Chapter C: H. Purday

To R. A. Macfie, Esq., M.P.

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE ON COPYRIGHT LAW IN CANADA.

LAID BEFORE THE CANADIAN PARLIAMENT BY COMMAND OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.

_Extract from a Report of a Committee of the Honourable the Privy Council of Canada, approved by His Excellency the Governor-General in Council, on the 27th May, 1868._

“On the recommendation of the Honourable the Minister of Customs, the Committee advise an uniform _ad valorem_ duty throughout this Dominion of 12½ per cent., being the rate fixed and collected in the Province of Canada, previous to the Confederation of the Provinces—and to establish such regulations and conditions as may be subsistent with any Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom then in force as may be deemed requisite and equitable with regard to the admission of such books, and to the distribution of the proceeds of such duty to or among the party or parties _beneficially_ interested in the Copyright.”

(_From Memorandum by the Minister of Finance._)

“Not one-tenth part of the reprints which find their way to Canada are entered at the Custom-house, or pay duty.... It is proposed, in order perfectly to secure the English author, that every Canadian publisher who reprints English Copyrights should take out a licence, and that effectual practical checks should be interposed, so that the duty on the number of copies actually issued from the press should be paid into the Canadian Government by Canadian publishers for the benefit of the English authors. It is believed that the English authors would benefit enormously by the proposed change. At present the amount received by Canada for duty on English Copyrights, and paid over by Canada to the Imperial Government for the benefit of English authors, is a mere trifle.”

(_From Mr. Lovell._)

“Montreal, June 11, 1868.

“In 1849, I believe, the Government of Canada, with the sanction of Her Majesty the Queen, gave United States publishers the right to bring reprints of English Copyright works into this country on payment of Customs duty of 15 per cent., which has since been reduced to 12½ per cent., the proceeds of the duties to be forwarded to the English authors as a compensation for the privileges secured to the American publishers.

“The people of the Dominion, and especially the printing and publishing interests, feel that they ought to possess at least equal privileges to those conceded to the foreigner. There are several establishments in the Dominion that would esteem it a great boon to be allowed to reprint English Copyrights on the same terms as are now secured to United States publishers, and would gladly pay the 12½ per cent. to the English authors on the _total number_ of copies printed, sure to be very considerable. At present only a few hundred copies pay duty, but many thousands pass into the country without registration, and pay nothing at all; thus having the effect of seriously injuring the publishers of Great Britain, to the consequent advantage of those of the United States.”

(_Extract from Letter from Sir Louis Mallet to the Under-Secretary of State, C.O._)

“It is obvious that, looking to the geographical position of the United States and the North American Confederation, any arrangement with respect to Copyright which does not apply to both must be always imperfect and unsatisfactory, and it is therefore extremely desirable, if possible, that the Canadian question should be considered in connexion with any negotiations conducted with the United States Government.

“Another serious objection to the sanction by Her Majesty’s Government of such a proposal appears to my Lords to be, that, while the public policy of the mother-country enforces an absolute monopoly in works of literature for a term of years, it is very undesirable to admit in British Colonial possessions an arrangement which, whatever advantages it may possess (and my Lords fully admit that much may be said in its favour), rests upon a wholly different principle.

“It would be difficult, if such a principle were admitted in the British Colonies, to refuse to recognise it in the case of foreign countries, and thus it might come to pass that the British public might be called upon to pay a high price for their books, in order to afford what is held to be the necessary encouragement to British authors, while the subjects of other countries and the Colonial subjects of Her Majesty would enjoy the advantages of cheap British literature provided for them at the expense of the inhabitants of the United Kingdom.”

(_Extract from a Paper by the Minister of Finance on the Copyright-Law in Canada._)

“The consequence of this anomalous state of the Law is that Canada receives large supplies of American reprints of English Copyright books, which are sold at a much higher rate than if printed in Canada; while, at the same time, so generally is the payment of the 12½ per cent. Customs duty evaded, and so trifling is the whole amount realised from that source (the total received last year for the whole Dominion of Canada being only $799.43, or 164_l._ 5s. 3d. sterling, the average of the preceding four years being only 115_l._ 1s. 3d., sterling), that so far as regards the pecuniary or other interests of English authors, for whose protection the duty was imposed and in whose behalf it is collected, the effect is practically the same as if the reprints were avowedly admitted duty free....

“It is believed that if this privilege were extended to Canadian publishers, they would avail themselves of it to a very large extent, and as the Excise duty of 12½ per cent. could, under proper regulations, be very easily levied, a substantial revenue would accrue therefrom for the benefit of English authors; and further, that a great impetus would be given to the interests of printers, publishers, paper manufacturers, type founders, and other important kindred branches of material industry, and indirectly to the interests of literature and literary men....

“An American or any other foreign author, by publishing his work first in the United Kingdom, may obtain for himself all the benefits of the English Copyright-Law. One of those benefits, as the law now stands, is to prohibit its reprint in any portion of Her Majesty’s dominions out of the United Kingdom. He can equally procure its Copyright in the United States, and the consequence is that the price of literature is enhanced to British subjects in all Her Majesty’s Colonial possessions, since to them and to them only can the prohibition to republish apply or be made effectual.

“England does not confine the protection which she thus extends to her own authors. The foreign author is protected against all her Colonial subjects, provided he publishes first within the confines of Great Britain and Ireland. She will not recognise a publication in a Colonial possession as a compliance with the Copyright Act, but limits the place of publication to the United Kingdom.

“Such the undersigned understands to have been the solemn interpretation of the law by the House of Lords in the recent case of ‘Routledge and Lowe’ (‘New Law Report,’ Appeal Cases, vol. ii., pp. 100-121), and he would very strongly call attention to the unfair position in which the policy of that law places the Canadian publisher and the Canadian public.

“The mere circumstance of the publishing in the United Kingdom gives the author a monopoly throughout the entire area of the British dominions—that author, in the opinion of the then Lord Chancellor Cairns, need not be a native-born subject of the Crown; he need not be an alien friend sojourning in the United Kingdom; he need not be sojourning in a British Colony, but he may be a foreigner residing abroad. This protection is afforded, in the language of Lord Cairns, to induce the author to publish his work in the United Kingdom.

