Chapter XXII: Appendix: , No. 3 (2)

Gretna Green pace, the, 187.

Griffiths, Mr. Darby, M.P., chances of his Post Office Bill passing,
132.

Grove, George, Esq., Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 359.

Guarantee, the, of the Indian Government to railways, 275;
impossible to construct railways in India without it, 278.

Guernsey, no railways in, 314.

Halifax, Nova Scotia, 304;
its magnificent harbour, 306.

Hamburg, postage stamps in, how called, _note_, 142.

Hand books, continental, 317.

Hannibal, his army crosses the Alps, 6.

Hanover, postage stamps in, how called, 142.

Harrow School, 216;
distinguished men educated there, 217.

“Haste, post haste,” defined, _note_, 158.

Hatton, Sir Christopher, _note_, 324.

Hauenstein Tunnel, the, its ventilation, 415;
cold, how excluded, 416.

Haupt, General, his tunnel boring machine, 385.

Hawkshaw, John, Esq., C.E., his tunnel under the Mersey, 393;
his borings between Calais and Dover, 398.

Haywood, William, Esq., engineer of the Corporation of London, 322.

Head, Sir Francis, Bart., quotations from his “Stokers and Pokers,”
196, 197, 198, 224.

Helvellyn, the highest mountain in England, _note_, 9.

Henry VI., founder of Eton College, _note_, 216.

Hermit, winner of the Derby, 1867, 186.

Hibbert, the late Mrs., “Generalissima,” _note_, 227, 228.

High Peak Railway, Mr. Fell’s experiments upon the, 338.

Highgate, intended tunnel through, 369.

Highland Railway, the, _note_, 237, 238.

Hill, Mr. Frederick, Assistant-Secretary of the Post Office, supports
his brother’s views respecting purchase of railways;
his ignorance of their working, 118;
his anticipations if the State purchase British railways, 123;
his assertions answered, 124;
differences between Mr. Hill and Postmaster-General’s Reports, 130;
Mr. Hill believed to be the writer of them, 131;
his evidence before the Committee on Postal and Telegraph
Communications with the East, _note_, 266.

Hill, Mr. M. D., his article on the Post Office, in _Fraser’s
Magazine_, _note_, 98, 137.

Hill, Sir Rowland, K.C.B., appointed on the Royal Commission on
Railways, 115;
dissents from report, his reasons, 117;
the chief witnesses in his support, 118;
real reasons for his recommendations, 118;
what they are, 132.

Hilmer, Mr. B., his subway between France and England, 398.

Hofer, Andreas, 12.

Holborn, past and present, _note_, 323.

Holborn Viaduct and Embankment, the, described, 321, 328.

Holland, postage stamps in, how called, _note_, 142.

Holyhead and Kingstown, the magnificent steamers between, _note_, 95.

Holyhead Mail, the old and the new compared, 46.

Honduras railway, the, 312.

Hooghley, the river, importance of a railway bridge across, 247.

Hoosac Tunnel, the, 385.

Hora di Roma, _note_, 158.

Horse boxes, their use in railway traffic, 46.

Horse, the, and the locomotive compared, 186;
its power of ascending elevations, 321.

Horses, numbers required for mail coaches in 1839, 93;
number required if the Post Office reverted to mail coaches, 94.

Hotel accommodation required at Bombay, _note_, 259.

Howell, Mr., Secretary of the Peninsular and Australian Navigation
Company, 95.

Humber, the, proposed railway tunnel under, 394.

Ice, conveyance of, by railway, 156.

Imperial railway train for the Emperor Napoleon, 33.

Inchicore locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.

Inclines, the Oldham, Lancashire, and Yorkshire Railway, _note_, 5.

India, population of, British exports to, 53;
railways in, 245, _see_ Railways;
marvellous development of, 297;
its debt, _note_, 298;
cotton imported from, 299;
what quantity produced, _note_, _ib._;
army that must be maintained there, _note_, 300.

Indus River, the, how it must be crossed at Attock, _note_, 278.

Indus steam flotilla, the, 262.

Indus Valley Railway, the, 262.

Insurance Act, the Post Office, 101.

Intercolonial Railway, the proposed, 304.

Ireland, Cairn Tual, the highest mountain in, _note_, 9;
population of, _note_, 34;
railways in, 43;
railway animosity in, 44;
probable reduction of high fares, 45;
production of coal in, _note_, 49;
sums paid by Post Office to railways in, 108;
railway gauge in, _note_, 110;
report of royal commissioners upon, 116;
dissentients, 117;
absence of locomotive manufacturers in, 192;
canal navigation of, 368;
railway tunnels in, 371, 373.

Iron, British coal consumed in the manufacture of, 51;
KING IRON, _note_, _ib._;
how he should be heard at St. Stephen’s, 208.

Isle of Man Railway prospects, 314.

Isle of Wight Railway, the, 314.

Isthmus of Suez Railway, 95;
canal, _note_, _ib._, _note_, 265.

Italy, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, how called, _note_, 142;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297;
ancient tunnels in, 364;
railway tunnels, 380;
its railway system, 427.

Jamaica Railway, the, 311.

Jeddo, distance from St. Francisco, 22.

Jerrold, Blanchard, one of the workman’s best friends, 228.

Jersey, no railway at present in, 314.

Jerusalem, explorations in, 360.

Kensington, its frequent use in London street nomenclature, _note_,
36.

Kilometres, how to convert into English miles, 331.

Kingstown and Holyhead, magnificent steamers between, _note_, 95.

Kurhurbali Coal-field, 287.

Kurrachee Harbour, its present unfitness as a harbour, _note_, 264.

La Vallée, M. Charles, “Les Chemins de Fer en France,” 30.

Labouchere, Mr., his speech upon railways, 1838, 74.

Labuan, coal prospects in, 288.

Ladies’ dogs carried on railways, _note_, 171.

Lancashire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Lange, Daniel A., Esq., English representative of the Suez Maritime
Canal Company, _note_, 95, _note_, 265.

Lanslebourg, the Mont Cenis village of, 332.

Lardner, Dr. Dionysius, Treatise on Railway economy, 61.

Late trains, 166.

Lawyers at Crewe, 204.

Layard, H. A., Esq., M.P., his opinion upon a railway through Persia,
&c., to India, 300;
upon Assyrian antiquities, 359.

Leeds, rainfall in, 281.

Leicestershire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Letter postage, low as contrasted with high newspaper postage; its
effects; necessity of its reduction upon local letters, _note_, 81.

Letter writing among the working classes, 205.

Letters, number of, in 1839 and 1840, 75;
number circulating in France, _note_, 81;
transmission alone gives them value, 141.

Lewins, William, “Her Majesty’s Mails,” 103.

Liechtenstei, the smallest state in the World, _note_, 34.

Life boats, the, of the National Association, their great use in
saving life, 183.

Liffey, the, proposed railway tunnel under, 394.

Lille, population of, _note_, 31.

Limited mail, the, its speed, 109, 237.

Linsdale Tunnel, 220.

Little St. Bernard, the, crossed by Hannibal’s army, 7;
easiest Alpine pass, 8.

Live stock conveyed on British railways, 40, 47.

Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, 2;
“Rocket” engine tried upon, 5;
contents of first goods train conveyed upon it, 66;
used by the Post Office as soon as opened, 73;
speed upon, 109.

