Chapter X: Part 10

With regard to the material welfare of its members the Expedition may be called in every way a very fortunate one, and especially favored by Providence. The members were eight in number, with the addition of three others who joined as volunteers, and all returned in good condition to European soil. The painter Frey alone could not support the climate, and on that account was obliged to return from Lower Egypt to Europe, where he has since recovered. As a contrast to this, the company of Professor Ehrenberg lost nine members, in spite of the greatest care. They were, however, under much more unfavorable conditions, and through his advice we profited by their experiences. It was still worse with the English under Clapperton. The French Tuscan expedition also lost both its leaders, besides many other members, in consequence of the journey. As we did not, like the expeditions mentioned, have a physician with us, we were obliged to redouble our direct attention to ourselves, and I ascribe the fortunate result, next to the protection of Providence, chiefly to the excellent conduct, mutual helpfulness and strict regard for order of all the members. There was but one exception, the moulder Franke, whom I was forced to dismiss on account of unseemly disturbances of this order. This harmony and admirable disposition of the members also greatly facilitated the management for me, and I cannot but praise this spirit especially in our architect, Herr Erbkam, who stood by me on every occasion as a true and helpful friend.

As far as the scientific results are concerned, I must first observe that scarcely any other expedition had been undertaken under such favorable circumstances. Amongst these circumstances I reckon chiefly the definiteness of the tasks which were set before us, and which we were able on this account to pursue with perfect system. The expedition most immediately comparable with ours was Champollion’s, but that was more a voyage of discovery, and necessarily suffered from the very deficiencies which we were easily able to supply. The advantages which he had as founder of the science and from his incomparable ability as a student of monuments, were for us more than counterbalanced by the firmer and broader foundations of the science, the last results of which are now presented to us in Bunsen’s remarkable work on history. Added to this was our greater previous knowledge of the interesting localities which we had to investigate. From the very beginning of the journey we could within wide limits strive for completeness, without suffering from any want of new, unexpected and most highly important discoveries. Especially had Champollion left behind to us, practically uncommenced, the investigation of the oldest Egyptian history, that is, the epoch of the first Pharaonic kingdom from about 3000 to 1700 years before Christ, which extends the history of the world for almost 1500 years. He had only ascended the valley of the Nile as far as the second cataract, beyond which there still exist a great multitude of old Egyptian monuments of all kinds, as yet entirely uninvestigated. There the whole of Ethiopian antiquity, which cannot be separated from the Egyptian, must find its interpretation and, if I do not deceive myself, has done so through us.

Thence it follows that our results are by far the most important in chronology and history. The pyramid fields of Memphis, whose importance had not been recognized by Champollion, and which had therefore scarcely been touched by him, have placed the Egyptian civilization of those remote ages before us, in four hundred large pictures. The representation which they furnish must for all future time be regarded with the highest interest and considered the beginning of investigable human history. Those earliest dynasties of the Egyptian rulers now offer us more than a barren succession of empty, unknown or doubtful names. They have not only been raised beyond all reasonable doubt and been critically arranged in order and according to the correct periods of time, but through the contemplation of the political, civil and artistic popular life which bloomed under their reigns, they have preserved an intellectual and often very individual historical reality.

This is the greatest success of our journey and must always be a convincing proof of the great and lasting service rendered to science by our expedition and its illustrious promoter. I pass over for the present the details of the evidence, which can only be rightly estimated by those co-workers on this field who shall make later and more extensive investigations. But I will mention that in Middle Egypt up to Thebes we found eight separate places of sepulchre, belonging to the Old Kingdom, which the French Tuscan expedition had passed by without suspicion. Of some of these we were the discoverers, and others we were the first to recognize as belonging to that period, and to excavate. We could not fail, also, to make a great number of more or less substantial restorations, corrections and additions to the history of the most flourishing period of the New Empire, which was peculiarly the prime of Thebes, as well as to that of the following dynasties. Even those Ptolemies who were apparently completely known in the light of Grecian history, have appeared in a new aspect in their Egyptian representations and inscriptions, and indeed have been recruited by some individuals scarcely mentioned by the Greeks and whose existence has hitherto been considered doubtful. Finally the Roman emperors, in their character of Egyptian rulers, have also appeared to us on the Egyptian monuments in greater and almost perfect completeness. They have been carried down, from Caracalla, (who had till now been recognized as the last whose name was written in hieroglyphics,) through two later emperors to Decius. Thus the whole extent of Egyptian monumental history has been increased at the latter end also by a number of years.

