Zamânî, queen of, 348 n.; sons of, 350; conquests of, 458; punished Thugs, 652. (II), titular emperor, 309 n., 337, 501 n., 509 n., 525 n. Âl dye, 228 n. Alâ-ud-dîn Muhammad Shâh, 489, 490 n., 497 n., 503. Alîgarh District, 435 n., 441 n.; battle of, 566 n. Altamsh, _see_ Îltutmish. Sultan. Amânat Khân, calligraphist, 316 n., 516. Amarkantak, 14. America, war with, 628. Amîr Alî, Thug, 653. Amîr Jumla, 513 n., 360 n. Amîr Khân, Nawâb, 66 n., 130. Ammonites, 121. Angels, Muhammadan beliefs about, 40. Angora, battle of, 531 n. Anûpshahr, 605. Anurshîrvân (Naushîrvân), 135 n. _Apis dorsata_, bee, 4 n. Arboriculture, 451 n. Archaeological Survey, 520 n. Architecture in India, 456. Aristotle, 341,524. Arjumand Bânô Bêgam, 315 n., 325. Armenian tombs, 335 n. Arms, license to carry, 246 n. Army, value of native Indian, 632. Arrian quoted, 285. Arsenic, poisoning by, 86 n. Art in India, 379. Âsaf Khân (1), Akbar's general, 191 n.; (2) brother of Nûr Jahân, 328, 329, 332, 334. Âsaf-ud-daula, of Oudh, 641. Ascetics, 592 n. Asîrgarh, 163 n. Asoka, monolith pillars of, 493 n. Assaye, battle of, 600. Assassins, sect of, 491 n. Attar of roses, 216. Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 619 n. Auckland, Lord, 291 n., 347 n., 563 n., 571. Aurangzêb, emperor, 273-6, 314, 335, 513. Austin de Bordeaux, 319, 516. _Avatâr_, 10, 45. Avicenna, 339, 524. Ayesha, story of, 198. Azam, Prince, 274 n. Azîm-ash-Shân, Prince, 275 n. Azîz Koka, 504 n.

Bâbur, 527. Babylon, history of, 452. Badarpur, in Old Delhi, 486 n., 487 n. Bagree dacoits, xxxiii. Bahâdur Shâh (I), 275 n.; (II), 309 n., 501 n. Bâhmani dynasty, 458 n. _Baid_, defined, 107 n. Baijnâth shrine, 590. Bairâgîs, 300, 370, 591, 592 n. Baird, Sir David, 634, 640 n. Baitantî river, 209. Baiza Bâî, 303,466. Bajazet (Bâyazîd), Greek emperor, 531. Bâjî Râo, I and II, Peshwâs, 381 n. Bâjpai family, xxxii. Bajranggarh, Râjâ of, 293. _Bakshî_, or paymaster, 211. Bâlâ Bâi, 563. Balban, Sultan, 420 n., 488 n., 502. Baldêo (Bâladeva), (1) brother of Krishna, 379; (2) Singh, defender of Bharatpur, 360. Bali Râjâ, a demon, 2, 33. Ballabhgarh, 475. Ballot Act, 399 n. Bamboos, 311. Bamhauri, in Orchhâ State, 124, 172. _Bâna-linga_, 122 n., 141 n. Bânda, town, 78. _Baniyâ_, defined, 295 n. Banjâra tribe, 100. Bankers, Indian private, 409 n. Banks, Presidency, 424 n. Banyan tree, 385, 566 n. _Bâolî_, defined, 442, 446. Barber, as match-maker, 16. Barlow, Sir George, 271 n. Barnes, Sir B., C.-in-C-., 618 n., 619 n. Baroda, Gaikwâr of, 286. Barrackpore, mutiny at, 2. Barwâ Sâgar, 207. Basalt, 96-8, 113, 261, 268. _Basant_ festival, 501. Basrah (Bussorah), 199. Batavia, capture of, 691 n. Bathing, religions merit of, l. Bâwarias of Muzaffarnagar, 235 n. Beef, eating of, 194, 203. Bees, at Marble Rocks, 4. Bêgam Sarâi at Delhi, 510 n. Belemnites, fossil, 121. Benares, city, 25, 103 n.; province, 434 n. Bengal, permanent settlement of, 64 n.; Islam in, 424 n.; territories, defined, 553 n.; river thuggee in, 652. Bentinck, Lord William, 109, 321 n., 341 n., 445, 547, 548, 571, 614, 618, 619 n., 632 n. Berâr, kingdom, 156 n., 458 n. Bernier, (1) François, on suttee, 26 n., 47 n.; historical work of, 273 n.; (2) Major, 606. Betel leaf, 216 n. Betiyâ (Bettia), Christian colony at. 11, 13 n. _Bhâgavata Purâna_, 10 n. _Bhagvân_ = Vishnu = God, 2. Bharat, brother of Râma, 374, 382. Bharatpur (Bhurtpore), sieges of, 116, 355, 359-62, 377, 562 n. Bherâghât (-garh), 1, 6, 18, 54. Bhîl tribes, 295. Bhîlsâ, town, 264. Bhôjpur, 146. Bhonslâs of Nâgpur, 103 n., 286, 292, 381. Bhopâl, 238. _Bhrigu-pâtâ_ sacrifice, 103 n. _Bhûmiâwat_, 245-52. _Bhûmkâ_, 60 n. Bhurtpore, see Bharatpur. Biâs river, (1) = Hyphasis, in Panjâb, 3 n., 165 n.; (2) in Central Provinces, 204, 290. Bîdar kingdom, 458 n. _Bîghâ_, defined, 453 n. Bihârî Mall, Râjâ, 348 n. Bîjâpur, great gun at, 241 n.; fall of, 286 n.; kingdom, 458 n. Bindâchal, 590. Bindrâban (Brindâban), 120. Bird, Robert Merttins, 575 n. Birjû Bâulâ, singer, 562. Bîrsingh Dêo, Râjâ, 134, 164 n., 232, 237. Black buck, 236 n.; Hole, 582. Blake, Mr., murder of, 503, 504 n. Blights, 193-8. Boigne, General de, 271. Bombay land System, 576. Borak, Muhammad's donkey, 541. Bow, use of, 80. Brahmâ, god, 7, 9, 45 n., 376 n., 594. Brahmans forbid marriage of widows, 26; sacrificed, 46. Bruce, Captain, (1) brother of (2), 270; (2) James, traveller, 270 n. Budha Gupta, king, 55 n. Budhuk dacoits, xxxv. Buffaloes, sacrificed, 46 n. Bulâkî, Prince, 334. _Buland Darwâza_, 352 n. Bullocks, price of, 437. Bundêla Râjpûts, 144 n., 185. Bundêlkhand, 94 n., 111, 112, 149, 185, 207, 209 n., 227. Bundêlkhandî dialects, 188 n. Burial, alive, 570; customs, 218 n. Burn, Lieut.-Col., 421 n. Bussorah, see Basrah. Buxar, battle of, 338 n.

