Chapter II: THE PERSONAL RITES, those for the benefit of the individual, will (3)

[205] As examples, I may name Unkululu, among the Zulus (Calloway, _Relig. System of the Amazulu_, pp. 40, 43); Singbonga, of the Munga-Kohls (Jellinghaus, in _Zeit. für Ethnologie_, Bd. iii., p. 330); the Hunahpu of the Quiches (_Popol Vuh_, p. 1); the Ahsonnuth of the Navahoes (_8th Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, p. 275); etc. I have discussed the psychic origin of androgynous deities in _The Religious Sentiment_, pp. 66, _sqq._ It was also strong in the early Christian Church, Origen and others of the fathers teaching that the Holy Ghost was the feminine principle in God (C. J. Wood, _Survivals in Christianity_, p. 63).

[206] These were frequent in quite primitive faiths. Some of the priests of ancient Mexico, for example, wholly extirpated the genitalia.—Davila Padilla, _Hist. de la Prov. de Mexico_, lib. ii., cap. 88. Comp. Charlevoix, _Journal Historique_, p. 350.

[207] I have pointed out that in various American dialects, as the Chipeway and Cree, the Maya, Quichua, etc., there are words of native origin, which were used to convey the notion of the love of the gods in pure and high senses. See the article on “The Conception of Love in American Languages,” in _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 416, 421, 428, etc.

[208] Otto Gruppe, quoted by Schrader.

[209] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 18.

[210] The idea of mimicry survived long, and indeed still exists, in what is called “sympathetic magic”; when, for instance, to produce blindness in an enemy, an image is made of him and its eyes transfixed with thorns. Compare Lenormant, _Chaldean Magic_, p. 12.

[211] _Myths of the New World_, p. 17.

[212] Curr, _The Australian Race_, vol. ii., pp. 66, 67.

[213] Cogolludo, _Historia de Yucatan_, lib. iv., cap. viii.

[214] Brinton, _Nagualism_, p. 53.

[215] Freihold, _Die Lebensgeschichte der Menschheit_, p. 134. His expressions are: 1. Das Menschenwerden des Göttlichen; and, 2. Die Vergötterung des Menschen.

[216] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 263. This statement will also be considered in the sixth lecture of this series.

[217] Indeed, among the Patagonian Indians, according to a competent observer, there are no fixed religious ceremonies whatever, except those of a personal character, referring to births, marriages, deaths etc.—George C. Musters, _Among the Patagonians_, chap. v.

[218] The anaphora, remarks the Rev. John M. Neale, in his _History of the Holy Eastern Church_, vol. ii., chap, i., has always been “by far the most important part” of the Christian liturgies. It recurs in nearly all primitive worship.

[219] Granger, _Worship of the Romans_, pp. 272, 303, etc.

[220] Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, vol. i., p. 42; Robertson Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, p. 260; Payne Knight, _Ancient Art_, p. 50.

[221] _Indian Sign Language_, pp. 167-70.

[222] _Teutonic Mythology_, vol. i., p. 42.

[223] Von Tschudi, _Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Alten Peru_, p. 156.

[224] See _Myths of the New World_, pp. 112, _sq._

[225] See Richard Andree’s remarks on “die Masken im Kultus,” in his _Ethnographische Parallelen_, _Neue Folge_, p. 109, _sq._

[226] Jacob Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, vol. i., p. 48, _sq._

[227] A. B. Meyer, in _Globus_, Bd. lxvii., p. 334.

[228] The terms “honorific” and “piacular” were, I believe, first suggested by Dr. W. Robertson Smith. They are very appropriate.

[229] Holtzmann, _Deutsche Mythologie_, p. 232.

[230] Oviedo, _Historia de las Indias_, lib. x., cap. xi.

[231] Balboa, _Histoire du Perou_, pp. 125-7.

[232] Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, vol. ii., p. 31.

[233] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, lib. i.

[234] Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, in _An. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology_, vol. xi., p. 132.

[235] Dorsey, _Siouan Cults_, p. 511.

[236] A. d’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, tom. i., p. 237.

[237] Examples in my _Native Calendar of Central America_, p. 18. It was a favourite amulet among the Crees (Mackenzie, _Hist. of the Fur Trade_, p. 86).

[238] Achelis, _Moderne Völkerkunde_, p. 370; Man, in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. xii., p. 172.

[239] Charlevoix, _Hist. de la Nouvelle France_, ch. vi. Sprinkling the new-born child as a religious ceremony prevailed in New Zealand and throughout Polynesia. (Fornander, _The Polynesian Race_, vol. i., p. 236.)