Liverpool, its postal arrangements with Manchester, _note_, 124;
rainfall in, _note_, 281.

Local letters, the most profitable to the Post Office, _note_, 81;
history of their development in London since 1800, _note_, 82.

Locke, the late Joseph, M.P., 4, 195.

Locomotive engine and the horse compared, 186;
ride upon one from London to Stafford and back, 210.

Locomotive engines, number of, on British railways, 45.

London and Birmingham Railway incorporated, 2;
opened, _ib._;
immediately used by the Post Office, 73.

London and North-Western Railway, length, 23;
cost, 28;
passenger traffic, 33;
rolling stock and train mileage in 1847, 38;
in 1866, 39;
receipts, _ib._;
its London coal traffic likely to diminish, 48;
its locomotive establishment at Crewe, 194;
carriage establishment at Wolverton, 199;
waggon establishment at Earlestown, 200;
its minor repairing shops, 201;
rail manufactory at Crewe, 201.

London, Chatham and Dover Railway, 15;
Workman’s trains, 63;
its locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.

London (City), mortality in, _note_, 35.

London General Omnibus Company, passengers carried by the, 35.

London, population of, 34;
its motive habits, 35, 37;
street nomenclature, _note_, 36;
dependent upon railways for its food supply, 70;
carriage accidents in, _note_, 181;
rainfall in, _note_, 281.

Long Hedge locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.

Lubeck, postage stamps in, how called, note, 142.

Lukmainer Alpine Pass, the, 10;
proposed tunnel through, 409.

Luxemburg, the Duchy of, inconveniences if annexed to France, _note_,
143.

Lyons, population of, _note_, 31;
the Croix Rousse Railway, 32.

Lytton, Lord, obtained the reduction of the Newspaper duty in 1836,
_note_, 80.

Madras, population of, 259.

Madras Railway, its course, 255;
traffic, 256;
small amount of its working expenses, 289;
freedom from accidents to passengers, 291.

Madrid, its magnificent water supply, 384.

Mail bags, 90;
conveyance of by ordinary trains, 139, 463.

Mail coaches, their speed, 56, 109;
passengers carried by them in 1837, 57;
their numbers, weights they carried, 93;
numbers required if Post Office now resorted to conveyance by them,
93, 94, 95;
more costly proportionately than railways, 137;
that formerly left London each evening, 443;
payments to, 457;
dimensions for postal purposes, 466.

Mail Contract Packets, excluded from expenses of Post Office until
1860, 94.

Mails, weight of, 92;
prices paid to railways for conveyance of, 95, 106, 446;
day, 106.

Man, his power of ascending elevations by steps, 321.

Manchester and Birmingham Railway, 4.

Manchester, its postal connection with Liverpool, _note_, 124;
the city described, _note_, 125;
rainfall in, _note_, 281.

Manners, Lord John, his tardy mode of doing business, _note_, 242.

Marseilles, from Paris, time of journey in 1672, 1;
the Liverpool of the Mediterranean, 24;
population of, _note_, 31;
from Edinburgh to, 157;
distance to Alexandria, 429;
its growth and development, 497.

Matheson, Alexander, Esq., M.P., his efforts to establish the Dingwell
and Skye Railway, _note_, 239.

Mauritius Railway, the, 313.

Meat, imports of, 71;
conveyance of, by American railways, _note_, 156.

Merchandise conveyed on British railways, 40, 47.

Merchant Tailors’ School, _note_, 217.

Mersey, the, Mr. Hawkshaw’s tunnel under, 393.

Messina, the Straits of, 434;
marvellous bridge across, _ib._;
mail steamers between Marseilles and Malta to go through the
Straits, _note_, 432.

Metre, the, its equivalent in English measure, 331.

Metropolitan District Railway, the, described, 389.

Metropolitan Railway, passengers conveyed in, 35;
its workman’s trains, 62;
described, 387;
character of the atmosphere in it, 419;
cause of the pungent smell in it, 422;
efforts made to ensure the best ventilation, 423;
excellent health of the employés, 424.

Midland Railway incorporated, 3;
present length, _ib._;
its importance for the conveyance of coal to London, 48.

Mileage, British Postal, on Railways, 38, 105, 138;
variety of its cost for all modes of conveyance, 123.

Mileage, train, of British Railways, 40, 47.

Minerals conveyed on British railways, 40, 47;
their rapid increase in recent years, 69.

Mining, tunnels connected with, 396;
shafts ditto, _note_, 411.

Mississippi, proposed sub-aqueous bridge for, 395.

Monadnock on free trade, _note_, 151;
his arguments refuted, _note_, 153.

Money Orders, documents connected with them, that pass through the
Post Office, 87;
absence of complete information respecting them, _note_, 98;
amount of, in 1865, 98.

_Moniteur des Interets Materiels_, 32.

Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Europe, 8.

Mont Cenis, height above sea level, 319;
its height described, 321;
gradients of, 331;
Mr. Fell’s experiments upon, 339;
Captain Tyler’s trials, 340;
concession for the railway, 349;
the works described, 350;
level crossings, 351;
the railway at Susa, 352;
Zig-zags, 353;
protection from snow and avalanches, _ib._;
stations, 355;
the engines for working the line, 356;
its great rival, 358.

Morley, Professor Henry, his description of Englishmen, _note_, 167.

Mormons, head quarters, 19;
their contributions to the Union Pacific Railroad, 21.

Mountains, early desire to construct railways over them, 5;
height of, throughout the world, _note_, 8.

Mousell, the Right Hon. Wm., appointed on the Royal Commission on
Railways, 115;
dissents from Report, 117.

Munich, distance from London, 15.

Murray’s Hand Books the best published, 317.

Nantes, population of, _note_, 31.

Naples, distance from London, _viâ_ Brenner Pass, _note_, 15;
_viâ_ Mont Cenis, 437.

Napoleon I. crossed the Great St. Bernard, 9;
narrow escape from death there, _ib._

Napoleon III., Imperial Railway Train for, 33;
his appreciation of the Centre Rail System, 349;
Extract from his _Vie de Cæsar_, 365.

Natal Railway, the proposed, 313.

National Debt, the, 151;
compared with capital invested in railways, _ib._

National Life Boat Institution, the great benefit it confers, 183.

Nederschindermanderscheid, a Luxemburg postal town, _note_, 144, 194.

Nevada, State of, 19.

New Brunswick, railways in, 304.

New South Wales, railways in, 307;
first locomotive made in, _note_, _ib._;
amount of traffic, 310.

New Zealand, railway tunnel in, 386.

Newcastle, rainfall in, _note_, 281.

Newspapers, number of, circulating through the Post in 1839 and 1840,
75;
misrepresentations by the Post Office respecting, 80;
stamps for, issued, from 1835 to 1854, _note_, _ib._;
effect of high postal charge for their transmission, and comparative
low charge for letters, _note_, 81;
erroneous Post Office statements respecting, 81, 83, 87, 452.

Nine Elms Locomotive and Carriage establishment, 209.

North of Scotland, railway distances from, to Dover and Penzance, 240.

North Wales, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Northampton, its hostility to the London and Birmingham Railway, 233.

Northern of France Railway, its powerful engines, 189.