Cairo, mosques at, 494 n. Calcutta, commercial crisis of 1883 at, 422. Canals, 158 n. Cannibalism, 152. Capital, foreign, 422. Carpets made at Jhânsî, 217, 241. Caste, 45-51. Cattle-poisoning, 86 n. Cawnpore, rise of, 445 n. Ceded provinces, 434 n. Census, 194 n. Central India, 178. Central Provinces, 57 n., 94 n. Chambal river, 301, 303. _Chambêlî_, or jasmine, 33. Champat Râî, Bundêla, 190 n. _Chandamirt_ (_chandan mirt_), 141, 588, 593. Chand Bardâi, poet, 190 n. Chandêl Râjpûts, 144 n., 178 n., 185, 189. Chandêrî State, 193, 251, 293. _Chândnî Chauk_, Delhi, 604 n. Chandra, Râjâ, 498 n. _Chaprâsî_, or orderly, 74 n. _Cheonkal_ (_chhonkar_) tree, 174. Cherry, Mr., murder of, 473. Chhatarpur State, 192. Chhatarsâl, Râjâ, 94, 193. Chick-pea, or gram, 414 n. Chiefs' colleges, 256 n. China, land tenure in, 423; Tîmûr's designs on, 533. Chingîz Khan, 535. _Chîtal_, spotted deer, 244 n. Chitôr, towers at, 493 n. Chitragupta, secretary to Yamarâja, 9. Chitrakôt, 95. Cholera, beliefs about, 163, 232. Christians, 11-13, 335, 424. Chuhârî, Christian colony at, 13 n. _Cicer arietinum_, gram, 150 n. Cis-Sutlaj States, 476 n. Cities, growth of, 455. Civil Service of India, 426 n., 649. Clerk, Sir George, 90 n. Coal, 230, 231 n. Codes, 65 n., 66 n. Coins, of Nûrjahân, 333 n.; of Sikhs, 477 n.; largesse, 479 n. Colebrooke, Sir B., 461. Combermere, Lord, 355 n., 359, 618. Concan, _see_ Konkan. Conquered Provinces, 434 n. Corn laws, 574. Cornwallis, Lord, second administration of, 460 n. Corporal punishment, _see_ Flogging. Corruption, official, 403. Cotton, soil, black, 94 n., 149 n., 258 n.; -tree, 385. 'Covenanted' service, 426 n. Cow, veneration of, 163, 202. Criminal tribes, 234 n., 557 n.; law, 305 n. Crooke, Mr. William, xix; on veneration of the cow, 163 n. Cubbon, Sir Mark, 90 n. Customs, inland, 347 n.; hedge, 426 n.