[240] Cogolludo, _Historia de Yucatan_, lib. iv., cap. vi. The same belief prevailed in some African tribes; see Achelis, _Moderne Völkerkunde_, p. 393.

[241] H. R. Schoolcraft, _Oneóta_, pp. 331, 456.

[242] _Notices of East Florida by a Recent Traveller_, p. 79.

[243] Gregg, _Commerce of the Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 271.

[244] Examples in E. S. Hartland’s _Science of Fairy Tales_, p. 309.

[245] R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen_, p. 177.

[246] The _Bora_ has been often described, by no one better than Mr. A. W. Howitt in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. vii., p. 242, _sq._, and vol. xiv., p. 306, _sq._

[247] J. G. Kohl, _Kitchi Gami_, p. 228.

[248] Captain Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 254. D’Orbigny describes the bloody ordeals through which girls in South American tribes were obliged to pass. _L’Homme Américain_, tom. i., pp. 193, 237.

[249] Curr, _The Australian Race_ vol. i., pp. 45-50; Palmer, in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. xiii., p. 301.

[250] See Post, in _Globus_, B. lxvii., s. 274.

[251] Palmer, _ubi supra_, p. 301.

[252] Lafitau, _Mœurs des Sauvages Américains_, lib. ii., ch. vi.

[253] Musters asserts this positively of the Tehuelche and other tribes (_Among the Patagonians_, chap. v.); Captain Clark, whose long experience among our Western tribes constituted him an authority of the first rank, takes pains to correct the notion that _among the natives_ wives are bought, although they are by white men (_Indian Sign Language_, pp. 245-6). It would be easy to multiply references to the same effect.

[254] Bleek, _Bushman Folk-lore_, p. 13.

[255] _Worship of the Romans_, p. 67.

[256] This has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt by Dr. S. K. Steinmetz in a remarkable study of “Endo-cannibalismus,” in the _Archiv für Anthropologie_, 1896.

[257] Granger, _ubi supra_, p. 37. The word “burial” in ethnology is used to denote all modes of disposal of the corpse. This is etymologically correct. See Yarrow, _Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians_, p. 5.

[258] Navarrete, _Viages_, tom. iii., p. 401; Dumont, _Mems. Hist. sur la Louisiane_, tom. i., p. 178; Gumilla, _Hist. del Orinoco_, p. 201. Coréal says, the widows esteemed it a privilege to be buried with the corpse and disputed among themselves for the honour, _Voiages_, tom. ii., pp. 93, 94. The Taenzas had the same customs as the Natchez, Tonty, _Mémoire_, in French, _Hist. Colls. of Louisiana_, p. 61.

[259] Arthur J. Evans, in _Proc. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science_, 1896, Sect. H.

[260] Stephen Powers, _Indians of California_, pp. 181, 207. The Tasmanians and Fuegians, probably the lowest of known tribes, burned their dead. Hyades et Deniker, _Mission Scientifique_, p. 379; Fenton, _History of Tasmania_, p. 95. Some tribes gave as a reason for burning their dead that otherwise bears and wolves would eat the corpse, and the soul would be obliged to take on their forms.—_Pres. Message and Ac. Docs._, 1851, pt. iii., p. 506.

[261] Alonso de la Peña Montenegro, _Itinerario para Parrocos de Indios_, p. 185 (Madrid, 1771).

[262] Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 263.

[263] K. T. Preuss, in the _Bastian Festschrift_.

[264] _Anthropologie des Naturvölker_, Bd. i., p. 459.

[265] The application of the blood, observes Professor Granger, “bound together in some way those who were present at the rite” (_Worship of the Romans_, p. 210). This subject is fully discussed by Dr. H. C. Trumbull in his works, _The Blood Covenant_, and _The Threshold Covenant_.

[266] Castren, in the Introduction to his _Finnische Mythologie_, has some excellent remarks on the beneficial effects of shamanism. It is an effort to free the human mind from the shackles of blind natural forces; it recognises the dependence of the subjective on an objective will, etc.

[267] _Myth and Science_, p. 41.

[268] Hahn, _Tsuni ǁGoam_, p. 21.

[269] Ling Roth, _Natives of Sarawak_, vol. i., pp. 259, 271, 282; vol. ii., App., p. clxxv.

[270] Walthouse, in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. v., p. 415.

[271] Nuñez de la Vega, _Constituciones Diocesanas de Chiapas_, fol. 9.