Northumberland, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Nottinghamshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Nova Scotia, railways in, 304.

Oberschindermanderscheid, a Luxemburg postal town, _note_, 144, 194.

Officials of railways, their general good conduct, 174;
difficulties of their positions and duties when accidents occur,
175;
numbers killed and injured, 177;
numbers employed in Great Britain, 211;
their love of banging carriage doors, _note_, 213.

Oldham, Mr., superintendent of the geological survey of India, his
opinion as to coal being found there, 288.

Omaha, terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad, 19.

Orleans Railway Company, length, 23;
its first conception, 25;
cost, 28;
traffic receipts, 29;
passengers conveyed, 31;
engine mileage, 37;
goods traffic, 39.

Otranto, the Port and Castle of, 432.

Oudry, M., his bridge across the Straits of Messina, 434.

Overland Californian Mail, the, 18;
the “Pony Express,” _ib._

Pacific islands, mountains and volcanoes of, _note_, 10.

Pacific Railroad, the Union, described, 17.

Page, Mr. Edward, Inspector-General of Mails, his personal character,
83;
his report, _ib._;
cause of its being issued, 85;
error in the mode Mr. Page makes his computations, _ib._;
omissions in his calculations, 86, 92;
his assertions disproved, 92, 94;
one of Sir Rowland Hill’s witnesses in favour of the State
purchasing railways, 118, 132;
his report of 1856, 439;
increased weight of mails under penny postage system would not have
prevented their carriage by mail coaches, 440;
weight increased less than supposed, 441;
comparative cost of road and railway mails, 443;
relations between the railway companies and the Post Office, 444;
arbitration, 445;
prices paid to railway companies, 446;
Mr. Page denies illiberal treatment, 447;
mails by railway companies’ guards, 448;
payment by passengers and Post Office compared, 448;
competition from parcels post, 449;
manner in which railways have improved postal communication, 452;
Mr. R. Stephenson’s reply to Mr. Page, 454. _See_ Stephenson.

Palmerston, Lord, educated at Harrow, 218.

Paper _versus_ letters, 141.

Parcels, post, by the Post Office not approved by the Royal
Commissioners of Railways, 121;
Mr. Frederick Hill’s
method of removing the chief difficulty in its establishment, 124;
Mr. Page’s views, 449.

Paris, Lyons, and Mediterranean railway, length, 23;
cost of construction, 28;
traffic receipts, 29;
engine mileage, 37;
goods traffic, 39;
its hostility to the Mont Cenis Railway, 492.

Paris to Marseilles, time of journey in 1672, 1;
present distance from London, 15.

Paris to St. Michel, 316.

Parliament, incompetence of, as regards railway legislation, 165.

Parliamentary reports, the Post Office thereon, 444;
their assertions refuted, 474.

Pascal, _note_, 10.

Passenger traffic on French railways, 30, 31;
on railways terminating in London, 37;
on British railways, 40;
third class, its immense increase, 47;
number carried in the United Kingdom in 1837 and subsequent years,
58;
cause of immense increase of third class, 61.

Passengers conveyed on British railways, 40, 166;
accidents to, 176;
numbers conveyed on Indian railways, 291, 297;
accidents to, on Indian railways, 290.

Patterns, numbers transmitted by post incorrectly stated by Post
Office, _note_, 81;
first carried in 1863, 98.

Peel, Sir Robert, educated at Harrow, 218.

Peninsular and Oriental Steam Packet Company, increased postal subsidy
required by it, _note_, 241;
services performed by it, _note_, 268;
its new contract, note, 430;
its history traced, 482.

Penny postage, date of its commencement, 75.

Penzance, Railway distance from, to North of Scotland, 240.

Persia, the long railway will pass through it, 271;
opinion of Mr. A. H. Layard, M.P., thereon, 300.

Perth, speed of limited mail to, 109, 237.

Periodical tickets on railways, numbers of, 64.

Peshawer and Lahore Railway Company, the, difference of opinion
respecting its construction, 278.

Phipps, G. H., Esq., C.E., on tunnel construction, _note_, 375.

Pigs and piglings at Wolverton, _note_, 225;
disputed statistics of, 231.

Pistoja, railway from, across the Apennines, 344;
its working expenses, 346.

Poland, unpronounceable post towns in, _note_, 144.

Policemen at Crewe, 204.

Pondicherry, railways for, 257;
population and area of, _note_, _ib._

Pony express, the Transatlantic, described, 18.

Population of chief cities of France, _note_, 31;
of London, 34;
of India, 53;
of United Kingdom in 1837 and subsequent years, 57.

Port Canning Company, the, 274.

Porta Cæsaris Augusti, Susa, 6.

Portugal, mountains of, _note_, 9.

Post haste defined, _note_, 158.

Post horse duty, the, not diminished by the opening of railways, 59.

Post Office, the, has produced many literary men, _note_, 103.

Post Office, the, its railway mileage, 38;
railways used by the department from the earliest period, 73;
its jealousy of railways; _ib._;
the Bill of 1838, _ib._;
largely modified in its passage through the House of Commons, 74;
introduction of the penny postage system, sudden increase of
letters, 75;
hostility of the department to railways, 76;
its outcry against arbitration, _ib._;
extracts from Postmaster-General’s Second Report, 77;
its fallacies, 79;
misrepresentations, 80;
Mr. Edward Page’s Report, 83;
its omissions, 86 to 92;
number of horses necessary if the Post Office reverted to mail coach
conveyance, 94, 95;
mails could not be carried across the Isthmus of Suez but for the
railway, 96;
Post Office service must have broken down but for railways, 97;
savings banks, 99;
the Insurance and Annuities Act, 101;
Bill for “Further Provision for the Conveyance of Mails by Railway,”
103;
withdrawn before second reading, 104;
apparently better feeling of the Post Office to railways, _ib._;
it is a complete mistake, 115;
present arrangements with railways, 105;
amounts paid to railways for conveyance of mails, 106;
objection to its taking to parcels traffic, 121;
impossible to define payments to railways by Act of Parliament, 122;
can only be settled by arbitration, 123;
the official supporters of Sir Rowland Hill’s recommendations, 132;
railways proportionably less costly to the department than mail
coaches, 137;
immense facilities it derives from railways, 138;
unreasonableness of its demands, 139;
day mails in charge of railway guards, 140;
hollowness of Post Office pretences, 144;
discreditable proceeding in 1855, 145;
impossible to satisfy postal officials, 146;
remedies suggested, _ib._;
statistical blunders of the department, 230;
its costly blunder, _note_, 241;
its tardy mode of doing business, _note_, 243;
constantly increasing its demands upon railways, 462;
advantages to, from railways, 459;
unjustifiable tone of, to railways, 478.
_See_ also Page, Stephenson.

Post offices, number of, in the United Kingdom, 89, 450.

Postage stamps, number transmitted through the mails, 88;
weight of, _note_, 89;
general information respecting, _note_, 142;
suppressed, note, 143;
only available for newspapers sent abroad, 473.

Postal communication with India, 247;
its future accelerations, 266, 272.

Postal Guide, the, Post Office notice respecting, 79;
first issued in 1855, 91;
not implicitly to be relied upon, _note_, _ib._

Postmaster-General’s reports. _See_ Reports.

Postmasters, great increase of documents sent by them by railway, 88.