Dacoits, Sleeman's books on, xxxiii, xxxv, 89. _Daityas_, bad spirits, 10. Dalhousie, Lord, xxv; annexation policy of, 187 n. Damoh, town, 76. Dâniyâl, Prince, 334. Dârâ Shikoh, Prince, 272-4, 511-13 n. Darbhanga, 51. _Dargâh_, defined, 568 n. Dasahara ceremonies, 175 n., 241 n., 293, 296. Dasân river, 108. Dasaratha, Râjâ, 382. Datiyâ, Râjâ of, 193, 221, 226. _Datûra_, poisoning, 82-6. Daulatâbâd, 490. Daulat Râo Sindhia, 563. Davis, Mr., gallant defence by, 474 n. Dâwar Baksh, Prince, 334. De Boigne, _see_ Boigne, General de. Deccan, geology of, 97 n., 114 n,; kingdoms of, 285; early history of, 457. Deeg, _see_ Dîg. Delhi, territories, 420 n., 448, 459 n.; province, 459 n.; defended by Burn, 421; old city of, 486-503; Sultans of, 488 n.; new city of, 504-30; Jâmi Masjid at, 514; Motî Masjid at, 514 n.; palace at, 515- 19; peacock throne at, 517; books about, 519 n.; taken by Tîmûr, 529. Denudation, sub-aerial, 138 n. Deorî, town, 124, 129. De Thevenot, _see_ Thevenot, de. _Devas_, good spirits, 10. Devî, goddess, 7, 593. Devil, Muhammadan myth of, 537. Devils, 223 n. Dhamonî, 110. Dhandêla Râjpûts, 187. _Dhanuk_ jag festival, 173. _Dharmsâlâ_, defined, 568 n. _Dhaû_ (_Lythrum fructuosum_) tree, 237. Dhîmar caste, 76. Dhôlpur State, 272, 302-10. Diamonds, great, 290. Dîg (Deeg), garden at, 364; battle at, 421, 566 n. _Dînâî_, slow poison, 142. Dinapore, 341. Discipline, military, xxxiii, 615-40. Diseases, Hindoo notions about, 168. Districts, civil, size of, 646 n. _Dîwân-i-Âmm_, at Delhi, 515. _Dîwân-i-Khâs_, at Delhi, 517. _Dîwanî_, grant of, 500. _Doâb_ defined, 233 n. Dost Muhammad, 291. Drowning, suicide by, 219. Dubois, _Hindu Manners_, xix. Dudrenec, Monsieur, 603. Durgâvatî, queen, 190. Dutch factory at Agra, 335. Dyce, Colonel, 611. Dyce-Sombre, Mr., 595, 610.

Education, of young nobles, 256 n.; Muhammadan and English, 523, 524 n. Egypt, expedition to, 634, 640 n. Electricity, 311. Elephant-drivers, 50. Elichpur (Îlichpur), 156. Ellis, Mr., at Patna, 597. Ellora, 8 n.; 653. Epidemics, 161-72. Epilepsy, 221. Eran, pillar at, 55. _Erythrina arborescens_, or coral-tree, 74 n. Etâwah, Thuggee in, 652. Evil eye, 168. Exogamy, 144 n. Exorcisers, 168.

Fairs, 1. Fakîrs, 370, 591, 592 n. Famine, of 1833, 148; policy, 150; in Mâlwâ, 441 n. Fanshawe, H. C., on Delhi, 520 n. Farhad, poet, 136. Farîdâbâd (Farîdpur), 479, 480 n. Farîd-ud-dîn Ganj Shakar, saint, 507 n. Faringia (Feringheea), Thug, 78. Farrukhsîyar, emperor, 275 n. Fathpur-Sîkrî, 351-8. _Fatwa_, defined, 200 n., 536. Fergusson, on Indian architecture, 359 n. Fertility, diminution of, 413 n.,415. Feudal System, 145, 578 n. _Ficus religiosa_, pîpal tree, 205 n. Filose, Jean Baptiste, 115 n., 293, 296. Finch, traveller, quoted, 324 n. Fîrôzâbâd at Delhi, 497 n. Fîrôzpur, 420, 459. Fîrôz Shâh Tughlak, deported Thugs, 652. Fish, Persian order of, 135, 137; eating, 307. Flattery, 243. Flax plant, 195. Flogging in army, 616-22, 637. Fontenne, de, maiden name of Lady Sleeman, xxiii. Forest department, 451 n. Forester, Lady, 612 n. Fortresses, insalubrity of, 111. Fossils, 98, 121. _Francolinus vulgaris_, black partridge, 44 n. Fraser, Mr. C., xxiii, 89 n.; Mr. Hugh, xxiv; Major-General, 89 n.; Mr. W., murder of, 420, 458-75. Frederick the Great, 625, 629. Fullerton, Dr., 597. Funeral obsequies, 620 n. Furse, Mrs., sister of author, xxv n., xxx. Futtehpore Seekree, see Fathpur-Sîkrî. Fyzâbâd, 457 n., 641.