[272] The locally famous Maria Candelaria. At the head of fifteen thousand warriors, she defied the Spanish army for nearly a year, and, though defeated, was never captured. Her story is scantily recorded by Vicente Pineda, in his _Historia de las Sublevaciones Indigenas en el Estado de Chiapas_, pp. 38-70.

[273] Otfried Müller, _Die Etrusker_, Bd. ii., ss. 77, 78.

[274] Compare Keary, _Outlines of Primitive Belief_, p. 60; and Maury, _La Magie et Astrologie_, p. 386, _sq._

[275] Geo. Turner, _Samoa_, p. 9; Dr. Tautain, in _L’Anthropologie_, tome vii., p. 548.

[276] On the ordeal, see Post, _Ethnologisches Jurisprudenz_, Bd. ii., ss. 459, _sq._, 479; Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. i., s. 461. The assertion by some writers that the ordeal was not known to the American Indians is incorrect. For example, Captain Clark recounts those to test the virtue of women who have been accused. _Indian Sign Language_, pp. 45, 208.

[277] See S. K. Steinmetz on “Der Zweikampf als Ordal” in his _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_, Bd. ii., s. 76, _sq._

[278] Post, _ubi supra_, Bd. ii., s. 478.

[279] Adair, _Hist. of the N. American Indians_, p. 158; Boscana, _Acc. of the Indians of California_, p. 262.

[280] This is presented admirably and at length by M. Kulischer in an article “Der Dualismus der Ethik bei den primitiven Völkern,” in the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. xvii., pp. 205, _sqq._ He also sees clearly enough that the same principle, masked and denied though it be, reigns to-day. The “categorical imperative” of Kant, is as far from realisation as is “the golden rule.”

[281] There were, of course, some hobgoblins always ready to eat up or injure man; but not for any moral or ethical reason. “They afflict men, not out of anger or to punish sin, but because it is their nature to do so,” as Dalton says of the devils of the Oraons. _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 256.

[282] This explains what Dr. Robertson Smith, in his _Religion of the Semites_, p. 140, says is so difficult to grasp,—that the primitive idea of holiness is apart from personal character, and even shameful wretches could lay claim to it. Entirely parallel instances are found in the history of Christian heresies, as the Anomians and Anabaptists, who were so holy that they could commit no sin, and hence allowed themselves the wildest licence.

[283] It is in this sense that Wilhelm von Humboldt wrote: “Wahre Tugend ist unverträglich mit auf Autorität geglaubter Religion.” (_Gesammelte Werke_, Bd. vii., p. 72.) This is a cardinal principle in studying the history of ethics.

[284] Ling Roth, _Natives of Sarawak_, vol. i., p. 271; Hoffman, _Secret Societies of the Ojibway_, _passim_.

[285] They were called the Abecedarians, because they distrusted even the ABC. Some learned scholars actually threw away their books and joined them.

[286] Bain, _The Senses and the Intellect_, p. 607.

[287] _The Descent of Man_, p. 581.

[288] As Wilhelm von Humboldt remarked: “Das Streben der Natur ist auf etwas Unbeschränktes gerichtet.” The meaning of this profound observation is ably discussed by Steinthal, _Die sprachphilosophischen Werke W. von Humboldt’s_, p. 178.

[289] _Bull. Amer. Museum Nat. History_, vol. viii., p. 227.

[290] They were preserved in the original tongue by the first missionaries, Sahagun, Olmos, Bautista, etc., and have, in part, been published.

[291] This is further set forth in Rostock, _Das Religionswesen der rohesten Naturvölker_, p. 145, sq.; and Curr, _The Australian Race_, vol. i., pp. 51-54.

[292] Klemm, _Culturgeschichte_, Bd. ii., s. 309.

[293] Walthouse, in _Jour. Anthrop. Soc._, vol. xiv., p. 189.

[294] The _amok_ of the Malays, the _mali-mali_ of the Tagalese, etc., is a maniacal religious psychosis in which the subject will rush violently through a street, killing or wounding any one he meets. See Dr. Rasch’s discussion of it in _Centralblatt für Anthropologie_, vol. i., p. 54, who considers it a “suggestive influence.” Similar examples are common among American Indians.

[295] Arnobius, _Adversus Gentes_, bk. ii., cap. 62.

[296] _Worship of the Romans_, p. 211. This was, of course, but one side of it, though usually the most important.

[297] Professor Lazarus observes: “In der Religion zeigt sich der ganze Mensch” (_Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie_, Bd. i., s. 47). That is, that the individual in no other condition of mind realises and reveals his full personality so completely as in that which is created by the religious sentiment.