Egyptian philology, too, has made no insignificant advances during the journey. The lexicon has been increased by the addition of some hundred signs or groups, and the grammar has received manifold corrections. Besides this a wealth of material has been gathered, especially by means of the numerous paper impressions of the most important inscriptions, the gradual interpretation of which must lead to substantial progress in the science. According to the great age established for the earliest written monuments the history of the Egyptian language now embraces a period of nearly five and a half thousand years, and thus acquires an entirely new significance in relation to the universal history of human language and writing. In matters of detail one of the most important discoveries on this field was two bi-lingual decrees, written in hieroglyphics and demotic, which were discovered in Philae. One of these repeats the inscription of Rosetta, and there is promise of important results from a comparison between them. The news of this seemed so important to the French that they resolved on sending out the famous scholar Ampére, with an artist, expressly to copy this one monument. I first became aware of their intention through the publication and philological exploration of that inscription, now just appearing in print.

According to my opinion Egyptian mythology, in spite of countless works upon the subject, has hitherto been without any firm foundation. I had almost abandoned the hope that our expedition would achieve any actual advance for this science, when upon the return journey I discovered in the Theban temples a series of monuments which threw so much unexpected light upon its essential nature and historical phases, that I have come to the conclusion that upon this basis Egyptian mythology may for the first time be presented according to its true import and in its historical development.

The history of art has never been worked out from the present standpoint of Egyptology. To accomplish this was necessarily one of the chief objects of our expedition and the advanced chronological knowledge of the monuments conduced greatly to progress in this direction. For the first time we have been able to trace the various divisions of the history of art in the Old Egyptian Empire, previous to the invasion of the “Hyksos,” and thus to extend it, as well as Egyptian history in general, for about thirteen centuries upwards and for some decades downwards. We were also obliged to regard the history of art almost exclusively in the selection of our collection of monuments, of which I shall speak again hereafter. Amongst the different branches of Egyptian art, architecture, which had been entirely neglected by Champollion and Rosellini, was especially well handled by our skillful and industrious architect Erbkam. From him it received the treatment befitting the important position of this special branch, in which the artistic element of grandeur, bestowed upon the Egyptians above all other nations, could be and was most highly developed. The rendering of the sculpture and painting fell to the other artists who accompanied us. They soon learned to reproduce with praiseworthy skill the peculiar Egyptian style, which in spite of all the childish constraint that characterizes Egyptian art, yet contains an unmistakable and finely perfected ideal element. If the Grecian genius had not received art from the Egyptians as a child so severely, chastely and carefully reared, it could never have given to it such a positive character of blooming freedom. The chief task of the history of Egyptian art is to show wherein consisted this culture of art, which no ancient Asiatic nation shares with the Egyptian. I will adduce as one of the most important details belonging here, that we have found three separate canons of the proportions of the human figure, in numerous examples, upon uncompleted monuments; one for the old Pharaonic kingdom, another for the New Empire since the eighteenth dynasty, and a third which first came into general use shortly before the time of the Ptolemies. This latter involved an entire change of the principle of distribution, and remained in force under the Roman emperors to the end. These discoveries are also of decided importance in judging of the Greek canon.

Next to the history of art, however, a great part of our time and attention was claimed by Egyptian archaeology in its widest sense. This was a field which had already been worked with success and industry, especially by Wilkinson and Rosellini. It contains an inexhaustible wealth of detached monuments of common life, and representations thereof of all kinds, far exceeding in abundance all other remains of antiquity. And on this account this branch of study needed much more a vigorous prosecution of its aims and elevation of its standard, than a farther accumulation of details. Nevertheless these are continually coming in from all sides and have been collected by ourselves in great quantity as material.