Gabriel, angel, 37. Gaîkwâr of Baroda, 286. Galen, 339, 524. Gandak river, 121 n. Ganges river, 6, 17; water, 141 n., 588, 594. Gardiner (Gardner), Colonel, 346. Garhâ, Rânî of, 56, 73. Garhâ Kota, 293. Garhâ Mandla, xxxii, 190. _Gârpagrî_, hail-charmer, 60 n,. Gaur, 330 n. Gaurî Sankar, 6, 54. Geronimo Veroneo, 320 n. Ghaznî, 454 n. Ghiyâs-ud-dîn, Khwâja, 328. Ghorapachhâr rivers, 298. Ghosts, 221-6. Ghulâm Kâdir, 338 n. Gipsies, 535, 557 n. God, ninety-nine names of, 323 n. Gohad, Rânâ of, 270-2, 302. Golconda, fall of, 286 n.; kingdom of, 458 n. Gonds, xxxii, 68, 102, 128, 221, 384. Gondwâna rocks, 231 n. Gosâîns, 218, 370, 591, 592 n. Govardhan, 337,371-83. Gram, 197, 198 n., 227, 414 n. Grasses, 124. Groves, 260, 433-41, 444, 565. Guinea-worm, 77. Gûjar caste, 192, 469 n. Gujarât, 149, 441. _Gulistan_, quoted, 401. Guns made in India, 241. Gûrkhas (Gôrkhâs), 350, 625 n. Guru Govind, 477 n. Gwâlior State, 258-70, 292, 294, 299; city, 262; fortress, 266-71.

Hâfiz Rahmat Khân, 599. Hâjî Bêgam, 511 n. _Hakîm_ defined, 107 n. Hamîda Bâno Bêgam, 511 n. Hânsî, 604 n., 605 n. Hanumân, monkey-god, 27, 300, 371, 374. Hardaul, Lâlâ, legend of, 162-5, 232. Hardinge, Lord (Viscount), letter to, xxix n. Hasan, 483 n. Hastings, Lord (Marquis of), 229, 292, 321, 381 n. Haunted villages, 221-6. Hawking, 237. Hay in Bundêlkhand, 124. Herbert, Sir Thomas, quoted, 332 n. Hervey, _Some Records of Crime_, xxvi. High Courts, 555 n. Hiliyâ (Haliyâ) Pass, 444 n. Himâlaya, v, xxiv. Hinduism, 176. Hippocrates, 339, 524. Hirtius, nom de plume of author, xxxi. Holî, festival, 204, 483 n. Holkar dynasty, 286, 381. Horal (Hodal), town, 426. Hornets, 56. Human sacrifice, 46 n., 101. Humâyûn, emperor, tomb of, 511. Husain. 483 n. Hyderâbâd Contingent, 156 n. Hyphasis (Biâs) river, 3, 165.

Iblîs, the devil, 538. Ibn Batuta, traveller, 488 n. Ibrâhîm Lodi, Sultan, 269. _Id-ul-Bakr_ festival, 163 n. Îltutmish, Sultan, 269; buildings of, 492, 494 n., 495 n., 497, 500; tomb of, 501. Imam Mashhadî, tomb of, 503. Imâm-ud-dîn Ghazzâlî, 341 n., 524. Imperial Service Troops, 280 n. Impressment, 184, 628. India, people of, vi; population of, 38 n. Indore State, 286, 292. Indra, god, 2, 10, 33. Industries, 159 n. Infanticide, 28. Inheritance, law of, 578. Invalid establishment, 640. Iron mines, 93, 230; pillar of Delhi, 498. Islam in Lower Bengal, 424 n. Isle of France (Mauritius), 311, 620 n., 622. Itimâd-ud-daula, 326-9.

Jabalpur, _see_ Jubbulpore. Jack-tree, 225. Jagannâth, shrine of, 589. _Jâgîrdârs_, 181. Jahânârâ Bêgam, tomb of, 510. Jahângîr, (1) emperor, 111 n., 333, 452, 568 n., mother of, 348 n.; birth of, 351, 355; (2) Mirzâ, tomb of, 509. Jain statues at Gwâlior, 267 n. Jaipur State, xxxii, 503. Jaitpur, Râj of, 193 n. Jalâl-ud-dîn, Fîrôz Shâh Khiljî, 489. Jâlaun State, 185, 193. Jamâldehî Thugs, 82. Jang Bahâdur, Sir, 598 n. Jasmine, 33. Jâts (Jats), 307, 380 n.; outrages of, 354 n.; and Râjpûts, 476 n. Java, conquest of, 619, 640 n. Jaxartes, river, 532. Jesuit missionaries, 337 n. Jesus, inscription quoting, 354, 504. Jeswant Râo Holkar, 165, 421, 474 n. Jhajjar, Nawâb of, 474. Jhânsî State, 185, 193 n., 209-19. _Jhirni_, Thug signal, 81. Jodh Bâî, tomb of, 348. Johilâ river, 14, 16. Johnson (Johnstone), Bêgam, 580. Jubbulpore (Jabalpur), xxiii, 1, 29, 58, 71. Julius Caesar, Bishop, 594.