[298] _Judaism and Christianity_, pp. 5-7.

[299] The literature relating to these august characters in American legendary literature is presented in my _American Hero-Myths_, _passim;_ also, _Myths of the New World_, pp. 336, 337.

[300] _Ancient Egyptian Religion_, Introduction.

THE END.

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES.

Achelis, Th., 134, 194, 195

Adair, J., 98, 226

Andree, R., 96, 126, 184, 197

Andrian, von, 155

Arnobius, 71, 100, 147, 166, 246

Augustine, St., 29

Bain, A., 233

Balboa, M. C., 190

Bastian, A., 9, 134

Bautista, J., 241

Bergen, Fanny D., 139

Bertonio, L., 67

Bleek, W. H., 57, 113, 144, 205

Bonavia, E., 152

Boscana, Y. de, 226

Bourke, J. G., 32

Brincker, H., 142

Broca, P., 46

Bruno, G., 136

Buchmann, Prof., 8

Bucke, M., 52

Buckle, 81

Calloway, Bishop, 31, 52, 57, 66, 82, 93, 147, 169

Castren, A., 14, 78, 83, 218

Chapman, J., 245

Charlevoix, P., 170, 195

Cicero, M. T., 180

Clark, W. P., 14, 70, 72, 76, 103, 181, 205, 213

Clodd, E., 21

Codrington, R. H., 63, 131

Cogolludo, P., 175, 195

Coleridge, S. T., 171

Comte, A., 133

Conant, L. L., 122

Coréal, F., 208

Cuoq, M., 20, 93

Curr, E. M., 13, 57, 58, 65, 90, 140, 174

Cushing, F. H., 125, 221

Dalton, E. F., 89, 137, 160, 230

Darwin, Ch., 36, 49, 110, 234

Davis, T. Rhys, 28

Disraeli, B., 87

Dolbear, Prof., 85

Dorsey, J. O., 136, 152, 193

Dyer, L., 62

Egede, P., 143

Ende, Van, M., 87, 136

Ephrem, Saint, 51, 100, 125

d’Estrey, M., 161

Evans, Arthur J., 209

Fechner, 153

Fenton, 210

Fewkes, J. W., 39

Fletcher, Alice, 60, 152

Flügel, Dr., 14

Fornander, A., 63, 77, 126

Frazer, J. G., 21, 108, 117, 151, 191

Freihold, F., 74, 175

Friedmann, Dr., 14

Garcia, G. de, 148

Gill, W. W., 59, 69, 74, 77, 87, 100

Gough, A. E., 51, 57, 68, 84

Granger, F., 6, 38, 66, 97, 134, 180, 206, 217, 247

Gregg, Capt., 196

Grey, George, 79, 91, 104

Grimm, J., 76, 96, 128, 180, 182, 186

Grimme, H., 40

Gruppe, Otto, 172

Guigniaut, 144

Gumilla, P., 208

Hahn, Th., 75, 77, 220

Hale, Horatio, 16, 63, 70, 95, 121, 125, 136, 149

Hartland, E. L., 8, 197

Hasselt, von, 132

Helmholtz, Prof., 85

Hervé, G., 46

Herzog and Plitt, 168

Hippolytus, 162

Hoernes, M., 35

Hoffman, W., 233

Holtzmann, 188

Holub, H., 97

Honegger, J. J., 9, 83

Hovelacque, A., 46

Hopkins, E. W., 79, 149, 168

Howitt, A. B., 72, 98, 168, 198

Humboldt, W. von, 230, 235

Hyades, Dr., 104

Jellinghaus, 169

Kalewala, the, 144

Kant, I., 228

Keary, C. F., 117, 151, 162, 223

Keil, Prof., 121

Klemm, K., 57, 65, 95, 109

Knight, P., 51, 180

Kohl, J. G., 199

Koran, the, 99, 225

Kuhn, Prof., 112, 115

Kulischer, M., 228

Lafitau, P., 204

Lang, A., 47

Lazarus, Prof., 247

Lenormant, F., 89, 91, 96, 173

Leon, Martin de, 142

Lubbock, Sir John, 27, 30

Mackenzie, A., 194

Maistre, J. de, 43

Man, E. W., 75, 110, 126, 145

Matthews, W., 50, 63, 106, 150

Maury, A., 66, 223