“If the policy of England, in relation to Copyright, is to stimulate, by means of the protection secured to literary labour, the composition of works of learning and utility, that policy is not incompatible with such a modification of law as will place the Colonial publisher on a footing of equality not only with the publisher in the United States, but even with the publisher in the United Kingdom....

“If the rate of duty, whether import or excise, were inadequate, it would be an equally reasonable argument against the extension of the law; and in that case the rate could be augmented.”

TENDENCIES OF COPYRIGHT AMENDERS.

That pretensions under Copyright are becoming so formidable as to demand very serious attention on the part of statesmen and of all who desire to maintain the integrity of our national inheritance of a world-wide, heartily-united empire, and imperial freedom from odious, inquisitorial, and impracticable restraints, especially such as might hinder intellectual and moral development, will be evident to any person who takes pains to study and follow out to their necessary consequences the provisions contained in the following transcripts from a Bill lately introduced by an ex-Lord Chancellor, “for Consolidating and Amending the Law of Copyright in Works of Fine Art:”

_Fine Arts Copyright Consolidation and Amendment._ [32 Vict.]

Design.—An original conception represented by the author
thereof in any work of fine art.

Drawing or Painting.—Every original drawing or painting, made
in any manner and material, and by any process.

Photograph shall mean and include every original photograph.

Sculpture.—Every original work, either in the round, in relief,
or intaglio, made in any material, and by any process.

Engraving.—Every original engraving and lithograph made upon a
plate, block, or slab, of any material, by any process, whereby
impressions may be taken from such plate, block, or slab, and
the impressions taken from the same.

Work of Fine Art.—Every drawing, painting, photograph, work of
sculpture, and engraving as herein-before interpreted.

Extending to all parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, and _all
the colonies_ and possessions of the Crown which now are, or
hereafter may be, created or acquired.

3. The author of every original work of fine art, if made, or
first sold, after the commencement of this Act, such author
being a British subject, or resident within any part of the
British dominions at the time such work shall be made or first
sold, and the assigns of such author, shall have the Copyright
of sole and exclusive right of copying, reproducing, and
multiplying such work, and the design thereof, in the British
dominions, by any means, and of any size, for the term of the
natural life of such author, and thirty years after his death,
but subject to the following conditions and restrictions; (that
is to say), &c.

9. If the author of any work of fine art in which there shall
be subsisting Copyright, after having become divested of such
Copyright, or if any other person, not being the proprietor for
the time being of the Copyright in any work of fine art, shall
by any means unlawfully repeat, copy, imitate, or otherwise
multiply for sale, hire, exhibition, or _distribution_, or
cause or procure to be repeated, copied, imitated, or otherwise
multiplied for sale, hire, exhibition, or distribution,
any such work, or the design thereof, _or any part of such
design_, or, knowing that any such repetition, copy, or other
imitation has been unlawfully made, shall _import_ or export
into or out of _any part of the British dominions_, or sell,
publish, let to hire, exhibit, or distribute, or offer for
sale, hire, exhibition, or distribution, or cause or procure
to be so imported, or exported, or sold, published, let to
hire, distributed, or offered for sale, hire, exhibition, or
distribution, any unlawful repetition, copy, or imitation of
any such work, or of the design thereof, such person for every
such offence shall forfeit to the registered proprietor for the
time being of the Copyright thereof a sum not exceeding twenty
pounds, and not less than two pounds, for every first offence,
and not less than five pounds, for every subsequent offence, &c.

11. All repetitions, copies, or imitations of any work of fine
art, or the design thereof, wherein there shall be subsisting
Copyright under this Act, and which, contrary to the provisions
of this Act, shall have been made in any foreign State, are
hereby absolutely prohibited to be imported into any part of
the British dominions, except by or with the consent of the
registered proprietor of the Copyright thereof, or his agent
authorised in writing; and if the registered proprietor for the
time being of any such Copyright or his agent shall declare,
_or if any officer of Her Majesty’s Customs shall suspect_,
that any goods imported are prohibited repetitions, copies,
or imitations of any such work of fine art, or of the design
thereof, then _such goods may be detained_, unpacked, and
examined by the officers of Her Majesty’s Customs.

12. The _Commissioners of Customs_ shall cause to be made, and
_publicly exposed at the several ports_ of the United Kingdom,
_and in Her Majesty’s possessions abroad, printed lists of all
works of fine art wherein Copyright shall be subsisting_, and
as to which the registered _proprietor_ for the time being of
such Copyright, _or his agent_, shall have given notice in
writing to the said Commissioners that such Copyright exists,
stating in such notice when such Copyright expires, and shall
have made and subscribed a declaration before the collector of
the Customs, or any justice of the peace, at some port or place
in the United Kingdom or in Her Majesty’s possessions abroad,
that the contents of such notice are true. The provisions
contained in the Acts now in force, or at any time to be in
force, regarding Her Majesty’s Customs, as to the application
to the courts and judges by any person aggrieved by the entry
of any book in the lists of books to be made and publicly
exposed by the said Commissioners under the said Acts, and
the expunging any such entry, shall apply to the entry of any
work of fine art in the lists thereof to be made by virtue of
this Act, in the same manner as if such provisions were herein
expressly enacted, with all necessary variations in relation to
such last-mentioned lists, &c.

13. _Every person who shall import_ or export, or cause to be
imported or exported, into or out of any part of the British
dominions, or shall _exchange_, publish, sell, let to hire,
_exhibit_, or _distribute_, or offer, or hawk, or carry
about, or keep for sale, hire, exhibition, or distribution,
any unlawful copy, repetition, or imitation of any work of
fine art, in which, or in the design whereof, there shall be
subsisting registered Copyright, shall be bound, on demand in
writing, delivered to him or left for him at his last known
dwelling-house or place of business, by or on behalf of the
registered proprietor for the time being of such Copyright,
to give to the person requiring the same, or his attorney
or agent, within forty-eight hours after such demand, _full
information in writing of the name and address of the person
from whom, and of the times when, he shall have imported,
purchased, or obtained_ such unlawful copy, repetition, or
imitation, also the number of such copies, repetitions, or
imitations which he has obtained, and also to produce to the
person requiring such information all invoices, books, and
other documents relating to the same; and it shall be lawful
for any justice of the peace, on information on oath of such
demand having been made, and of the refusal or neglect to
comply therewith, to summon before him the person guilty of
such refusal or neglect, and on being satisfied that such
demand ought to be complied with, to order such information to
be given and such production to be made within a reasonable
time to be fixed by him.