Kâbul, mission of Burnes to, 417 n. Kailâs temple, 8 n. _Kalas_ custom, 179. _Kali_ age, 522 n. Kâlî, goddess, 141 n. _Kalpa Briksha_ tree, 74. Kâm Baksh, Prince, 274 n. Kanauj, ancient city, 454. Kandêlî, Thug village, xxii. Karaulî State, 293. Karbalâ, battle of, 483 n. Kârtikeya, god, 259 n. Kâsim, Mîr (Kâsim Alî Khân), 596-9. Katrâ Pass, 127, 445 n. _Kaukabas_, 136. Kedârnâth temple, 592 n. Kerahi (Kerâi) Pass, 445 n. Khajurâho, temples at, 193 n. Khalîfate, the, 483 n. Khân Azam, 333. _Kharîtâ_ defined, 134 n. _Kharwâ_ cloth, 228 n. Khusrû, (1) Parvîz, King of Persia, 135; (2) Prince, son of Jahângîr, 333; (3) poet, tomb of, 507. Khwâja Ghiâs-ud-dîn, 326. Kohinûr diamond, 288-91, 513 n. Kôil, battle of, 566 n. Konkan (Concan), 225. Korân, origin of, 481. Kosî, 424. _Kotwâl_ defined, 154 n. Krishna, legends of. 11, 371-5. Kumâra, god, 259 n. Kunbî caste, 381 n. Kurmî caste, 130. Kutb Mînâr, 492-7, 504; mosque, 497. Kutb-ud-dîn, (1) Khan, 330; (2) Sultan, 494n.; (3) Khwâja, saint of Ûsh, 494 n., 500 n.

Lachhman, brother of Râma, 382. Lachhmî Bâî, Rânî of Jhansî, 193 n., 220 n. Lahar fort, 270 n. Lake, Lord, 359, 377, 380, 421, 561, 643. Lakes, artificial, 63, 178. Land-revenue, 61 n., 63 n., 68 n. Laswârî, battle of, 116, 566 n. Laterite, 92. _Lathyrus_, poisonous species of, 104. Leprosy, 215 n. Le Vaisseau, Monsieur, 603-10. Linseed, 195. Liverpool, Earl of, 580. Lodhî caste, 130 n. Looting shops, custom of, 294. Lotus, 109 n. Lowis, Captain, xxxiii. Lucknow, author Resident at, xxv; an ancient city, 457 n. Lûdiâna, 3, 290.

Macaulay, 341 n., 547 n. Madras system of land settlement, 576. _Mahâbhârata_, 5, 10, 103 n., 522. Mâhâdajî (Mâdhojî) Sindhia, 271, 563. Mahâdêo (Siva), god, 7, 8, 9, 45 n., 103 n., 141 n.; oracle of, 484; sandstones, 102. _Mahî Marâtib_, 135, 137 n. Mahârâjpur, battle of, xxv, 271 n. Mahmûd of Ghaznî, 454. Mahoba, town, 189, 193 n. Maihar, Râjâ of, 127, 593. Maille, Claudius, 560. Makwânpur, fort, 598. Malcolm, Sir John, 229. _Mâlguzârî_ tenure, 144. Mâlwâ, province, 149, 238, 239 n., 451. Mandêsar, Thug burying-place, xxii. _Mansabdârs_, 283 n. Mân Singh, (1) Râjâ of Gwâlior, 276 n.; (2) Râjâ of Jaipur (Ambêr), 333. Mansûr Alî Khân, tomb of, 506, 544 n. Manucci, on Akbar, 325 n., 354 n. Manuscript works of author, xxxvii. Marâthâs, 294; defeated, 421 n., 566 n. Marble Rocks, 1; quarries, 318. Marriage, of trees, 32, 122, 143; of Hindoos, 37-40. Maryam-uz-Zamânî, queen of Akbar, 348 n. Mashhad (Meshed), 288. Material progress of India. 414 n. Mathurâ (Muttra), 383. Mau (Mhow), town, 247. Mauritius, 311 n., 620 n. _Mauza_ defined, 60 n. Medicine, systems of, 107, 571. Meerut, military and civil station, xxiv, 80, 544 n., 567-70, 579; sacked by Tîmûr, 529. Megpunnaism (Megpunnia Thugs), xxxii, 91, 593 n. Metcalfe, Sir Charles, 347, 461, 563 n. Meteors, 34-7. Mewâtîs, 420. Mihrauli, tombs at, 500 n. Mihr-un-nisâ, 328 n.; _see_ Nûr Jahân. Military discipline, xxxiii, 615-40. _Mînârs_, 492 n. Mîr Jumla, _see_ Amîr Jumla. Miracles, 337. Mirzâpur, 250, 445. _Mishkât-ul-Masâbih_, 35. Missionaries, Jesuit, 337 n. Mogul (Moghal, Mughal), defined, 80 n.; raids, 490. Molony, Report on Narsinghpur, xxxvii. Monastic orders, 592. Monghyr (Mungêr), 642. Monkeys, 383. Monson's retreat, 474, 566 n. Months, Hindoo, l. _Motî Masjid_ (mosque), 322. Muazzam, Prince, 274 n. Muhammad, Ghorî, Sultan, 269 n.; Shâh, 291 n., 518; tomb of, 510; son of Îsâ, architect, 319 n.; bin Tughlak, Sultan, 457 n., 487 n. Muhammadabad, in old Delhi, 487. Muhammadan schools, 480; year, 482; prayers, 489. Muharram celebrations, 482. Mumtâz-i-Mahall, 315, 325. _Music of Hindostan_, by Strangways, 561 n.