Meltzer, Otto, 140

Meyen, H., 144

Meyer, A. B., 187

Middendorf, Dr., 59

Mirandola, P. de, 92

Montenegro, A. de la P., 212

Montesinos, F., 141, 148

Morice, P., 116

Morris, J. B., 51, 100

Mortillet, G. de, 34, 35

Müller, F. Max, 115

Müller, O., 140, 164, 222

Musters, G. C., 77, 177, 205

Navarrete, M., 208

Neale, J. M., 5, 179

Nevins, Dr., 52

Newell, W. W., 139

Olmos, A. de, 241

d’Orbigny, A., 151, 155, 200

Oviedo, F., 190

Padilla, D., 170

Palmer, E., 17, 153, 202

Paulsen, F., 85

Peschel, O., 44

Petitot, E., 125

Pfleiderer, J. G., 28, 133

Pietschmann, R., 24, 133

Pinches, 62

Pineda, V., 222

Pinsero, Prof., 36

Popol Vuh, the, 91, 99, 136, 169

Post, A. H., 6, 203, 225, 226

Powers, Stephen, 210

Preuss, K. T., 213

Putnam, F. W., 119

Rasch, Dr., 246

Ratzel, F., 44

Reclus, E., 70

Rialle, G. de, 133

Ridley, W., 51

Romanes, G. J., 85

Roskoff, G., 28, 31, 244

Roth, H. Ling, 39, 67, 77, 94, 102, 140, 160

Sahagun, B., 68, 99, 106, 191

Sayce, Professor, 20, 49, 90, 99

Scherer, E., 112

Schoolcraft, H. H., 125, 196

Schrader, Prof., 22, 28, 70, 128

Schurtz, H., 44

Schwaner, Dr., 39

Schwartz, F. L. W., 80

Shelley, P. B., 42, 139

Smith, W. Robertson, 46, 112, 168, 172, 177, 180, 187, 230

Smyth, B. B., 52, 74, 80

Spencer, Herbert, 30, 42

Spinoza, B., 47, 136

Steinen, K. von den, 65, 72

Steinmetz, S. R., 71, 73, 206, 225

Steinthal, H., 235

Stevenson, Maria C., 193

Stoll, Otto, 56, 99, 101

Sully, James, 14

Tautain, Dr., 121

Thiele, C. P., 38, 251

Tolstoï, Count, 87

Tonty, S. de, 208

Torquemada, P., 148

Toy, C. H., 3, 249

Trumbull, H. C., 217

Tschudi, J. von, 61, 183

Turner, George, 223

Turner, L. M., 65

Turner, W. Y., 31

Tyler, E. B., 135, 153

Vega, N. de la, 222

Vignoli, T., 219

Venegas, M., 141

Waitz, Th., 132, 213, 225

Walcott, 159

Walthouse, J., 89, 221, 245

Westcott, S., 121

Willoughby, C. C., 119

Wood, C. J., 169

Ximenes, F., 142

Yarrow, H. C., 207

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abecedarians, sect of, 233

Accadians, the, 23

Aditi, a Sanscrit Deity, 83

African tribes, 26

Ages of the World, the, 125

Aiapakal, deity of the Yahgans, 104

Air, worship of, 143

Algonkian myths, 70, 72, 150

Alphabet, origin of, 241

Amazulus, the, 57, 169

American culture indigenous, 24

Amok, the, of Malays, 246

Anaphora, influence of the, 179

Ancestor-worship, 42, 70, 71

Andaman Islanders, beliefs of, 72, 75, 113, 115, _see_ Mincopies.

Androgynous deities, 169

Animism as a religious theory, 46, 135

Anthropism, 162

Anthropology, defined, 1

Apache Indians, the, 32, 33

Archæology, what it teaches, 18

Architecture, religious, 243

Art and religion, 233

Aryans, the early, 22

Asherim, the sacred pole, 250

Atala, deity in Borneo, 77

Atheism, in Buddhism, 28

” among Africans, 31

Aurora Australis and Borealis, 141

Australians, native, 13, 16, 17, 25, 51, 52, 65, 72, 126, 140, 153,
158, 167, 174, 198