Poultry, the (City of London), should be immediately widened, 327.

Preference share capital of railways, 149.

Provident Fund, the, of the East Indian Railway, 293;
its insufficiency, 294.

Prussia, fastest trains in, 113;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142, 143;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.

_Punch, Mr._, his admonition to government officials, _note_, 242.

Punjaub Railway, the, 272.

Puy de Dome, Pascal’s observations upon, _note_, 10.

Queensland, railways in, 308;
the difficulties and expenses of their construction, 309.

“Quicksilver” mail in the olden days, 110.

Rails, iron and steel, manufactured at Crewe, 201.

Railway guards in charge of mails, 140.

Railway run, the longest without stopping for water, 111.

Railway subways and tunnels between France and England, 396.

Railway system, the, its immense power and magnitude, 152.

Railway, the centre rail on the Mont Cenis, the experimental line,
339.

Railway, the first passenger, in England, 2.

Railway, the Isthmus of Suez, 95.

Railway, the Long, 271, 300.

Railways and the Post Office. _See_ Post Office.

Railways, Australian, their moderate amount at present, 306;
in New South Wales, 307;
Victoria and Queensland, 308;
difficult works in the latter, 309;
South Australia, 310;
New Zealand, _ib._

Railways, Canadian, necessity for their construction, 301;
the first railways, 302;
the present system, 304;
their length and cost, 305;
their eventual extent, 306.

Railways, Colonial, Demerara, Jamaica, Trinidad, 311;
Honduras, Cape of Good Hope, 312;
Natal, Mauritius, Ceylon, 314.

Railways, continental, date of their construction, 12;
French railways, 24;
their length, 27;
modern cheap lines, 31;
fastest trains on, 112; from Calais to
Constantinople, 270.

Railways, English, miles constructed from 1843 to 1867, 360;
published traffic receipts incorrect, _note_, _ib._;
capital expended upon them, 28, 40;
revenue from passengers and goods, train mileage, working expenses,
40;
Irish, 43;
Scotch, _ib._;
rolling stock upon British, 45;
continual development of the system, 47;
advantages of, to the community, 56;
number of passengers carried on them, 57;
their importance in the conveyance of food, 70;
hostility of the Post Office to, 73, 146;
present arrangements with the department, 105;
amounts paid to them, 106, 138;
speed on, 109;
gauge of, _note_, 110;
Royal Commission upon, 115;
character of the report of the Royal Commissioners thereon, 116;
recommendations and opinions as regards railways and the Post
Office, 119;
impossible to pass a general act as proposed, 122;
railways less costly proportionately than mail coaches, 137;
immense facilities they afford the Post Office, 139;
their duties towards the department and the public, 144, 145;
capital of, receipts, working expenses, and profits, 147;
dividends, _ib._;
as compared with the national debt, 151;
powers of, for conveyance of every article of commerce, 152;
for personal locomotion 157;
value to the humbler classes, 158;
railways and free trade the twin sisters of progress, 165;
working and traffic of, 166;
accidents upon, 176;
locomotive and carriage repairing shops of, 209;
number of men employed upon, 211;
prices paid to, by Post Office, 446;
their benefits to the Post Office, as estimated by Mr. Page, 452;
monopoly, alleged, as regards the Post Office refuted, 475.

Railways in India:
the East Indian, 245;
Great Indian Peninsular, 252;
Madras, 255;
Bombay, Baroda, and Central India, 258;
Scinde, 261;
Indus Valley (proposed), 262;
Euphrates Valley (proposed), 263;
Punjaub, 272;
Delhi, 273;
Eastern Bengal, Calcutta, and South-Eastern, _ib._;
Great Southern, 274;
future railways, the guarantee, 275;
working expenses, 280;
difference of working expenses upon, 289;
reasons for their being high, 281;
iron-sleepers, 282;
fuel, 284;
accidents, 290;
provident fund of the East India Railway Company, 293;
objections to, 294;
rolling stock, 295;
commercial advantages of their construction to England, 296;
National importance of Indian railways, 297;
their mileage as compared with other countries, 297.

Railways of Italy described, 427.

Railways, rapidity of their construction in America, 20.

Railways throughout the world, _note_, 211.

Rainfall in India, 255, _note_, 281;
in England, _ib._

Ramsbottom, John, the head of the Crewe establishment, 200.

Raneegunge coal-field, the, 286.

Receipts of British railways, 40;
their constant increase, 47;
percentage of, to working expenses, 55, 147.

Receptacles for letters in England, 97;
in France, _note_, _ib._

Remington, George, Esq., C.E., his proposed tunnel between France and
England, 398.

Reports of the Postmaster-General, their first issue, _note_, 76;
two not dated, _ib._;
extract from second Report, 77;
its fallacies, 79;
misrepresentations, 80;
errors in the 12th, _note_, 81;
in the 3rd, 82;
unceasing changes in the modes of compiling them, 83;
difficulty of understanding the statistics contained in them, 89;
facetia, _note_, 105;
extraordinary contradictions between the 9th and 12th, _note_, 121;
constant references to postal accelerations, 130;
Mr. Frederick Hill believed to be the writer of them, 131;
they abound in misstatements, 467.

Reuss-Greiz, the second smallest state in the world, _note_, 34.

_Revue des Deux Mondes_, 22, _note_, 97.

Rice, Mr. Spring, his speech upon railways, 1838, 74.

“Rocket” engine, the, 5.

Rocky Mountains crossed by the Union Pacific Railroad, 20.

Rolling stock on British railways, 45.

“Roman Railways” Company, the, 436.

Rome, distance from London _viâ_ Brenner Pass, _note_, 15;
time of journey to, in 1834, 157;
in 1867, 158, 437;
ancient, saved by the hissing of a goose, 213;
present population of, _note_, 436.

Rouen, population of, _note_, 31.

Royal Commissioners of railways, their names, 115;
character of their report, its main recommendations, 116.

Rugby school, 217.

Rugby station, 235;
arrival of trains at, 234.

Rural postmen in France, _note_, 97.

Russia, unpronounceable post-towns in, _note_, 144;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.

Salmon, conveyance of, by railway, 156.

Salt Lake, 19.

Samos, ancient tunnel in, 364.

Samples and patterns incorrectly stated by Post Office, _note_, 81;
first carried in 1863, 98.

San Francisco, 18, 20;
to Canton, 22;
to Jeddo, _ib._

Sapperton Tunnel, the, its ventilation, 413.

Sardinia, mountains of, _note_, 8.

Savings Banks, Post Office, documents transmitted through the Post in
consequence of them, 99;
their establishment “with the security of the Government,” 100;
is this undoubted? _note_, _ib._;
the business done by them, _note_, 101.

Saxony, mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.

Schindermanderscheid, a Luxemburg postal town, _note_, 144, 194.

Scinde Railway, the, 260;
its traffic, 261;
working expenses, 290.

Scotland, mountains of, _note_, 9;
railways in, 43;
production of coals in, _note_, 49;
amounts paid by Post Office to railways in, 108;
locomotive manufacturers in, 192;
north of, distances to Dover and Penzance, 240;
canals of, 368;
railway tunnels in, 371, 373.

Scudamore, Frank Ives, secretary of the Post Office, a distinguished
author, _note_, 104;
not examined before Royal Commissioners on Railways, 133.