Nâbhâ, chief of, 476. Nâdir, Shâh, 288, 510, 516. Nâgaudh (Nâgod), 33 n. Nâgpur (Nagpore), Bhonslâs of, 286, 292. Nâhan, Râjâ of, 209 n. Najaf Khân, 599. Nânâ Sâhib, 381 n. Narsinghpur, xxii, xxxvii, 167. Nasîr-ud-din of Tûs, 341, 524. Nepâl, war with, xxi, 122, 598, 636. Nerbudda (Narbadâ) river, 2, 5, 14, 17, 18, 203. Newspapers, 640. News-writers, 249 n., 388 n. _Nîlgâi_, a kind of antelope, 244. Nineveh, history of, 452. _nisâr_ coins, 479 n. Nizâmuddîn Auliyâ, saint, 490-2, 507. Noer, Count von, on Akbar, 324 n. Norman-French formula, 475. North-Western Provinces, 434 n. Nûr Jahân, 325 n., 329, 332, 568 n. Nûr Mahall, 325 n., 329, 332.

Oaths, 391. Obsequies, funeral, 620 n. Ochterlony, Sir David, 598 n., 635. _Ocymum sanctum_, basil or _tulasî_ plant, 121 n. Og (Ûj), King, legend of, 374. O'Halloran, Major-General Sir Joseph, 344 n. Omar ('Umar), Khalif, 199 n. Omens, taken by Thugs and robbers, 297, 651. Opium department, 324 n. Oracle of Mahâdêo, 484. Orchhâ, State and Râjâ of, 132, 139, 193 n., 251 n. Orpheus, mosaic of, 516. O'Shaughnessy, Dr. W. B., scientific publications of, 571 n. Osman (Othman), Khalîf, a Sunnî, 48 n., 483 n. Otaheite sugar-cane, 208. Oudh (Oude), Sleeman's work in, xxiv-xxvii; _A Journey through_, xxxvi; MS. history of reigning family of, xxxvii; infanticide in, 28 n.; Jamâldehî Thugs in, 82; recruits from, 146, 624; annexation of, 187 n.; disorder in, 248,252; Chief Commissioner of, 347 n.; Nawâb Wazîrs of, 473 n.; magisterial powers in, 552 n.; capitals of, 641; Thuggee in, 653.

Paintings, Indian, 379. _Pakkâ_ defined, 435 n. Palace at Delhi, 515. Palwal, town, 452. _Pân_, 216, 454. Pândavas, 5. Pânîpat, third battle of, 298 n. Panjâb (Punjab), annexation of, 478 n., 625 n. Panj (Pânch) Mahâl tract, 124 n. Panna State and Râjâ, 95 n., 250 n. Panther, 115. Paoli, Mr., 600. Paralysis, caused by eating _Lathyrus sativus_, 104. Parents, murder of indigent, xxxii; reverence for, 254. Pariahs, 120. Parihâr, Râjpûts, 143. Parmâl, Chandêl Râjâ, 189 n. Partâbgarh in Oudh, xxii, 248. Partition, 278 n. Partridge, black, 44, 118. Pârvatî, goddess, 9, 141 n. _Patêl_ defined, 221. 'Pathân', as a misnomer, 488 n. Patharia, town, 91. Patiâlâ, chief of, 476. Patna, massacre of, 597. Pawâr Râjpûts, 187, 189. Pay of Indian army, 617, 622, 640. Peacock throne, 517. Peacocks, 259, 411. Pensions of Indian army, 632, 640-4. Perjury, 407, 412. Permanent settlement, 64 n., 577 n. Persian, order of the Fish, 135; wheel, 147. Peshwâs, the, 192, 236, 381 n. _Phânsîgars_ = Tugs, xxxi. _Phoceus baya_, weaver bird, 117 n. Pilgrims, 588-94. Pillars, monolithic, 493. Pindhârîs, 130 n., 292-4, 297. _Pîpal_ tree, 205, 385, 442, 447, 566 n_. Piper betel_, 216 n. Pîr Muhammad, heir of Tîmûr, 534. Plassey, battle of, 338 n. Plato, 341, 524. Poisoners, 82-6. Police, Indian, 544-61, 647. Political economy, 157, 160. Popham, Major, 270. Population of India, 38 n. _Portax pictus, nîlgâi_ antelope, 244 n. Portuguese at Agra, 336 n. _Prâyaschit_ defined, 215. Predestination, 511. Press-gang, 184 n. Primogeniture, 180, 277, 578. Prinsep, James, discoveries of, 493. Prithî Râj, 498-500. Processions, 168. Property in land, 449 n. Proprietors of land, 576. Public spirit of Hindoos, xxxiii, 442-51. _Purânas_, the, 10, 338 n. Puri town, 589 n. _Purôhit_ defined, 140 n. Purveyance system, 41-4.