Automatism of the human mind, 6

“Auto-suggestion,” 55

Avatea, _see_ Vatea

Awonawilona, god of the Zuñis, 124

Aztec prayers, 106

Aztecs, the, 126, 144, 145, 167, 191, 240

Babylonia, ancient, 20, 23

Bacchanalia, the, 185, 222

Baiame, an Australian deity, 74

Baptism, rite of, 144, 145

Basutos, their knowledge of God, 51

Battle, trial by, 225

“Beatific vision,” the, 53, 114

Beauty, the ideal of, 234

Bechuanas, beliefs of, 82

Beth-el, in Semitic myth, 146

Bilians, inspired women, 220

Bird as a sacred animal, 158

Birth, rites relating to, 193

Bi-sexual deities, 169

Bitol, a deity of the Mayas, 123

Black drink of Creek Indians, 67

Bones, beliefs respecting, 131, 211

“Book-religions,” 50

Boonbolong, a magic word, 90

Bora, the Australian, 119, 198, 240

Borneo, natives of, _see_ Dyaks

Bororos, the, 65

Brazil, native tribes of, 65, 67, 140

Brutes, devoid of religious sentiment, 36;
worship of, 157

Buddhism, alleged in America, 24

Buddhism, atheistic in creed, 28

Burial, modes of, 207

Bushmen, the, 57, 113, 144, 205

Cabalistic doctrines, 92

Canaras, a Dravidian tribe, 148

Cannibalism, 17, 190, 206, 208

Carrier Indians, myths of, 116

Cause, the notion of, 44, 45

Caves as holy places, 156

Ceremonial circuit, the, 182

Chaldean mythology, 145, 152, 161

Charm-songs, 89, 93

Child mind compared to Savage mind, 14

Chinese magical rites, 175

Choctaws, myths of, 98, 196

Colours, symbolism of, 146, 236

Comanche Indians, the, 72

Commensality in rites, 181

Communal rites, 177;
marriage, 201

Comparative method, the, 5

Cosmic consciousness, 52

Cosmical concepts, the, 118

Couvade, the, explained, 193

Creation, the, how understood, 123 _sq._

Creek Indians, the, 67

Cross, symbolism of the, 152

Crowd, influence of, 178

Cuchi, an Australian deity, 80

Dakotas, religious views of the, 60

Danu, an Irish Goddess, 140

Dawn, myths of the, 75

Dead, cult of the, 70, 71

Death, rites relating to, 206

Deluge, myth of the, 122, 126

Demoniac possession, 52

Diana, the Ephesian, 147

Dido, a moon goddess, 140

Dieyeris, an Australian tribe, 140

Divination, methods of, 111

Drama, of the Universe, 122;
religious, origin of, 183 _sq._

Dravidian tribes, the, 26, 105

Dreams and dreaming, 64 _sqq._

Dusdachtschish, a Kamtschatkan god, 165

Dyaks, the, of Borneo, 39, 67, 123, 158, 220

Êa, a Babylonian deity, 99, 145, 161

Earth, worship of the, 145

Easter Island, images in, 83

Echo in myths, 86

Egg as a religious symbol, 159

Egypt, early religions of, 23, 24

Elements, worship of the, 141

Emanation, the doctrine of, 162, 165

Endymion, fable of, 37

Epochs of Nature, the, 125

Eponymous ancestors, 161

Eskimos, the, 65, 72, 158

Ethics and religion, 228 _sq._

Ethiopians, the, 26

Ethnology defined, 2

Etruscans, the, 23, 142

Eucharist, heathen analogies to, 191

Euhemerus, doctrines of, 42

Evocatio deorum, the, 104

Family, the primitive, 201, 219

Fatherhood of God, the, 124, 167

Fear in religion, 45, 46

Fetishism explained, 131 _sq._

Fetish water of Africans, 67

Finns, beliefs of the, 73, 192

Fire, worship of, 142

Fish in sacred art, 161

Flint stone in myths, 149

Folk-lore, value of, 20

Four as sacred number, 120

Freedom, limited in savage tribes, 244

Frog as a sacred animal, 161

“Genius,” explained, 165

Ghosts, the fear of, 73;
beliefs about, 76

Gnosis, the esoteric, 245

“God,” derivation of, 61, 62

God-stones, 149

Goras, customs of, 89

Hamites, the, 26

Happiness and religion, 247

Hidatsa Indians, the, 63, 150

High places sacred, 155

Hills sacred, 77, 155

Hill of God, 77, 155

Hill of Heaven, the, 76, 155

Historic method, the, 5

Holiness, primitive idea of, 108, 230

Homi, deity of Hottentots, 77

_Hua_, a sacred interjection, 61

Huaca in Peru, 102, 182