Finally, geography and chorography, to which travellers are always expected to make additions, demand special attention. In Fayoum we have for the first time thoroughly investigated the Labyrinth. It lies beside Lake Moeris, which was discovered by Linant, but is now dry. We have been able to assign the Labyrinth its place in history through the discovery of the founder’s name. Our description of the ruined cities and monuments of antiquity in the land of the Nile, up to Senaar, will be more complete and exact than any previously given. So also will be our account of the rarely travelled dependencies of the dominion of the Pharaohs, such as the Ethiopian countries, the eastern mountains between the Nile and the Red Sea, and the colonies in the copper region of Mafkat (of the Peninsula of Sinai.) Only the oases of the western desert we have unfortunately been obliged to leave unexplored. In more modern geography, which must always accompany and correct the ancient, I have devoted special care to obtaining the Arabian names accurately, in order to counteract as far as possible, at least upon the region traversed by us, the intolerable confusion of designations. I have prepared upon the way accurate geographical maps of various parts of the eastern mountains of Egypt and the Arabian copper region. Respecting the border lands of Mahommed Ali’s dominion, towards Abyssinia, I have collected and recorded graphically important geographical information from particularly well-informed people of that region. On the Peninsula of Sinai I have not only for the first time investigated more exactly the ancient Egyptian copper mines, the working of which, according to the pictures on the rocks and inscriptions, preserved at Wadi-Magara, goes back to the time of Cheops, about 3000 years before Christ, but I have also traced out the route of the Israelites to Sinai. In doing so I have come to the conclusion, which I have sought to prove in a preliminary report to his Majesty, that a tradition of comparatively late origin has wrongly designated the mountain which the monks call Gebel Mûsa as the Sinai of the Bible, and that Horeb or Sinai, the Mount of God, corresponds rather to the present Serbâl, which lies some days’ journey to the north of Gebel Mûsa. A noteworthy contribution has been made to the history of the physical conditions of the Nile valley through the discovery of the nilometer of Semneh in the region of the Nubian cataracts. From this it is apparent that about 4000 years ago, under the rule of Amenemha-Moeris, the Nile at that place rose in average years twenty-two feet higher than now, while in Egypt at about that time it stood at least ten to fifteen feet lower, so that the Nile at the intervening cataracts fell thirty-five feet farther than at present. This gradual leveling of the bed of the stream has had the most decisive influence on the cultivation of the valley, and the history of its whole population, since the shore of the Nubian country lying along the stream was made inaccessible to the natural inundation by this great sinking of the water, and thence became dry and unfruitful.

Besides all our acquisitions in the ancient Egyptian language we have made some not unimportant gains for the science of language in general. In the upper countries of the Nile I have obtained three African languages, the grammar and lexicon of which I have made out and noted down from the communications of the natives, with sufficient completeness to present a clear idea of them. They are: 1. the Congâra language, a negro language of the interior, spoken in Darfur and the adjoining countries: 2. the Nuba language, which is spoken in two dialects in a portion of the valley of the Nubian Nile, and in the neighboring districts to the southwest. This appears, moreover, to be of primitive African origin. It has never been written, and I have collected for the first time a considerable quantity of Nubian manuscript literature, by getting a Nubian sheik, who was entire master of the Arabian language and writing, to translate from Arabian into Nubian, the fables of Lokman, the Gospel of St. Mark, and a portion of the Thousand and One Nights. I also had him write down and translate into Arabian about twenty Nubian songs, some in rhyme, and some only rythmical. In doing this he displayed a wonderful talent for the correct comprehension of linguistic relations. 3. The Béga language of the race of the Bishareen who are widely scattered between the Red Sea and the Nubian Nile. This appears to be a most important branch of the original Asiatic-Caucasian family of languages, and deserves our attention so much the more since it seems that it can be historically proved to be the present form of the ancient Egyptian language of Meroë. I have also found in those countries, and in the pyramids of Meroë, a great number of old Ethiopian inscriptions, which are recorded in an alphabetical writing until now entirely unknown. Subsequent inscriptions are in an alphabet formed after the Greek, and they can probably both be deciphered by the aid of the Béga language. Finally we have also made the completest possible collection of many hundreds of paper impressions from Grecian inscriptions. These are now of great value as a contribution to the knowledge of Grecian-Egyptian antiquity, which has been industriously cultivated on several sides. We have also made another collection of the numerous so-called “Inscriptions of Sinai” which were cut into the rocks by a Christian population who lived on the Peninsula of Sinai in the first centuries of our era. These have not yet been entirely deciphered.