Queen, river Nerbudda as a, 14. Quinine, 107 n.

Raghugarh, Râjâ of, 293. Rainbow myth, 35. Râipur town, 72. Râjpûts, 144. Râma and Sîtâ, 10, 74, 174, 371, 376. _Ramaseeana_, xxxi. Râmâyana, 484. Râmesvaram (Ramisseram), 592 n. _Râmlîlâ_, 104. Râmnagar, 25. Râmpur, Nawâb of, 87, 649. Ranjit Singh, (1) Maharaja of the Panjâb, 291, 297; (2) Râjâ of Bharatpur (Bhurtpore), 377, 380. Râvan, 377. Râwalpindi, military station, 545 n. Raziâ, Sultan ('empress'), 501 n. Reglioni (properly Regholini), General (Monsieur), 594. Regulations, VII of 1822 and IX of 1833, 575 n. Reinhard, Walter (Sombre), 596. Rent Acts, 62 n. 'Resumption' of revenue-free lands, 564, River thuggee, xxxiii, 652. Rîwâ (Rewah) State, 24, Roads, 301. Roe, Sir Thomas, ambassador, 351, 452. Rupee, value of, 77 n., 342 n., 583 n. Ryotwâr System, 576.

Saâdat Alî Khân of Oudh, 473 n., 565. Sacrifice, human, 46 n., 101. Sâdî (Sa'dî), Shaikh, poet, 75, 401, 410, 524. Sadr Amîn, Subordinate Judge, 646 n. Safdar Jang, tomb of, 507 n., 544 n. Sâgar (Saugor), 41, 92, 100, 161; and Nerbudda Territories, 57 n., 94 n., 110 n., 112 n. _Sâlagrâms_, ammonites, 121. Saleur, Monsieur, 610. Salîm, Prince, 350; Shaikh, 350, 362 n., 354. Salt manufacture, 260, 347 n., 428 n. _Samadh_ defined, 570. Samarkand, 530. Samrû (Sumroo), Bêgam, 504, 545; death of, 567; history of, 594-615; character of, 613. Samthar, Râjâ of, 191. Sânsias, criminal tribe, 234 n. Sarasvatî, consort of Brahmâ, 7 n. Sardhana, 594-615. Sassanians of Persia, 137. Sâtârâ, Râjâ of, 286, 381. Satî, _see_ Suttee. Sâtpura, mountains, 52. Scape-goat, 162-6. Schools, Muhammadan, 480. Science in India, 587. Sebastê, city, 532. Sects, Muhammadan, 49 n. Secunderabad, military station, 545 n. Seniority, promotion by, 622, 632. 'Settlements' of land revenue, 434 n., 575. Shâh Âlam, 137 n., 338, 563 n. Shahgarh, Râjâ of, 72, 114. Shâh Jahân, emperor, 314, 316, 320, 504, 510, 513, 560, 561 n.; Thugs in reign of, 652; sons of, 273. Shâhjahânâbâd, or New Delhi, 504. Shahryâr, Prince, 334. Shams-ud-dîn, Nawâb, 420, 458-75. Sharaf-ud-dîn, historian, 533. Shêr Afgan, 329-31. Shêr Khan (Shâh), 270. Sherwood, Dr., early writer on Thuggee, 653. Shîa sect, 48 n., 483 n. Shihâb-ud-dîn, Sultan, 269 n. Shîrîn, queen, 136. Shore, F. J., 44 n., 90; Sir John, 473 n., 605, 609. Sikandar Lodi, Sultan, 357 n. Sikandara (Secundra), Akbar's tomb at, 323, 354 n., 358 n. Sikh government, 381. Sikhs, history of, 477 n. Sîkrî, 351; _see_ Fathpur-Sîkrî. Simla, trip to Gungoolee from, xxxvii. Sindh river, 258. Sindhia family, 271 n., 286, 294, 381. Sindhia's territory, 258; _see_ Gwâlior State. _Singhâra_, or water-nut, 76. Sirâj-ud-daula, 581. Sîtâ Baldî Râmesar, 592. Siva, god, 6, 7 n., 9, 45 n., 103 n., 141 n., 376 n., 588, 591. Sivâjî, 381. Skanda, god, 259 n. Skinner, Colonel, 463, 612 n. Slavery in India, 282. Sleeman, Captain J. L., xx, xxx, 652; Captain Philip, xxi; Lady xxiii, xxxvi; Sir W. H., memoir of, xx-xxx; works of, xxxi-xxxvii, 89 n.; James, xxx; Henry Arthur, xxx; William Henry, xxx. Small-pox, 169-72. Smith, F. G., 90; B. W., on Akbar's tomb, 323 n.; on Fathpur Sîkrî, 351 n. Society in India, 582. Sombre, _see_ Samrû. Sôn river, 14, 16. Spotted deer, 244. Spry, Dr., works of, 99 n. Statistics, falsified, 554 n. Stephen, Carr, on Delhi, 520 n. Subdivision of property, 432. Succession to crown, 239. Sugar-mills, 207-9. Suicide, vow of, 103. Sulaimân Shikoh, Prince, 272. Sultans of Delhi, 488 n. Sumroo, _see_ Samrû. Sunnî sect, 48 n. Supreme (Superior) Court, 555 n. Sûraj Mall, Râjâ, 364 n., 378, 567. Survey myths, 201. Suttee, 18-31, 47, 109. Swallows, 353. Sweepers, 45, 49.