Sea-sickness, 15.

Seguier, Baron, his claim as inventor of the Centre Rail System, 337.

Semiramis, founder of Babylon, 358;
her resuscitation required, 435.

Service, Ambulant (postal), of France, the, _note_, 78.

Sevigny’s, Madame de, journey to Marseilles 1672, 1.

Shareholders, numbers of, in Indian railways, 276.

Sheffield, rainfall in, _note_, 281.

Ships, of the United Kingdom, statistics of, _note_, 182.

Shipwreck, losses of life from, 182, _note_, 183.

Shoddy-shoebility of Northampton, 233.

Shrewsbury Grammar School, _note_, 217.

Shropshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Sicily, mountains of, _note_, 8.

Sierra Nevada Mountain, 19.

Simplon, the, 8;
height of, _note_, 319.

Skye and Dingwall Railway, _note_, 239.

Sleeping railway car, _note_, 303.

Sleepers, railway, iron in India, 282.

Sletvio Pass, the, 11.

Slow trains, difficulty of keeping time with them, 113.

Sœmmering Pass and Railway described, 12;
gradients upon, 344.

Somersetshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

South Australia, railways in, 310.

South Austrian and Alta-Italian Railway, length, 23;
described, _ib._;
cost of construction, 27;
traffic receipts, 29;
rolling stock, 37;
engine mileage, _ib._

South-Eastern Railway, the, 15;
its locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.

South Wales, production of coal in, note, 49.

Southampton, its progress since 1840, _note_, 259;
distance to Alexandria, 429.

Spain, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142;
mileage of railways in, 297;
railway tunnels, 381;
its water canal, Isabel II, 384;
roadway communications, _ib._

Speed on railways, 109;
if accelerated, position that Mr. Frederick Hill should take, 132.

Spezzia, the Italian Portsmouth, 433;
unfinished railway to, 438.

Spiers and Pond, Messrs., of _buffet_ celebrity, 228.

Splugen Pass, the, 10;
height of, _note_, 319.

St. Etienne, population of, _note_, 31.

St. Germain and Paris, first railway in France, 25.

St. Gothard Alpine Pass, the, 9;
height of, _note_, 319;
proposed tunnel through, 409.

St. John’s Wood Railway, the, described, 390.

St. Michel, distance from London and Paris, 318.

St. Paul’s Cathedral, height of, 219, 321.

Staff, the, of Indian railways, its composition—insufficiency of the
provident fund for, 292.

Staffordshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49; canal navigation.

Stage coaches, their speed, 56, 109;
passengers carried by them in 1837, 57.

Stamps, newspaper, _note_, 80;
letter, first use of, _note_, 141;
the author of those now in use, 141;
premium for the first design of, _note_, 142.

Steam Vessels, British, number of, 50;
passengers carried by them in 1837, 57;
statistics of, _note_, 162.

Steel rails, manufactory of, at Crewe, 201;
value and importance of, _note_, 202;
use of in India, 284.

Stephenson, the late Robert, M.P., extract from his inaugural address
to the Institution of Civil Engineers, 83;
upon railway tunnels, 370;
answer to the report of Mr. Page, Inspector General of mails, 454;
tendency of his report, 455;
errors respecting the Dover day mail train, 456;
travelling post offices, 457;
payments to railways not higher than to mail coaches, _ib._;
services to the Post Office and the public compared, 460, 464;
cost of running trains, 461;
mail bags by ordinary trains, 463;
argument that the penny postal system would be cheaper by horse than
by railway power, refuted, 465;
unjustifiable competition of the Post Office, 470;
Post Office threats against the railways, 475;
alleged monopoly, 476;
treatment of the railways by Government, 477;
unjustifiable tone towards railways, 478.

“Stokers and Pokers,” by Sir Francis Head, Bart., quotations from,
196, 197, 198, 224.

Storrow, Mr. Charles, his interesting information upon tunnel
ventilation, 411;
his report upon the tunnel of the Alps, 426.

Strasbourg, population of, _note_, 31.

Stratford locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.

Strickland, Miss Agnes, on crinoline, _note_, 210.

Strike upon the Eastern Counties Railway in 1849, _note_, 161.

Strikes, their injurious effects upon workmen, _note_, 159, _note_,
161.

Sturgey, the immaculate, _note_, 243.

Styria, mountains of, _note_, 8.

Subways and tunnels between France and England, 396.

Suez Canal, _note_, 95, _note_, 265.

Suez, Isthmus of, Railway, 95;
Eastern mails, how conveyed upon, _note_, 269;
iron sleepers upon, 282.

Sugar, imports of, 72.

Suicide upon Railways, 177.

Sultan, the, his views on railways, 270.

Susa, Porta Cæsaris Augusti, at, 6;
the centre rail at, 352.

Sutherland Railway, the, 239.

Sweden, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, 142.

Swindon, locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.

Switzerland, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142;
locomotive building establishment in, 194;
railway tunnels in, 380;
Hauenstein Tunnel described, 415.

Tarento, the Italian Plymouth, 433.

Tea, imports and consumption of, 71;
passage of, between London and Liverpool, 155.

Telegraph between London and California, 19.

Telegraphs in India, great expenses and difficulties connected with
them, _note_, 281.

Tenders of engines, their water holding capacities, 219.

Teneriffe, Peak of, its height, _note_, 10.

Thames subway, Mr. Barlow’s, 395.

Thames Tunnel, the, 376.

Third class carriages used by people for whom they were never
intended, _note_, 61.

Third class passengers, their enormous increase on British railways,
47;
cause, 61.

Thouvenot, M., his colossal engine, 190.

Thull Ghaut, the, 254.

Thurn and Taxis, postal privileges of the house of, _note_, 143.

Thurso, sleepy, 240;
the most northern town in Scotland, its postal facilities, _note_,
241.

Timber, advantages of railways in the conveyance of, 155;
inapplicable for sleepers in India, 282.

Timbromaniacs, _note_, 142.

Time, difference of, between London and Dublin, _note_, 111;
between London, Paris and Rome, _note_, 158.

Tinsley, Brothers, Messrs., publishers of “Some Habits and Customs of
the Working Classes,” 205.

Toulouse, population of, _note_, 31.

Traffic, receipts of English railways incorrectly published,
_note_, 3;
of South Austrian and Alta Italia, 29;
of Paris, Lyons and Mediterranean, _ib._;
of Orleans Company, _ib._;
London and North-Western, 39;
of British railways, 40.

Trains behind time, 113, 166;
accidents to, 175;
cost of running them, 461.

Transmission, postal, gives value to letters, 141.

Travelling post offices, their introduction on English railways,
_note_, 77;
superiority of arrangements connected with them all over the
continent, as compared with those in England, _ib._;
staff of, 78;
their advantages, 453, 457.

Trespassers on railways, killed and injured, 177.

Trinidad Railway, the proposed, 311.

Trollope, Anthony, 104.

Trotting horses, American, the pace of, 188.

Trough for watering engines, 111, 232.

Tunnel of the Alps, the, described, 403;
progress, 404;
ventilation, 405;
gradients, 406;
their effects in working the railway, 417;
time to be occupied in going through, 418.