14. Upon proof by the oath of _one credible person_ before _any
justice of the peace_, court, sheriff, or other person having
jurisdiction in any proceeding under this Act that there is
reasonable cause to _suspect_ that _any person has in his
possession_, or in any house, shop, or other place for sale,
hire, distribution, or public exhibition, any copy, repetition,
or imitation of any work of fine art in which, _or in the
design whereof_, there shall be subsisting and registered
Copyright under this Act, and that such copy, repetition, or
imitation has been made without the consent in writing of the
registered proprietor of such Copyright, it shall be lawful
for such justice, court, sheriff, or other person as aforesaid
before whom any such proceeding is taken, and he or they is and
are hereby required to _grant his or their warrant, to search
in the daytime such house_, shop, or other place, and if any
such copy, repetition, or imitation, or any work which may be
reasonably suspected to be such, shall be found therein, to
cause the same to be brought before him or them, or before some
other justice of the peace, court, sheriff, or other person as
aforesaid, &c.

15. If any person, elsewhere than at his own house, shop,
or place of business, shall hawk, carry about, offer,
utter, _distribute_, or sell, or keep for sale, hire, or
_distribution_, _any_ unlawful copy, repetition, or _colourable
imitation_ of any work of fine art in which, or in the design
whereof, there shall be subsisting and registered Copyright
under this Act, all such unlawful articles may be _seized
without warrant, by any peace officer, or the proprietor of
the Copyright, or any person authorised by him_, and forthwith
taken before any justice of the peace, court, sheriff, &c.

23. Under this Act there shall be kept at the hall of the
Stationers’ Company by the registrar appointed by the said
company for the purposes of the Act passed in the sixth year of
the reign of her present Majesty, intituled “An Act to amend
the Law of Copyright,” three several books or sets of books,
which shall be called as follows:

(1.) The register of proprietors of Copyright in
original drawings and pictures:

(2.) The register of proprietors of Copyright in
original photographs and engravings:

(3.) The register of proprietors of Copyright in
original works of sculpture.

In the first of such registers shall be entered a memorandum of
every Copyright, _or of any limited legal interest therein_, to
which any person shall claim to be entitled under this Act in
any original drawing or painting, and also of _any subsequent
assignment_ of such Copyright or _limited legal interest
therein_; and such memorandum shall contain a statement of the
several particulars required by the form applicable for that
purpose in Part I. of the third schedule to this Act; and in
addition thereto the person registering shall annex to the
memorandum under which he requires the entry to be made an
outline, sketch, or photograph of the drawing or painting to
which such memorandum refers, &c.

⁂ Again adverting to the case of Ireland, let it be remembered it was only so late as 1836 that an Act was passed “to extend the protection of Copyright in prints and engravings to Ireland.”

This Bill of Lord Westbury’s, after having been referred to a Select Committee of the House of Lords, has been withdrawn, but only for the present Session. The reason for withdrawal is found in amendments recommended by the Committee, one of which is that it should extend only to the United Kingdom and Channel Islands. The subjoined extracts from a printed defence of the Bill, by D. Roberton Blaine, Esq., will be read with interest, as showing how influential is the quarter whence the Bill emanates, and not less on account of their allusion to Patent-right and their other interesting contents.

This Bill has been prepared by direction of the Council of the
Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, in consequence of
a memorial having been presented to the Council, signed by a
considerable number of the most eminent artists and publishers
resident in London....

There is no Copyright in the _ideas_ embodied in a work of
literature or of fine art....

It is quite otherwise according to our Patent-Laws. Under them
the _idea_ of an author is everything, so to speak, and is
rigidly protected. Thus, for example, suppose A produces a new
manufacture by means of a very imperfect and clumsy machine,
or chemical process, which he invents and patents; and suppose
afterwards that B invents a very perfect and simple machine, or
chemical process, whereby he can produce the same manufacture
as A, but better and cheaper than his. In such a case the
Patent-Laws prohibit B from making any use of his improvement
for making the manufacture of A during the continuance of his
Patent, unless with his consent. This arises from its being
a leading _principle_ of our Patent-Laws, that where a new
invention has been secured by a valid and existing Patent no
one is allowed during the continuance of that Patent to produce
_the same results by a mechanical or chemical equivalent_.
Hence the great source of complaints and of the litigation
arising under our Patent-Laws. Thus it is that a patented
manufacture precludes any improvements therein except by the
patentee, or with his consent, during the term of his Patent....

In Italy, at the expiration of such forty years, although any
one may then make and sell copies of the work, the person doing
so must, during a second term of forty years, annually pay to
the proprietor of the Copyright 5 per cent. (calculated at the
_published_ price) upon all copies sold by the person so making
and selling such copies. As to France, her Copyright-Laws are
expressly extended to all her colonies. And, by the 8th Article
of Her Majesty the Queen’s Copyright Convention with France,
dated 3rd November, 1851, _reciprocal_ protection is agreed to
be given in favour of Copyright works _first_ published in “the
territories of France,” or in “the British dominions.” This
appears to show that both States clearly intended that such
reciprocal protection should extend to their colonies. It is
also stipulated by the 7th Article that “pirated works _shall
be seized_ and destroyed.” Now the French law very justly
declares the piracy of Copyright property to be a _crime_
(_delit_), and provides rapid and effectual means for enabling
the proprietor of the Copyright to seize both the pirate
and the fraudulent copies, plates, &c., in his possession.
Yet, according to the present state of the British Artistic
Copyright-Laws, no such powers of seizure, as expressly agreed
by Her Majesty the Queen’s Convention, exist in the British
dominions; nor does any protection whatever for _artistic_
Copyright works extend beyond the United Kingdom; no, not even
to the Isle of Man, or to the Channel Islands!

This important and novel subject is likely soon to receive useful illustration from a Parliamentary return to be moved for by the Right Hon. T. H. Headlam. From another of that gentleman’s Returns a suggestive extract is also subjoined.