Taboos, 134 n. Tâj, the, 312-21. Tamarind tree, 566. Tamerlane, _see_ Tîmûr. Tânda, town, 330. Tânsên, singer, 561, 562 n. Tarmasharîn, Moghal, 490, 507, 529, 535. _Tasmabâz_ Thugs, 91. Tavernier, traveller, 316, 320 n. Taylor, Col. Meadows, _Confessions of a Thug_, 89 n., 653. Taxation, indirect, 427; in England and India, 485. Tehrî, town, 132, 143. Teignmouth, Lord, 473 n. Telescope, 543. _Thagî_, _see_ Thuggee and Thugs. _Thânadârs_, 547. Thessalonica, massacre of, 402. Thevenot, de, quoted, 335; described Thuggee, 652. Thomas, George, adventurer, 603-8. Thuggee, 77-91,650-3. Thugs, venerate Nizâmuddîn, 491 n.; on the Bêgam's boundary, 545; method of suppressing, 556 n.; disguised as ascetics, 592 n. Tieffenthaler, Father, 336 n. Tiger myths, 124-9. Tîmûr, sack of Delhi by, 497 n.; history of, 527-34. Tonk, Nawâb of, 66 n. Tours, battle of, 513. Trade, free, 160; Indian, 409 n. Trap, Deccan, 97 n., 269 n. Trees, marriage of, 32, 122, 143; sacred, 386 n. Tughlak Shâh, 486. Tughlakâbâd, 486, 489. Tulasî Dâs, poet, 123 n. _Tulsî_ (_tulasî_) plant, 121. Tûs, or Mashhad, _q.v._, 341 n.

Uchahara State, 33, 148 n. Ûj (Og), legend of, 374. Ujjain (Ujain), 146 n. Ulwar (Alwar) State, xxxii. 'Uncovenanted' service, 426. United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 434 n. United States, war with, 628 n. Universities, Indian, 256 n. _Urs_, defined, 568 n. Ûsh in Persia, 494 n., 500 n. Usmân, _see_ Osman.

Vaccination, 171 n. Vagrancy laws, 370. Vaikuntha, heaven of Vishnu, 8. Vegetius quoted, 626 n., &c. Venî-dânam, offering of hair, 56 n. Veracity, 383-411. Village communities, 394. Villages, 60. Vindhya mountains, 62. Vindhyan sandstones, 62 n. Vishnu, god, 2, 7 n., 9, 141 n., 376 n., 588, 591.

Warôrâ coalfield, 231 n. Washermen, 45. Water offerings, 141, 693. Water-nut, or -chestnut, 76. Watts, Governor, 581 n. Wazîr Alî of Oudh, 473. Weaver-bird, 173 n. Wellesley, Marquis, 473 n. Wells, 363, 435-41; songs sung at, 561 n. Western Provinces, defined, 574 n. Wheat, blight on, 195. Widow-burning, _see_ Suttee. Widows, sold by auction, xxii; remarriage of, 26. Wife, a duty of, 132 n. Wilkinson, (1) Mr. L., and (2) Major, 89 n. Wilton, Mr. John, 341 n. Window-tax, 485. Witchcraft, 68-73. Wolf-children, xxxv. Women, dress of, 18; offering of hair by, 56 n.; form of tomb of Muhammadan, 510 n.; secret murders of, 561 n.

Yamarâja (Jamrâj), 9. Yudhisthira, 11, 522.

Zafaryâb Khân, son of Sombre, 611. Zâlim Singh, freebooter, 129. Zamân Shâh, 289. Zamîndârî tenure, 144.