Tunnels, their antiquity, 358;
under the Euphrates, 359;
at Jerusalem, 360;
the earliest in Europe, 364;
the first under the Alps, 366;
canal tunnels, 368;
Highgate, 369;
length of, in Great Britain, 370;
the chief enumerated, 371;
cost, 375;
the Thames Tunnel, 376;
tunnels in France, 377;
Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, 380;
Spain, 381;
United States, 385;
New Zealand, 386;
Metropolitan Railway, 387;
Metropolitan district, 388;
St. John’s Wood, 390;
Britannia Tubular Bridge, 391;
Victoria ditto, _ib._;
tunnels suggested under the Mersey, 393;
the Liffy, the Thames, 394;
at Attock, 395;
tunnels in mines, 396;
between France and England, 397;
under the Atlantic, 400;
ventilation of, 411.

Turkey, railways for, 270.

Turpin’s ride to York, _note_, 215.

Tyler, Captain, R.E., his experiments on the Mont Cenis, 339;
practical deductions therefrom, 342;
his comparisons of working expenses, 346;
of costs of construction, 347;
extract from his Report to the Board of Trade, _ib._;
his views on costs of the tunnel of the Alps, 408;
his opinion as to the Brindisi route, 430;
does not visit Otranto, 432.

Ulcers, Post Office, remedies suggested to cure them, 146.

Undertakers at Crewe, 204.

Union Pacific Railroad, the, described, 17;
by whom constructed, 21;
cost, _ib._

United States Mails in 1839 and 1855, 91;
railway mileage of, _note_, 211;
proportion to population, 305;
railway tunnels, 385.

Utah, contribution of, to the Union Pacific Railroad, 21.

Vandal, Monsieur, Directeur-General des Postes Françaises, _note_, 98;
on railway distances in France and England, 240;
his views upon contract packet services, 268.

Varne, Islet de, its proposed sub-aqueous railway station, 398.

“Vede Napoli e Mori,” 438.

Ventilation of tunnels, 411;
means to ensure its efficiency in the Metropolitan Railway, 423.

Vesuvius, height of, _note_, 9.

Victoria Bridge, Montreal, the, described, 391.

Victoria, railways in, 308;
amount of traffic, 310.

Vignoles, Mr. Charles B., first patentee of the centre rail, 336.

Volcano, extinct, railway tunnel through, 386.

Volcanoes in the world, 10.

Von Reaumont, Alfred, History of Rome, 436.

Wales, North and South, production of coal in, _note_, 49;
unpronounceable post towns in, _note_, 144.

Wallis, the late Robert, Esq., M.P., his committee on postal reform,
137.

Warren, Lieut., R.E., his explorations at Jerusalem, 360.

Warwickshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Watches and engines compared, 244.

Water supply to Crewe in 1849, 197, in 1867, 205.

Water supply to Madrid described, 384.

Water tower, the, of the Crystal Palace, railway tunnel under, _note_,
375.

Weedon, its deadly liveliness, 234.

Wellington, the Duke of, sends to Rome in 1834;
time occupied in the journey, 157.

West India mails, the, in 1839 and 1855, 91.

Westbourne, its frequent use in London street nomenclature, _note_,
36.

Westminster school, _note_, 217.

Widows from Wolverton, 229;
married, “no cards,” 230.

Winchester school, _note_, 216.

Worcestershire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

Word-coining approved of by the Archbishop of Dublin, _note_ 167.

Wolverton carriage establishment, 199;
station and repairing shops, 221;
statistics of, _ib._;
churches and schools, 222;
the refreshment rooms, 224.

Working expenses of British railways, 40, 147;
per centage of, to receipts, 55;
rate per cent. for twelve leading companies, 56.

Working expenses of Indian railways, causes why they must be high,
periodical inundations, 280;
iron sleepers, 282;
fuel, 284;
differ very much on different lines, 289;
on the Alpine and Apennine railways, 346.

Workman’s trains, 62.

Wynter, Dr., the London Commisseriat, 70.

Yard, its proportion to the French metre, 331.

Yates, Edmund, _note_, 104.

Yonge, the Rev. T. E., _note_, 169.

York, the locomotive and carriage establishment of the North-Eastern
Company at, 209.

Yorkshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The traffic receipts published each week by the newspapers neither represent correctly the actual mileage of railways opened nor the receipts upon them. Thus, although about 300 miles have been opened since the 31st of December, 1866, making the actual length of the railways in the United Kingdom nearly 14,200, the mileage upon which traffic was published for the week ending the 14th of September last was only 12,958. Many of the small railway companies, and those which are chiefly mineral lines, do not publish weekly traffic returns; and it is to be feared that, in the case of some of the larger railway companies, increased mileage is not included for several weeks—in some cases, for several months—after branches are opened, although the increased earnings are included in the published receipts.

[2] In the paper read by the late Admiral Laws to the Institution of Civil Engineers, on the 11th of March, 1851, upon the mode of working an incline of 1 in 27½ on the Oldham branch of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, and in the report of the discussion which followed the reading of the paper, will be found several interesting details relating to the working of inclined planes on railways at that time.

[3] France now possesses these three mountains, the highest in Europe; Switzerland possesses the two next highest, Finsterarhorn, 14,026 feet, and the Jungfrau, 13,716 feet, both in the Bernese Oberland. The highest mountain in the Austrian Dominions is the Orrtler Spitz in the Tyrol, 12,822 feet, the fourteenth highest in Europe. She also has the fifteenth, Gross Glockner, 12,431 feet. Spain possesses the sixteenth and seventeenth, Mulhaeen, 11,664 feet, and Pico de Veleta, 11,398 feet. Mount Etna in Sicily is 10,872 feet, the twenty-fourth in height in Europe, and the highest belonging to the Kingdom of Italy. Olympus in Thessaly is 9,749 feet. Monte Santo in Greece, 9,628 feet, is the forty-second highest in the European order. The forty-ninth and fiftieth are in Corsica, Monte Rotondo, 8,767; Monte d’Oro, 8,701; Parnassus in Greece is 8,068 feet, and Mount Athos, 6,776. The highest in the island of Sardinia is Monte Genergentu, the seventy-ninth, 6,293. The Rigi in Switzerland is 6,050. The highest in Styria is Wechselsberg, 5,352. The highest in Bohemia is Schneekoppe, 5,328. The highest in Sweden is Mount Adelat, 5,145. The highest peak of the Apennines, Monte Corno, the thirty-sixth highest mountain in Europe, is 10,144 feet. The next highest, Monte Amaro di Majella, the fifty-first, is 9,113; Monte Velino, the sixty-second, 7,851; Termenillo Grande, the sixty-eighth, 7,212. Monte Cimone the seventy-first, 6,975. The height of Vesuvius is 6,950 feet less than that of his brother volcano, Mount Etna, being only 3,922 feet, and the 125th in European order. The highest mountain in Portugal is the Sierra de Foga, 3,609 feet. The Gross Arberg is the highest in Bavaria, 4,832 feet. Coming to the United Kingdom, we find that Ben Nevis in Scotland, 4,406 feet, is the highest, it is the 111th in European order. They come afterwards as follows—Ben Macdin, 113th, 4,296. Cairn Tuol (Aberdeen), 115th, 4,225. Cairn Gorm, 121st, 4,090. Ben Lawers, 124th, 3,984. Ben Avon (Aberdeen), 129th, 3,821. Snowdon in North Wales, 134th, 3,590. Schehallion, Scotland, 135th, 3,547. Cairn Lewellen, North Wales, 136th, 3,471. Curran or Cairn Tual, near the Lakes of Killarney, 140th in European order, is 3,045 feet. Ben Lomond, Scotland, 144th, 3,912. Helvellyn, in Cumberland, 147th, is the highest in England, 3,115 feet. Skiddaw in the same county is fifty-seven feet lower, being 3,058, and Cross Fell, also in Cumberland, is 2,928. The Cheviot is 2,669, and Coniston Fell, in the Lakes District, is 2,649 feet. The Nephin Mountain in the County of Mayo is 2,638 feet. The Morne Mountains, in the County of Down, are 2,493 feet, Shunner Fell in Yorkshire is 2,348. The summit of Gibraltar is 1,493 feet, and whether Arthur’s Seat Edinburgh be or be not a mountain, it is 822 feet above sea level.