It contains evidence that long ago impatience of existing restraints was in vigorous action in the British Colonies—evidence that payment of authors by royalties is a system that commands State concurrence—and evidence how over-ready the State is, or how circumstances are formed so as to compel it, to undertake work for authors and publishers by means of its Custom-house officers. On this last point I am happy also to produce an important paper kindly furnished by Michael Daly, Esq., of Her Majesty’s Customs. Mr. Daly’s note deserves to be pondered in prospect of the re-appearance next Session of the Board of Trade’s “Trade-Marks Registration Bill.”[11]

The extracts which I have agglomerated show that the idea of employing officers of _Excise_ as well as those of Customs is seriously propounded, but this is by no means all the useful information they convey.

[11] Would it not be well to confine registration to _names_ of firms or premises without recognising _marks_?

COLONIAL DUTIES ON COPYRIGHT WORKS.

_Return of all the Colonies and British Possessions in favour of which Orders in Council have been issued under the Act 10 and 11 Vict., c. 95, suspending the Prohibition of Importation of Reprints of British Copyright Works._

NEW BRUNSWICK.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. on the
_bonâ fide_ price of the publication, imposed on importation;
such duty to be transmitted through Her Majesty’s Government
for the benefit of the author.

NOVA SCOTIA.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be applied
in like manner.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent.,
currency of the island, imposed on similar terms.

BARBADOES.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be remitted
to the author.

BERMUDA.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 15 per cent. on the value of
such reprints, imposed on the like conditions, a deduction of 5
per cent. on the amount to be made, for the remuneration of the
officers collecting the duty.

BAHAMAS.—A duty of 20 per cent. on the value of the publisher’s
wholesale price; nine-tenths of the amount collected to be paid
to the proprietors of the Copyright on their application to the
Governor.

NEWFOUNDLAND.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be paid
over to the author.

ST. CHRISTOPHER.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be
remitted in like manner.

ANTIGUA.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 25 per cent. to be applied in
like manner, 5 per cent. to be deducted for remuneration of the
treasurer collecting the duty.

ST. LUCIA.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be applied
in like manner, without deduction.

CANADA.—An _ad valorem_ duty not exceeding 20 per cent.
imposed, to be applied in like manner.

BRITISH GUIANA.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent., after
deducting 5 per cent., to be remitted to the author.

ST. VINCENT.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be applied
in similar manner.

MAURITIUS.—A poundage of 20 per cent. to be paid, to be
deposited in the Colonial Treasury, there to be kept at the
disposal of the British authors of such works.

GRENADA.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be remitted
for the benefit of the author.

JAMAICA.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 15 per cent. An _ad valorem_
duty of 20 per cent.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be
applied in similar manner.

NEVIS.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 15 per cent. to be applied to
the benefit of the author, after deducting 5 per cent. for the
remuneration of the treasurer collecting the duty.

NATAL.—An _ad valorem_ duty of 20 per cent. to be remitted to
the registered proprietor of the Copyright.

EXAMINATIONS BY CUSTOMS’ OFFICERS.

The officers of Customs are compelled to discharge various duties beyond those connected with the collection and protection of the Revenue. Among others they have to take care that foreign goods, on their importation, do not bear the mark or brand of any British maker, or such marks or brands as would be likely to give them a British character. All goods so marked and branded are, by 16 and 17 Vict., cap. 107, sec. 44, prohibited to be imported into this country. Cases are constantly occurring where such goods have to be dealt with by the Customs’ authorities. In some instances the goods are confiscated, in others the brands or labels are ordered to be removed, upon which the goods are delivered to the owner, either with or without fine; and in other cases they are ordered to be returned to the port whence they were imported. But why should this duty devolve upon the Customs’ officers? It is an extremely disagreeable one, involving much trouble to the department and vexation to importers. If a manufacturer or dealer in this country infringes the right of another by using his mark or brand, he has his remedy in a court of justice; but he has no right to enter a factory or warehouse, to open packages and make an indiscriminate search, with or without grounds of suspicion that his brands have been placed on the contents of the packages. Yet, practically, this is really the case with regard to the Customs’ right of search for prohibited marks and brands. Why not let the goods pass without reference to brands or marks? Leave the owner of the marks to his remedy in law; and the vendor of the goods bearing such forged or false brands to the risk and penalty which he thus incurs. In this case the fraudulent dealer only will be the sufferer, while the innocent will be saved the vexation of having his goods pulled about at the Custom-house; and the Customs department will be relieved of an extremely disagreeable and troublesome duty. As to the brand, not those of any particular maker, but in their general character purporting the goods to be of British manufacture, but very little harm can result to any particular interest from the use of such marks. It will take something more substantial than such mere fictions to ruin the trade of the country; but if better goods, even if they be of foreign origin, can be obtained at the same prices as those paid for British, then so much the better for the consumer. Would it not be well, also, to relieve the Customs officers of the duty of searching for pirated works under the Copyright Act? Why not deal with the vendors here of such works, if reprinted abroad, in like manner as if reprinted here?

THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN BOOK TRADE.

The following figures, extracted from a recent Parliamentary Return, while they show a highly satisfactory ratio of increase, will probably convince the commercial reader that the International Book Trade of Christendom is yet in its infancy, and, perhaps, that the swaddling-bands and close confinement of monopoly should be exchanged for a freer and more natural system of nursing and protection:—

BOOKS PRINTED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, EXPORTED THEREFROM.

---------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------
COUNTRIES | QUANTITIES. | DECLARED VALUE.
to which Exported. +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
| 1828. | 1848. | 1868. | 1828. | 1848. | 1868.
---------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
| Cwts. | Cwts. | Cwts. | £ | £ | £
Foreign Countries:— | | | | | |
United States | 605 | 3,158 | 18,379 | 14,612 | 47,955 | 184670
Other Foreign | | | | | |
Countries | 1,449 | 2,003 | 10,540 | 33,319 | 30,678 | 181350
---------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Total | 2,054 | 5,161 | 28,919 | 47,931 | 78,633 | 366020
+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
British Possessions:—| | | | | |
Australia | 148 | 1,968 | 18,583 | 3,933 | 27,249 | 148413
British North America| 364 | 1,131 | 6,919 | 8,178 | 15,156 | 64139
Other British | | | | | |
Possessions | 1,552 | 4,026 | 6,987 | 41,072 | 71,114 | 105671
+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Total | 2,064 | 7,125 | 32,489 | 53,183 | 113519 | 318223
+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Aggregate of Foreign | | | | | |
Countries and | | | | | |
British | | | | | |
Possessions | 4,118 | 12,286 | 61,408 | 101114 | 192152 | 684243
---------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------