We have only been able to give occasional attention to subjects pertaining to natural science. Yet I have not neglected to collect specimens of stone and soil from all important localities, especially during trips into the remote mountain regions. A chemical investigation and comparison of the specimens of Nile mud collected from different spots and under different conditions will perhaps be of interest. We have visited the old alabaster quarry of El Bosra, opposite Sioot, which has recently been discovered by the Bedouins and is now worked by Selim Pasha. We found there an inscription on the rock dating from the beginning of the eighteenth dynasty. We have also visited the quarries of granite and of “_breccia verde_” at Hammamât, which have been in use since the most ancient times, as well as the porphyry and granite quarries on Gebel Duchàn (Mons Claudianus, Mons Porphyrites,) in the eastern mountains of Egypt, (see page 160) which were celebrated in Roman times. We have brought back specimens of rock from them all. The most valuable blocks of “_breccia verde_,” of every size, lie directly on one of the finest and most convenient desert highways, two days journey from the Nile, and would be excellently adapted to removal and exportation. On account of our antiquarian aims we were especially interested in the opportunity of becoming acquainted with the present world of animals and plants in the southern regions of Nubia, which conspicuously resembles the representations on the most ancient Egyptian monuments. It scarcely appears possible to account for this except by the assumption of a universal recession of the more highly developed forms of natural life in the Nile valley from the north towards the south.

INDEX

TO THE WORKS OF RICHARD LEPSIUS.

I. _De tabulis Eugubinis. Diss. philologica. Berolini_, 1833. 8.

II. _L’ami au vainqueur, oenochoé_ (οἰνοχοή) _à inscriptions.
Annales de l’Institut de corr. arch._ 1833. V. p. 357-363.

III. _Palaeographie als Mittel für die Sprachforschung zunächst am
Sanskrit nachgewiesen._ [Palaeography as a Means of Philological
Research, with Special Reference to Sanskrit.] Berl. 1834. 8.

IV. _Über die_ πρῶτα στοιχεῖα _in der Stelle bei Clemens
Alexandrinus über die Schrift der Aegypter_. [On the πρῶτα στοιχεῖα
in the Passage from Clemens Alexandrinus on the Writing of the
Egyptians.] _Aus d. N.-Rhein. Museum für Philologie_, 1835. Vol.
IV. p. 142-148. 8.

V. _Über die Anordnung und Verwandtschaft der semitischen,
indischen, altägyptischen und äthiopischen Alphabete._ [On the
Arrangement and Relation of the Semitic, Hindoo, ancient Egyptian
and Ethiopian Alphabets.] _Berlin. Abhdlg. d. Akademie 1835._

VI. _Über den Ursprung und die Verwandtschaft der Zahlwörter in der
koptischen, semitischen und indogermanischen Sprache._ _Berlin._
_Abhdlg. d. Akademie 1836. Die Abhandlungen V und VI zusammen sind
noch im selben Jahre (1836) im Dümmler’schen Verlag zu Berlin als
Buch erschienen._ 8. [On the Origin and Relationship of the
Numerical Words in the Coptic, Semitic, and Indo-Germanic
Languages. Berlin, Transactions of the Academy, 1836. The two
papers, V and VI, were published together as a book, in the same
year, by Dümmler.]

VI.a. _Recension über Guarini’s_ valore della cifra SEXS in un
marmo di Pompeji. [_Review of Guarini’s_ valore della cifra SEXS in
un marmo di Pompeji] · _Bulletino dell’inst. di corresp. archeol._
N. VII. 6. 1836. p. 126-128.