Huemac, an Aztec deity, 82

Human sacrifices, 189 _sq._

Huracan, an American deity, 82

Hypnogogic hallucinations, 66

“Ideal of Reason,” the, 44

Idolatry in early religion, 238

Illogical reasoning of savages, 13

Incineration of dead, 210

“Indigetes dii,” the Roman, 71

_Indigitamenta_, of Romans, 97

Infinite, the perception of the, 45

Inhumation of dead, 209

“Inner light,” the, 43

Insanity, of savage mind, 14

Ipurinas, a Brazilian tribe, 140

Isis, the many-named, 99

Itelmen, a Kamtschatkan tribe, 165

Jade, in myths, 149

Joyous character of early rites, 179

Jupiter, his base traits, 166

Kaaba, a stone, 147

Kamtschatkans, the, 57, 65, 109, 165, 244

Ka-ne, a Polynesian deity, 74

Khonds, a Dravidian tribe, 105

Knowledge, tree of, 153

Koders, a Dravidian tribe, 149

Ku, a Polynesian deity, 121

Kutka, god of the Kamtschatkans, 109, 166

Language and myth, 114 _sq._

Law, the ceremonial, 218, 224

Life and Death, ideas of, 68 _sq._

Life, as a divine attribute, 68;
and its transmission, 164, 200

Light, the adoration of, 74 _sq._

Linguistics, the study of, 19, 35, 115;
influence on religious ideas, 20, 115

Liturgy, power of the, 178

Lizard, the, as a symbol, 161

Lono, a Polynesian deity, 121

Love as a root of religion, 170

Love charms, 148

Magic, sympathetic, 173

Magical rites, 175

Mahopa, a name of divinity, 63

Mamit, the curse, 90

Man worshipped as a god, 161

_Mana_ in Polynesian dialects, 62

Mandan Indians, 13, 150

Mangaians, myths of, 77, 86

Manito of Algonquins, 102, 125

Mantras, power of, 89

Maoris, the, 83, 103, 143

Maria Candelaria, a heroine, 222

Marriage, rites relating to, 200, 219

Masks, religious use of, 184

“Master of Life,” the, 69

_Mâyâ_, the doctrine of, 68

Mayas, the tribe of, 123, 125, 151, 156, 174, 199;
shamans, 150

Meday sticks, 242

Medicine-men, Indian, 52;
women, 221

Melanesians, beliefs of, 131, 148

Menhirs, of Celts, 149

Mexicans, ancient, 125, 148, 149, 151, 155, 179

Mexico, ancient, 24

Michoacan, Indians of, 69

Milky way, worship of, 141

Mincopies, beliefs of the, 72, 109, 115, 126, _see_ Andamanese

Molemo, an African deity, 97

Moon-worship, 139 _sq._

Motu, a tribe, 31

Mourning, customs of, 212

Moxos, an American tribe, 155

Mummies, why made, 211

Mumpal, an Australian deity, 81

Music in religion, 240

Mysticism, religious, source of, 56

Mythical cycles, the Universal, 118

Myths, meaning of, 112 _sq._

Nagualism, references to, 67, 156, 175

Nahuas, myths of the, 148, 151, 195, 196

Name, the sacred, 93 _sq._

Name-soul, the, 96

Names, rites relating to, 195

Names of the dead avoided, 95

Nanabojou, a hero-god, 70

Natal, natives of, 52

Nature, conflict of, 127

Navahoes, a prayer of the, 105;
deity of the, 169

Navel of the Sky, the, 78

Neolithic period, the, 33

Nervous susceptibility of savages, 14

Nicaraguans, customs of, 190

Njambe, god of the Marutse, 97

Norns of Teutonic mythology, 121

Num, god of the Samoyeds, 83

Numbers, the sacred, 119

Nurali, an Australian deity, 74, 159

Oannes, a Chaldean god, 161

Oaths are ordeals, 226

One-legged god, the, 98

Oraons, cult of the, 137, 230

Ordeals in religions, 225

Origin of religion, theories about, 41 _sq._

Osiris, worship of, 24

Oztoteotl, a Mexican god, 156

Palæolithic man, 34

_Papa_, Rock, a god of the Tahitians, 147

Papuans, customs of, 186

Paradise, the earthly, 126

Parjanja, deity in the Vedas, 81

Parliament of Religions, the, 28

Patagonians, 177

Patol, a deity of the Mayas, 123

Pawnee war song, 67

Perfection the aim of Religion, 235

Personality, the Sense of, 49

Personal rites, 191

Peru, culture of, 24

Peruvians, myths and rites of, 141, 142, 148, 190, 251

Pĕtara, sacred name in Borneo, 102

_Peyotl_, an intoxicant, 67

Pilgrimages in primitive religions, 157, 253