QUANTITIES and VALUE, with the Weights and Moneys rendered into English Equivalents, of Printed Books Imported into and Exported from the United Kingdom and Foreign Countries in the latest Year for which Returns have been received and the Tenth Year previous thereto:—

--------------------------+-------------------+---------------------
COUNTRIES. | Imported (for | Exported
| Home Consumption).| (Domestic Produce).
+---------+---------+---------+-----------
| Cwts. | £ | Cwts. | £
--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+-----------
United Kingdom[12] { 1858 | 5,971 | 83,598 | 12,286 | 192,152
{ 1868 | 10,695 | 137,580 | 61,480 | 684,243
| | | |
Russia[13] { 1857 | Not | 100,718 | Not | Not stated
{ 1867 | stated | 73,588 | stated | 18,813
| | | |
Sweden[13] { 1856 | Not | 6,938 | Not | 1,697
{ 1866 | stated | 8,780 | stated | 3,569
| | | |
Zollverein { 1856 | 21,098 | Not | 38,275 | Not
{ 1866 | 31,485 | stated | 67,376 | stated
| | | |
Holland { 1857 | 4,349 | 46,126 | 2,437 | 38,363
{ 1867 | 7,228 | 76,659 | 3,555 | 37,714
| | | |
Belgium { 1856 | 5,612 | 69,750 | 4,063 | 52,228
{ 1866 | Not | 97,040 | Not | 48,760
| stated | | stated |
| | | |
France { 1857 | 5,438 | 95,224 | 38,542 | 510,352
{ 1867 | 11,942 | 201,280 | 40,887 | 522,374
| | | |
Spain[13] { 1854 | Not stated | 2,060 | 19,383
{ 1864 | 1,924 | 8,323 | 674 | 8,929
| | | |
Italy 1865 | 6,108 | 56,464 | 1,678 | 15,375
| | | |
United States { 1857 | Not | 181,980 | Not | 57,843
{ 1867 | stated | 246,539 | stated | 71,386
--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+-----------

[12] Part Re-Exported.

[13] For these Countries the Total Imports and Exports are stated.

The total weight of the Book Trade of Christendom appears to be less than 200,000 cwts., which, taken at 1 lb. per volume, makes only about 20,000,000 of volumes, about a fourth part of which is sent from this country to the North American and Australian “Markets.”

The _Beehive_, of 31st July, has an article on the meeting referred to in the Prefatory Note. The following is an extract, to which three notes are respectfully subjoined:—

... But to abolish all protection to original inventions would
be, as Mr. Paterson justly contended, to hand over all the
profits arising from such inventions to the capitalist.[14]
This speaker would make the granting of Patents free from
charge, and lay a tax on the profits of the contrivance
patented. Mr. Macfie, the Member for Leith, made a decided hit
when he pointed to the absence of royalties abroad, while at
home they lie upon us with a crushing weight; and, if we cannot
find ease without following the example of Switzerland in
abolishing Patent-Laws, and of Holland and Germany by declaring
against them, there will be no help for it.

But when Mr. Macfie “denies that the inventor has any exclusive
right to his invention,” he makes an assertion that it is in
the power of any inventor practically to disprove. Say that
A has found out an invention of value, or, which is the same
thing for the purpose of argument, thinks he has; he meets
with the Member for Leith, who says, “Come, my fine fellow,
out with that invention of yours, for the general good; you
have no exclusive right to it.” What would A be likely to say
in reply? “Haven’t I? Let me choose to keep it to myself, and
who can hinder me?” While, however, it is perfect nonsense
to deny a man’s right to the ideas of his own mind,[15] the
practical question is another thing; and it behoves us all to
remember that we are members of one society, and that a society
called at least Christian. Nevertheless, if A is to make his
contribution to the general good, all the rest of the alphabet
are bound to reciprocate his liberality.[16]...

[14] For capitalist, if there were no Patents, why not say _consumer_?

[15] It is _exclusive_ right, not at all his personal right, to use, and right to conceal, if he has the will and power, that is denied.

[16] These concluding sound reflections are eminently suggestive.

INDEX.

Abuse of Patents, 39, 46, 47

Agricultural Interest Concerned, 51

ARMSTRONG, Sir W., C.B.
See also “Quotations”, 237

_Austria_, 47, 51

Authors’ Motives, 298
Stamp, 297
Interest, 293

Bad working of our Patent System in Prussian Eyes, 189

_Baden_, 192

_Bavaria_, 331

“Beehive”, 332

_Belgium_, 66, 124, 193, 198, 201, 209, 213, 278, 331

BENARD, M., 124, 150, 175

BERGMANN, VAN ZINNICQ, 196, 223

BISMARCK, Count VON, his Message on Patents, 185

_Brunswick_, 192

Buying up Patents, 27, 39, 41, 43, 112, 139

_Canada_, Copyright in, 307, 309

_Canadian_ Parliament, Correspondence on Copyright, 316
Patent-Law, 290, 297

Capitalists, 26, 43, 73, 206, 240, 257

CHEVALIER, M., 164

CASES AND ILLUSTRATIONS:—
Alpaca, 38
Aluminium, 37
Aniline, 169, 177
Bicycles, 203
_Bleu Francais_, 171
Boot-heels, 37
Bullets, 266
Buttons, 38
Candles, 27
Capsules, 34
Carding Machines, 138
Colour, 66
“Cock-spurs”, 41
Cooking, 46
Copper, 284
Ether-spray, 268
Filters, 29
Fireplaces, 283
Flour, 51, 52, 100
Food, 19
Fuel, 283
Fulling, 20
Gas, 106, 234
Gloves, 38
Gun-cotton, 47
Guns, 206
Heating, 283
Iron-trade, 34, 50, 166, 171, 256, 284, 285
Lamps, 273
Linen-trade, 54
Machinery, 31, 54
Manures, 233
Medical, &c., 19, 268
Peat, 234
Pencils, 173
Photography, 169, 218
Pyrites, 235
Quinine, 177
Railways, 283
Railway Pins, 268
Safety, 19, 40
Screw Propeller, 45, 97, 256, 275
Sewing Machines, 32, 41, 283
Shale Oils, &c., 99, 253
Shipbuilding and Equipping, 43, 44, 46, 78, 79
Shirt-frills, 37
Shot, 44
Spine-bags, 269
Spinning, 283
Steam Boilers and Engines, 19, 28, 97, 102, 169, 255, 261, 283
Sugar, 19, 53, 54, 65
Sulphuric Acid, 255
Telegraphs, 36, 38, 97, 136, 274, 283
Umbrellas, 38
Ventilating, 283
Weaving, 145