But many mountains in other parts of the world are of much greater altitude than those in Europe. The highest in Asia and in the world is Deodunga, or Chingo-pamari, in Nepaul, 29,002 feet, or exactly 5½ miles above sea level; and there are no less than twenty-eight other mountains in Asia, the height of which exceeds 20,000 feet, besides seven that exceed 15,000, twelve that exceed 10,000, sixteen that exceed 7,500, twenty-two that exceed 5,000, and six that are below 5,000, the lowest enumerated being Taganai, in the Ural Mountains, 3,532 feet above the level of the sea. The total number of the above is 92.

The highest mountain belonging to Africa and the Atlantic Islands is Kilimanjaro, in equitorial Africa, 20,000 feet high. There are four others more than 15,000 feet high, seven more than 10,000 feet, (among which is the Peak of Teneriffe, 12,205 feet), eight above 7,500, thirteen above 5,000 and eighteen below 5,000; total, 51.

The highest mountain of the American Continent is the Aconcagua, in Chile, 23,910 feet. There are fourteen higher than 20,000 feet, forty-two higher than 15,000, nineteen higher than 10,000, twelve higher than 7,500, twenty-one higher than 5,000, twelve less than 5,000; total, 121.

The highest mountain in Polynesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands is a volcano, in Sumatra, called Singalang, 15,000 feet high. Volcanoes particularly abound in the groups of these highlands. Thus, while there are only four volcanoes among 169 European mountains, thirteen among ninety-two Asiatic, eleven among fifty-one in Africa and the Atlantic islands, thirty-three among 121 American mountains, there are sixty-three in a total of 109 mountains in Polynesia, Australia, and the Pacific islands. There are twenty-three of them above 10,000 feet, sixteen above 7,500, twenty-nine above 5,000, and forty-one under 5,000.

Thus it appears that there are 524 mountains in the world, of altitudes varying from 1,400 to 29,000 feet, of which 124 are volcanoes. The greater portion of the foregoing information is derived from the very interesting article headed “Physical Geography,” in the seventeenth volume of the eighth (and latest) edition of the _Enclyclopædia Britannica_, to which the reader is referred for further details. Writing of mountains reminds us that it was on the Puy de Dome, the summit of which is 4,806 above the level of the sea, that Pascal, for whom M. de Charles has invented the letters by which he has attempted to rob Newton of the honour of having discovered the laws of gravity, first observed the decrease of barometric pressure as mountains are ascended. Honour and reputation enough attach to the name of Pascal, without attempting to add to them by fraud and forgery.

[4] The _Times_ does not take this view, for we find as follows, in one of its leading articles of the 27th of August, 1867:—“By one of the clauses in the recent commercial treaty between Austria and Italy, it is provided that both countries shall co-operate in the restoration and maintenance of international communication on the frontier. One of the results of this agreement is, that the magnificent military road of the Stelvio, a road which constituted one of the wonders of the Alps, but which Austria, ever since her loss of Lombardy in 1859, had suffered to go to ruin, will be completed and re-established. Italians and Austrians are now hard at work, each on their own side, vying with each other in their endeavours to efface the traces of ten years’ neglect, and restoring gradients and galleries, bridges and embankments, to their former condition. It is pleasant to hear of competition in such peaceful pursuits among people who, only twelve months ago, were confronting each other amid those very mountain scenes, bent on mutual destruction.”

[5] Here is the first advertisement announcing the intended passage of trains over the Brenner Railway:—

COMPAGNIE DES CHEMINS DE FER DU SUD DE L’AUTRICHE ET DE L’ITALIE CENTRALE.—_Ouverture de la ligne du Tyrol._ (Passage du Brenner).—La Compagnie a l’honneur de prévenir le public que la ligne du Tyrol, section d’Innsbruck à Botzen (passage du Brenner), sera ouverte au transport des marchandises entre l’Allemagne et l’Italie le 17 de ce mois, et au service des voyageurs, le 24 du même mois. Les expéditions de marchandises devront être adressées à Kustein (Tyrol), station frontière du Nord, ou à Ala, station frontière du Sud. Le livret des tarifs et celui de la marche des trains seront, dès aujourd’hui, à la disposition du public. A l’agence commerciale de la Société, à Kustein. A toutes les stations de la ligne du Tyrol. A la direction commerciale de la Société, à Vienne. Les stations d’Italie forment l’objet d’un tarif spécial, qui sera à la disposition du public, dès les premiers jours du mois de Septembre. Jusque là, l’agence commerciale à Kustein donnera tous les renseignements d’expéditions et de prix qui lui seront demandés—Vienne, 10 Août, 1867.

Later advertisements announce that the express passenger trains between Munich and Verona are to complete the journey in eighteen hours. The distance is 295 miles. Verona is 95 miles from Bologna; 565 miles from Brindisi; 178 from Florence; 411 from Rome; 574 from Naples. The following are the distances between London and Munich:—London to Paris, 296 miles; Paris to Kehl (_viâ_ Strasbourg), 325; Kehl to Bruschal junction, 59; Bruschal to Ulm, 107; Ulm to Munich, 94—total, 881. Total—London to Brindisi, 1,741 miles; to Florence, 1,354; to Rome, 1,587; to Naples, 1,750.

[6] In trade and commerce? Yes—but not yet in population, as will be seen by the following statement, very recently published, of the inhabitants of the ten principal cities in France: Paris, 1,825,274; Lyons, 323,954; Marseilles, 300,131; Bordeaux, 194,241; Lille, 154,779; Toulouse, 126,936; Nantes, 111,956; Rouen, 100,671; St. Etienne, 96,620; Strasbourg, 84,167.

[7] According to the _Almanac de Gotha_ for 1867, the smallest independent state in the world is that of Leichenstein, not quite three German square miles. Population in 1861, 7,994. Its contingent to the German Federal Army was seventy-two men. These were supplied by Austria. The community however was not taxed for them, as the Sovereign Prince paid for their equipment and maintenance out of his own private fortune. Leichenstein has not been swallowed up by Prussia. Next to Leichenstein comes Reuss-Greiz, seven German square miles; population under 24,000. Prince Henry XXII. came to his sovereign hereditary honours there last year.

[8] The population of Ireland was at its highest in 1845. It was then estimated to be 8,295,061. It is estimated to be, in June, 1867, 5,556,262: showing a decrease of 2,738,099 in twenty-two years.