Pita, Father, the Brahmanic, 168

Places, worship of, 154

Plant-soul, the, 153

Pleiades, worship of the, 140

Po in Polynesian Myths, 125

Pole, the sacred, 152, 250

Polynesians, the, 25, 58, 59, 121, 124, 127, 140, 149, 158, 195

Prayer in primitive faiths, 103 _sq._

“Primitive” peoples defined, 11

Prophecy explained, 110

Psychic automatism, 54

Psychologic Method, the, 6

Psychology, experimental, 7

Puberty, rites relating to, 197

Pueblo Indians, the, 39

Puluga, god of the Mincopies, 75, 78, 113, 116

Quetzalcoatl, a hero-god, 145, 251

Quiche Indians, the, 72, 155, 169

Rain-making, rites of, 174

Reciprocal principle, worship of, 169

Revelation, universality of, 50

Ritual in Religion, 172 _sq._

Rongo, a Polynesian deity, 79

Sacrifice as a rite, 186 _sq._

Samoyeds, beliefs of, 14, 67, 83

Sanctuary, rite of, 226

Sangsangs of Borneo, 220

Saviour, myths of the, 128

Science and religion, 231

“Science of religion” premature, 3

Selene, the goddess, 37

Seminoles, customs of, 196

Semites, primitive, 23

Seposition of dead, 209

Serpent-worship, 160

Sex in deities, 20

Shamanism, origin of, 51, 57;
nature of, 136, 218

Shamans, their occult powers, 65, 232

Sibiric tribes, the, 26

Sioux Indians, prayer of, 106

Sky, the notions concerning, 76

Sky-god, the, 78

Song in religion, 239

Soul, journey of the, 128

Souls, the doctrine of, 28, 70 _sq._;
beliefs concerning, 76

Star-worship, 140

Stone Age, the, 33

Stonehenge, monuments of, 33

Stones, worship of, 146

“Sub-limital consciousness,” the, 54

“Suggestion” explained, 54 _sq._

Sumerians, gods of, 20, 23

Sun-worship, 138 _sq._

Supa, a Samoan god, 223

Superstition, a form of religion, 27

Svastika, the, 119, 236

Swan-maidens, the, 223

Tabu, the, 32, 38, 108, 156, 222, 230

Tahitians, myths of the, 147

Tangaloa, a Polynesian deity, 74, 75, 78, 99

Tehuelches, myth of, 77

Tepi, the custom of, 94

Teutonic rites, 182, 188, 190, 223

Theoleptic worshippers, 185

Theology, its aim, 4

“Theopathy” explained, 56

Theophorous names, 100

Thought, creation by, 124

Three as sacred number, 120

Thunder in mythology, 80, 81

Tina, an Etruscan god, 140

Tinné, an American tribe, 125

Tonantzin, an Aztec deity, 145

Tongues, the gift of, 93

Tota, a Mexican deity, 151, 167

Totemic animals, the, 161;
bond, the, 216

Tree of knowledge, the, 153

Trees, worship of, 150 _sq._

Trinities of heathen religions, 121

Tsuni ǁGoab, a deity of the Hottentots, 75

Tupa, a deity of the Dyaks, 123

Turramulun, an Australian god, 98

Tutelary personal deities, 192

Tzentals, customs of, 221, 222

Ukko, deity of Finns, 78

Umbilical cord, rites respecting, 194

Unconscious cerebration, 54

Unity of human intelligence, 9

Unkululu, deity of the Zulus, 168

Upanishads, teachings of the, 57, 83

Varuna, Sanscrit deity, 79

Vase, symbolism of the, 144

Vatea, a Polynesian deity, 75

Veddahs, the, 26

“Veiled gods” of Etruscans, 165

Vesta, the goddess, 223

Virgins of the Sun, 190

Visual ideas, 130

Votan, hero-god of the Tzentals, 221

Vows taken at birth, 193

_Wakan_, in Dakota, 60, 61;
in Quichua, 61

Waking visions, 66

Water, worship of, 144

Will as the source of Force, 47 _sq._

Winds, worship of the, 143

Witches’ Sabbath, the, 185

Woman, her position in Religion, 219

Word, the, in religion, 88 _sq._

World-soul, belief in a, 136

Writing, religious origin of, 241

_Yah_, a sacred interjection, 62

Yahgans, the, 57, 80, 104, 110, 195

Yahve, derivations of, 62, 81

Yetl, a sacred bird, 159

Yoga philosophy, the, 51

Yucatan, culture of, 24, 150

Yurucares, tribe of, 151

Zi, Chaldean term for spirits, 49

Zulus, the, their beliefs, 26, 56, 67, 147, 168

Zuñi Indians, the, 72, 124, 125, 221

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