Civilisation Impugned, 75

Classification of Patents, 19, 87, 97, 283

Cobden Club Prize Essay, 305

_Colonies_, 19, 48, 64, 297, 326

_Colonies of France_, 325

Combination Inventions, 29, 101, 103

Commerce, Chamber of, _Cologne_, 272, 279
_Glasgow_, 116
_Holland_, 203
_Liverpool_, 22, 213, 231, 249, 278
_Manchester_, 24
_Prussia_, 185, 215, 278
_United Kingdom_, 277

Commercial Societies opposed to Patents, 185, 203, 204

Commission, Royal, 22, 24, 28, 34, 42, 51, 59, 66, 104, 109, 114,
189, 211, 212, 228, 231, 235, 246, 249, 252, 258, 267

Committee of 1829, 20, 22, 23, 24
1851, 22, 38, 211

Community has Claims on Inventors, 14, 119

Competition, its Place and Power, 156, 162, 276

Conditions in Early Patents, 15

Consumers get Benefit of Inventions, 71, 289

_Continental_ Patent Systems, 90

Copyright Amendment Tendencies, 320
Bill for Fine Arts, 320
Compared with Patent-right, 10, 95, 110, 117, 200, 206, 208, 210,
221, 228, 238, 241, 243, 254, 255, 264
International, 293, 305
“Verein,” a, 297

Cost of Patents, 24, 25, 38, 40, 62, 189

Crown Not Liable to Pay for Patents, 104

Custom-house Officers, What they have to Do, 141, 321

Danger of Losing Pre-eminence in Manufactures, 91, 245

Debate in Parliament, 9, 201, 208, 231, 251

DE BRUYN KOPS, 202, 223

Decorations Suggested, 86

Development a Feature of the Patent System, 16, 18

Disrepute, Patenting falling into, 83, 168

Dormant Patents, 44

Doubts as to Benefit of Patent System, 44, 57, 109

Duties on Books, 309, 310, 318, 326

“Economist, The”, 254

Economists of _Germany_, 66, 215, 278

_Europe_, Feeling against Patents in, 211

_European_ Copyright, Americans obtain through Canada, 307

Examination before Granting Patents, 187, 189, 252, 259, 266, 269, 270

Exceptional Rewards for Great Inventions, 94, 114

Excise, Proposal to Employ, on behalf of Authors, 318, 319, 326

Exclusive Property, None should be in Inventions, 129

Exorbitant Demands of Patentees, 27, 31, 32, 41, 46, 50, 51, 53, 166

Expatriation of Frenchmen by Patents, 179

Expediency the only Ground for Patents, 232, 238, 271

Expired Patent, An, 31

“_Exploitation_” required in France, 133

“_Expropriation_”, 81, 142

Extravagance of Patents as a Recompense, 78, 265

Favours, Patents are, 10, 224

FOCK, Minister of the Interior in the Netherlands, 219, 224

Foreigners, How Favoured, 90, 275, 308
Number of Patents in United Kingdom, 68

_France_, 66, 193, 197, 199, 200, 211, 227, 325, 332
Copyright Convention with, 325

Free Trade, 47, 48, 73, 81, 164, 228, 232, 245

Frivolous and Petty Inventions, 26, 30, 33, 37, 44, 96, 101, 206,
253, 260, 266, 270, 284

GEFKEN, 224

_Germany_, 185, 192, 193, 214, 220, 230, 274, 275, 279, 332
Economists of, 66, 249

GODEFROI, 207, 223

Guilds, 197, 203

HEEMSKERK AZN, 198, 220, 224

_Hesse_, 192

Honours for Inventors, 86

HOUTEN, VAN, 204

Improper Patents, 38, 55, 268, 284

Improvements, Minor, 36, 37, 170
Retarded by Patents, 39, 58, 114, 272, 281

Inconvenience Caused by Patents, 20, 26, 46, 48, 104

_India_, 48

Infringements, 34, 112, 272
Unconscious, 29, 44, 103, 204, 261

Injury done to Patentees by Patents, 29, 121, 255, 260, 273

International Arrangements, 86, 293, 296, 305

Invalid Patents, 32, 39, 235, 237

Inventions Independent of Patents, 119, 136

Inventor, The “First and True”, 16

Inventors’ Institute, 287
Who are They?, 248, 288

_Ireland_, 15, 19, 53, 295, 324

_Italy_, 324, 332

JOHNSTON, ANDREW, Esq., M.P., 239

Judges and Jury in Patent Trials, 107

Law of Patents in America, 282
Copyright, 298, 310, 313
Patents, How Administered, 12, 33, 107, 109
Patents in _France_, 175, 216
Patents in _Holland_, 202, 215
Officers of the Crown, 105, 266

Lawyers, Many Opposed to Patents, 93

LENTING, 225

Library of Patent-office, 289

Licences, 13, 38
Compulsory, 42, 246, 262
High Charges for, 48, 50, 51
Refusal of, 40, 41, 53, 103

Litigation, Costly, 34, 43, 100, 111, 260
Dilatory, 33, 105, 253
Occasioned or Required by Patents, 30, 32, 34, 52, 105, 121, 180,
201, 234, 237, 253, 285

Loss of Inventions by Abolition Improbable, 107, 119

Losses by Patents, 42, 43

MACFIE, Speech of Mr., 9, 213, 251

Manufacture, What is Meant by?, 16, 59, 282

Manufacturers dislike Patents, 9, 30, 248, 251, 262
Injustice Done to, 71, 238

Medals Proposed, 85

Merits, Certificates of, 85

Meritorious and Unmeritorious Patents, 97

MILL, J. S., his Arguments for Patents, 69
Appealed to, 75

Monopoly, Antipathy to, 11, 16, 21, 26
Injurious, 28, 36
Restrictions on, Necessary, 15
the Essence of a Patent, 10, 219, 232, 244, 272