[9] One thing is certain,—it is that the ladies who live within city precincts do as ladies do in all other parts of the world; for we learn that at the meeting of the City Commissioners of Sewers, held at Guildhall, on Tuesday, the 24th of September last, presided over by our friend, Mr. Deputy de Jersey, Dr. Letheby, the Medical Officer of Health, presented his report, in which he stated that there had been 103 births in the city during the previous fortnight, or just at the rate of 2,610 for the twelve months. The Doctor deserves his title, for only 76 deaths (being 9 less than the average for 10 years) were registered in the same period. Reference to death statistics for the whole kingdom shows that the mortality among children under 5 years old is slightly above the average, 31, as against a little under 30, which would be the average on 76 for the whole kingdom. The 14 over 60 years of age who died, are below the average for the whole kingdom; it is about, 18 for each 76 of the population, at the period of death.

[10] The street nomenclature of London is very extraordinary. Those unacquainted with it would hardly believe that there are as many as 50 King Streets, nearly as many Queen Streets, above 60 George Streets, 60 William Streets, and about 45 “New” Streets. This last name often, as may be supposed, greatly misleads strangers, who imagine that such streets are only of recent construction. Until the modern conversion of the “New Road” into City Road, Euston Road, and Marylebone Road, there were along its entire length places and terraces with every conceivable name, and as many as between fifty and sixty different enumerations of numbers. Nor must it be considered that recently-constructed London is exempt from blemishes of this nature. The word “Westbourne” appears no less than nineteen times in the _Postal Guide_—there are Westbourne Crescent, Westbourne Grove (the Regent Street of Westburnia), and then not only Westbourne Park, but Westbourne Park Cottages, Westbourne Park Crescent, Westbourne Park Place, Westbourne Park Road, Westbourne Park Road West, Westbourne Park Terrace, Westbourne Park Villas, Westbourne Place (Bishop’s Road), Westbourne Square, Westbourne Street (Paddington), Westbourne Terrace (Bayswater), Westbourne Terrace (Bishop’s Road), and Upper Westbourne Terrace—so far for the northern side of Hyde Park; but on the southern there are—Westbourne Street, Pimlico (to distinguish it from Westbourne Street, Paddington), and Westbourne Place, Eaton Square. Finally, the list winds up with Westbourne Road, _Holloway_.

Not so numerous in its locations, but equally puzzling and unsatisfactory, is “Kensington.” Besides that name, there are—Kensington Crescent, Kensington Road, Kensington Gate, Kensington Gore, High Street, Kensington; Kensington Hall, North End, Fulham, and Kensington Square on the south side of Hyde Park. Kensington Palace and Kensington Palace Gardens are situate between Kensington and Bayswater, Kensington Gardens Square is in Paddington, Kensington Gardens Terrace is in Bayswater Road, Kensington Park Gardens and Kensington Park Terrace are at Notting Hill.

It is needless to dwell upon the inconvenience and trouble to which such nomenclature gives rise. Sir John Thwaites, Tite, M.P., Ayrton, M.P., and other your colleagues of the Metropolitan Board of Works, to the rescue!

[11] Judging by the appearance of the traffic receipts published for the first thirty-eight weeks of 1867, it is probable that their total amount for the year will not fall short of £41,000,000.

[12] Here is one of a great many instances that might be quoted, from the Irish correspondence of the _Times_ of no later date than the 1st of October, 1867.—“The necessity for having some efficient government control of railways, apart from the question of purchase, is illustrated by the unsatisfactory relations now subsisting between the Great Southern and Western Railway and the Kilkenny Junction line, which joins the former at Maryborough. The Great Southern are naturally unwilling to facilitate an opposition line, and pursue a policy of obstructiveness, which the directors conceive to be legitimate and expedient for the protection of their own interests, but which the public cannot quite understand, and find extremely inconvenient. Passengers are exposed to the risk of missing the train to Dublin on reaching Maryborough, and at Kilkenny the Great Southern Company will neither allow their waggons to come on the rival line with goods nor to enter the store of the Kilkenny Company. The consequence is that goods and cattle have to be taken out of the waggons at one part of the same track and placed in other vehicles at another part to resume their journey. It is hardly, perhaps, to be expected that companies should be disposed to assist competitors, but the interests of the public require that the intention of Parliament to afford increased accommodation shall not be frustrated.”

[13] During 1866 the coal produce of the various districts of the kingdom was as follows:—Durham and Northumberland, 25,194,550 tons; Cumberland, 1,490,481 tons; Yorkshire, 9,714,700 tons; Derbyshire, 4,750,520 tons; Nottinghamshire, 1,600,560 tons; Leicestershire, 866,560 tons; Warwickshire, 775,000 tons; Staffordshire and Worcestershire, 12,298,580 tons; Lancashire, 12,320,500 tons; Cheshire, 895,500 tons; Shropshire, 1,220,700 tons; Gloucestershire and Somersetshire, 1,850,700 tons; Monmouthshire, 4,445,000 tons; South Wales, 9,376,443 tons; North Wales, 2,082,000 tons; Scotland, 12,625,000 tons; and Ireland, 123,750 tons; making the total 101,630,544 tons above stated. It will be gathered from that statement that Durham and Northumberland have furnished one-fourth of the total yield of the kingdom. It is said that the coal-fields of these counties are gradually lessening; no doubt they are, although it will be probably three centuries before coal production there will cease to be profitable. But on the other hand, it is but a few years since the coal trade of South Wales assumed important proportions; still later, those of the Forest of Dean and of South Yorkshire. The coal-fields of Derbyshire are of vast extent, and extraction from them bears no proportion to what it can be in three or four years, owing to the opening of new and extensive collieries, especially in the Southern part of the county. Leicestershire also abounds in very good coal, the yield of which can, and no doubt will, be rapidly stimulated by means of the Midland Railway. We are surprised to see it figured for so small an amount in the above statement.

The estimated value of the 101,630,544 tons of coals raised in 1866 was £25,407,635, at the places of their production. There were 3,188 collieries at work, being an increase of 373 since 1855.

[14] Of these, France took 1,586,327 tons in 1865, and 1,841,335 tons in 1866. In 1865, Austria took 97,226 tons; Belgium, 21,810; Prussia, 577,183; Russia, 477,033; Spain, 409,497; the “Zolverein,” 586,507. The Coals imported from England into Belgium are used exclusively in the manufactories of Ghent and its neighbourhood.

[15] In 1866 many magnificent vessels were added to our mercantile steam fleet. In fact all the great steam navigation companies have increased their tonnage, so that no doubt at the present time the total steam tonnage of the Empire cannot be less than 900,000 tons. It is to be remembered that in computing registered tonnage in steam vessels, the space occupied by the engines, boilers, and coal bunkers are not included. This tells in a very marked manner in the smaller vessels, especially in tugs, in which the object is to have as much motive-power as possible, and in which all other space is comparatively useless.

[16] It requires a consumption of from 8 to 9 cwt. of fuel before an engine is in steam and ready for service.

[17] It was at one of these rolling mills that was produced, within the last few weeks, an astounding armour plate 15 inches thick. Two years ago 6-inch plates were considered not difficult of production; 7-inch might be produced, but anything beyond it was impossible!