Multiplication of Patents, 25, 37, 44, 45, 203

Musical Copyright, 315

MUSPRATT, E. K., Esq., 231

Nature, Order of, opposed to Monopoly of Ideas, 9, 76

Neglect of Patents by Patentees, 54

_Netherlands_, 50, 196, 200, 225, 236, 280, 332

New Books seldom Seen by Poor, 294

Number of Patents, 18, 19, 97, 283
in other Countries, 50, 192

Obstructiveness of Patents, 27, 36, 44, 59, 102, 112, 122, 163, 171,
203, 206, 226, 227, 237, 253, 255, 257, 270, 281

Occupation, Right of First, 207

Operatives as Witnesses, 92
Injured by Patents, 63, 239, 247, 286
Seldom get New Books, 294

Origin of the Patent System in England, 11

PALMER, Sir ROUNDELL, M.P., 93

Parliament, 11, 21, 236

Patent Act of 1852, 25, 48
Laws cannot be much Improved, 67, 91, 187, 205, 217, 246, 252, 263,
333
Office, 289
System, Demands of, on Manufacturers, 76, 226

Patentees, Limit in Number of, 16
Who should be, 13

Patenting for Self-Protection, 28, 33, 165

Patents a Bad Stimulus, 62, 78, 120
an Anachronism, 123, 171, 255
are a Power to Restrain Others, 10, 111, 186
do more Harm than Good, 115, 273
Overtask Inventors’ Time and Powers, 79
Uncertain as a Lottery, 23, 42, 111, 260, 273
Used as Advertisements, 38

Perpetuity of Property in Patents, 133, 281

Poor Inventors, 42, 58, 62, 111, 237, 257, 262, 267

Prejudices in Favour of Patents, 254

Prices, Patents should not Raise, 21
Raised by Patents, 48, 54, 55, 178, 272

Principles, Patenting of, 274

Priority of Patenting, 113, 118

Processes are now Patented, 13, 14, 19

Profits of Patentees, 30, 34, 37, 52, 61
Go to Parties who have Little Claim, 35, 42, 52, 55, 61, 112, 191

Property, Exclusive Privileges are, 10
in Ideas, Knowledge, Modes, or Inventions, 9, 15, 95, 111, 116,
124, 167, 205, 242, 243, 254, 269, 324
in Land compared with that in Inventions, 132, 281

_Prussia_, 49, 50, 166, 171, 185, 192, 193, 201

QUOTATIONS FROM, OR REFERENCES TO:—
Abel, 33, 46, 68
Admiralty, 44, 60, 104
_Annalen de Norddeutschen Bundes_, 279
Armstrong, Sir W., 27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 57, 82, 90,
103, 257, 258, 262
_Athenæum_, 309, 310
_Avenir Commercial_, 175
_Bacon’s Abridgment_, 17
Bastiat, 161, 276, 277
Barthel, _die Patent-frage_, 279
Bell, 238
Betts, 34
_Bismarck, Count von_, 185, 219
Blaine, Roberton D., 324
Boudron, Aug., 28
_Bookseller_, 307, 309
Bovill, 51
_Brande’s Dictionary_, 13
Brewster, Sir David, 69
Bright, Right Hon. John, 249
British Association, 65
Brunel, I. K., 36, 39, 43, 58, 212
Brunel, Sir M. I., 23, 42
Buller, Justice, 18
Bulwer’s Act, 298
Bunsen, 274
CAIRNS, Lord, 67, 249, 319
CAMPBELL, Lord, 64, 213
CARDWELL, Right Hon. E., 65
_Carpmael_, 38
_Chambers’s Cyclopædia_, 34
Chelmsford, Lord, 41
Chevalier, M., 73, 80, 164, 198, 210, 211, 220, 221, 249, 278
Clode, 46, 47
Cobden, Richard, M.P., 63, 249
Coke, Sir E., 16, 20, 21
Collier, Sir R., 251, 254, 266
Conté, 173
Continental Association for Social Sciences, 81
Cook and Wheatstone, 36
Coryton’s _Law of Letters-Patent_, 17, 18, 24
Crane, Sir F., 83
Crossley, Sir F., M.P., 38, 70
Crown Lawyers, 63
Cubitt, Sir W., M.P., 29, 57, 212
Curtis, 24, 28, 32, 282
Daguerre, 169, 209, 218
Daly, Michael, Esq., 326
Douglas, Sir Howard, 45
_Economist_, 251, 255
Economists of Germany, 64, 215
Edmunds, L., Esq., 68
_Engineer_, 50, 269, 282, 285
Erle, Sir W., 67
Eyre, C. J., 18
Fairbairn, W., 67
Fairrie, John, 56
Farey, 20, 39
Flachat, E., 277
Forster, Right Hon. W. E., 67
Foxwell, 32
Franklin, 172
French Academy of Sciences, 143, 177, 209
Fulton, 143, 238
Garnier, Joseph, 221
Government Establishments, 43, 104, 258
Graham, Sir James, 64
Granville, Earl, 63, 212
Grey, Earl, 65
Griffith, 45
Grotius, 15
Grove, Q.C., 31, 33, 35, 37, 43, 57, 67, 98, 274, 284
Guimet, 171, 182
Hale, W. S., 27
Hall, 43
Hatherley, Lord, 25, 67
_Harmonies Economiques_, 163, 276
Harrowby, Earl of, 64
Hawkins, Serjeant, 16
Heath, Justice, 17
Hills, F. C., 234
Hindmarch, _The Law of Patents_, 14, 17, 282
Hofmann, 177
Holden, 139
Howard, Hon., 53
Howard, M.P., 251, 254
Indian Trade, 47
Ingres, 174
Jamar, Minister of Works in Belgium, 209, 211
_Journal des Economistes_, 124, 281
_Journal of Jurisprudence_, 25, 67
Judges, 63, 212
Klostermann, Dr., 201, 221, 279
Krupp, 171, 206
Lamartine, 200
Lawes, 233
Lefroy, General, 46
Legrand, 65, 277
Le Hardy de Beaulieu, 124, 277, 281
Lennard, M.P., 23
Macfie, M.P., 258, 278
Master of the Rolls, 1851, 63
Maurice, 256
Maury, Lieut., 161
M’Culloch, 69
_Mechanics’ Magazine_, 297, 299
Mill, J. S., 69, 78, 80, 256
Morse, 274
Mundella, M.P., 251, 262, 267
Napoleon, 304
Neilson, 284
Newton, 32, 38, 41, 265
Niepce de St. Victor, 169, 209
Overstone, Lord, 67
Paillottet, 277
_Pall Mall Gazette_, 231
Palmer, Sir R., M.P., 93, 232, 251, 255, 259, 263, 265
Passy, 169
Peel, Sir R., M.P., 23
Percy, Dr., 284
Perkins, 177
Platt, M.P., 29, 30, 33, 40, 57, 103, 258
_Prècis d’Economie Politique_, 153
Purday, Esq., 312, 313
Ransomes, 29
Reeve, Registrar of Privy Council, 51
Reid, Colonel, 56, 212
Reissel, 275
Rendal, J. M., 26, 47
Renouard, 301
Reybaud, L., 138
Ricardo, M.P., 65, 212, 249
Roberts, Richard, 38, 39, 55
Robinson, Admiral, 45
Roche, M.P., 65
Russell, J. Scott, 28, 30, 34, 103, 258, 262
_Saturday Review_, 263
Savornel Lohman, 200
Sciences Sociales, Association des, 81
Simon, of Privy Council, 269
Smith, Adam, 69
Smith, Archibald, 65
Smith, M., Q.C., M.P., 28
_Social Science Association Proceedings_, 14, 32, 42, 243
Société d’Economie Politique, 164, 202
Somerset, Duke of, 44
_Sophismes Economiques_, 155
_Spectator_, 259
Spence, James, 27, 43, 58
Stanley, Lord, M.P., 67, 208, 218, 249, 251, 255, 259
_Stephens’ Commentaries_, 10
Stephenson, 238
Talfourd, Serjeant, 298
Tilliere, 81
Trades Union, 78
_Traité des Droits d’Auteurs_, 297
Tyndal, Chief Justice, 17
Vermeire, 276, 277, 279
Visvering, Professor, 200
Waddington, H., 67
Walkoff, 153, 154
War Office, 46, 60, 104
Watt, 171
Webster, Thomas, Q.C., 26, 31, 35, 36
West India Association, 48
Whittle, Lowry, 54
Wintgens, 219, 222, 224
Wolowski, Professor, 82, 221
Woodcroft, 15, 32, 37, 56, 87
Young, 101

Recompense, Futility of Inventors’ Claim for, 131

Registration of Improvements, 86, 270

Remedies Suggested, 37, 72

RENOUARD, 294, 301

Repealing of Patents, Rare, 35

Results of Bad Law, 175

Rewards, State, 71, 80, 84, 94, 114, 171, 238, 247, 274, 288, 333

_Rhine_ Countries, 230

Rights of Inventors a Modernism, 16
of the Community, 142, 206

ROGERS, Professor THOROLD, viii

Royalties under Patents are a Differential Duty, 51
are a Tax, 49, 74, 102
for Remunerating Authors, 293, 298, 315
Heavy to Patentees, 50, 274, 285
to Authors, see “Copyright”

Ruin of a Firm by Refusal of Patent Licences, 53

“Saturday Review”, 263

_Saxony_, 50

Scheme for International Patents, 250
for Modifying Patent System, 248
for Royalties to Authors, 296

Science, Men of, 36, 58, 64, 98, 168, 170, 176, 228

_Scotland_, 19, 82, 99, 283

Secrecy and Concealment, 40, 47, 56, 88, 114, 158, 194

Sentimentalism, 18, 123

Simultaneousness of Inventions, 25, 26, 35, 36, 45, 54, 95, 113, 204,
209, 253, 261, 265

Smuggling of Books into _Canada_, 309

“Spectator”, 259

Speculation in Patents, 53, 112, 260, 275

STANLEY, Lord, M.P., 67, 109, 208

State is not Bound to Grant Patents, 10
its Duty, 76
makes Preposterous Concessions in Patents, 74, 78, 141

Statute of Monopolies Quoted, 11, 20, 21, 22, 47, 59, 60, 88, 282

Steps in Invention, 136, 147, 169, 253, 258

STIRLING, JAMES, Esq., 116

Substitute for Patents should be Sought for, 115

Sugar Refiners, 19, 48, 51, 54, 65, 82

_Switzerland_, 49, 68, 167, 191, 193, 198, 201, 236, 247, 249, 254,
275, 280

“Times, The”, 251

Titles Suggested, 86

Trade, Board of, 249, 317
in Books, 293, 294, 308, 312, 331, 332
Interfered with by Patents, 47, 51, 52, 65, 81, 166
Marks, 326, 328

Trades Union, 78

_United Kingdom_, 193, 197, 324

_United States_, 193, 197, 199, 282, 296, 297, 307, 317, 331, 332

Usefulness of a Patent System, 56, 57, 97, 161, 258, 273

Vending, 282
not Prohibited in _Germany_, 193

VERMEIRE, 276

VOORTHUYSEN, VAN, 218, 224

Wages, Effect of Patents on, 62

WATTS, THOMAS, Esq., 297

_West India_ Association’s Policy as to Patents, 48

_Würtemberg_, 192

ERRATA.

On page 70, two lines from bottom, read Francis instead of Joseph.

” 92, line 13, for command read commend; and insert a comma
after the word inaugurate in next line.

Transcriber’s Note: These two amendments have been made, and in addition, a number of minor typographical errors were identified and corrected.

LONDON: W. J. JOHNSON, PRINTER, 121, FLEET STREET.

THE PATENT QUESTION
UNDER FREE TRADE:

A SOLUTION OF DIFFICULTIES
BY ABOLISHING OR SHORTENING THE INVENTORS’
MONOPOLY, AND
INSTITUTING NATIONAL RECOMPENSES.

A PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE
Congress of the Association for the Promotion of Social Science,
AT EDINBURGH, OCTOBER, 1863, BY ROBERT ANDREW MACFIE,
PRESIDENT OF THE LIVERPOOL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.

TO WHICH ARE ADDED TRANSLATIONS OF RECENT
CONTRIBUTIONS TO PATENT REFORM
BY M. CHEVALIER AND OTHER CONTINENTAL ECONOMISTS.

LONDON:
LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER.
1864.

PRICE ONE SHILLING (By Post for 13 Stamps).