VII. _Sarcofago etrusco. Bull. dell’inst. di corresp. archeol.
Roma._ Nr. IX e X, 1836. s. 147-49.

VIII. _Sur la valeur de la lettre dans
l’alphabet étrusque. Annali dell’inst. archeol._ 1837. _Roma_ Vol.
VIII. p. 164-170.

IX. _Recension von Arneth’s_ synopsis numerorum. [Review of
Arneth’s Synopsis Numerorum.] _Bull. dell’inst. archeol. Roma._
1837. p. 111-112.

X. _Notizie compendiate, ibid._ 1837. p. 121-127. Nr. VII e VIII.

XI. _Monuments de Nahr el-Kelb près Beirout, ibid._ 1837. p.
134-135.

XII. _Observations sur un vase de fabrication Étrusque avec deux
alphabets Grecs et sur une inscription de la ville Pélasgique
d’Agylla. Avec 1 planche._ Rome 1837. 8. _Aus den Annali dell’inst.
archeol. Roma._ Vol. VIII. p. 186-203.

XIII. _Lettre à Mr. le Professeur H. Rosellini sur l’alphabet
hiéroglyphique. Avec 2 planches._ Rome 1837. 8. _Aus den Annali
dell’inst. archeol. Roma._ 1837. Vol. IX. _Archeologica egiziana_,
_Primo articulo preliminario sull’ alfabeto geroglifico_, 1837. I.
p. 5-100.

XIV. _Statue di Todi. Bull. dell’inst. etc._ 1837. No. III. p.
25-28.

XV. _Notice sur deux statues Égyptiennes représentant l’une la mère
du roi Ramsès-Sésostris, l’autre le roi Amasis. Avec 1 planche_,
Rome, 1838.[105] 8. _Aus den Annali dell’inst. arch. Roma_, 1837.
Vol. IX. p. 167-176.

XVI. _Notice sur les bas-reliefs Égyptiens and Persans de Beirout
en Syrie. Avec 1 planche_, Rome, 1838. 8. _Annali dell’inst. arch._
1838. Vol. X. p. 12 to 19.

XVII. _Über die beiden ägyptischen Colossalstatuen der Sammlung
Drovetti im Museum zu Berlin._ [On the Two Colossal Egyptian
Statues of the Drovetti Collection in the Museum at Berlin.] Berl.
Mon.-Ber. 1838. 8.

XVIII. The same paper in French in the _Bulletino dell’inst. arch._
1838. p. 37-46, under the title _Deux statues colossales
égyptiennes de la collection Drovetti qui se trouvent actuellement
au musée royal de Berlin_.

XIX. _Sur l’ordre des colonnes-piliers en Égypte et ses rapports
avec le second ordre égyptien et la colonne grecque. Avec 2 pl._
Rome 1838. 8. _Aus den Annali dell’inst. archeol. Roma._ 1837. Vol.
II. p. 65 ff.

XX. _Monuments de Beirout. Annali dell’inst. arch. Roma._ 1838. p.
12-19.

XXa. _Analise des inscriptions hiéroglyphique_ (to No. XV). _Annali
dell’inst. archeol. Roma._ 1838. Vol. X. p. 103.

XXI. _Lettre sur les inscriptions de la grande pyramide de
Gîzeh,--in Sam. Birch, Eclairciss. sur le cercueil du Roi
Mycérinus_, Berlin 1839. 4.

XXII. On the Obelisk of Philae. From The Literary Gazette, London.
1839. No. 1163.

XXIII. _Bassorilievo egizio presso di Smirna 1840. Lettera al
Dottore E. Braun, Bull. dell’ inst. archeol. Roma._ 1840. p. 33-39.

XXIV. _Über das Basrelief, den Ramses-Sesostris darstellend._ [On
the Bas-relief representing Ramses-Sesostris.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._
1840. 8.

XXV. _Bericht an die Akademie d. Wissensch. zu Berlin über den
Erfolg seiner ägyptischen Studien._ [Report to the Berlin Academy
of Science on the Results of his Egyptological Studies.] _Berl.
Mon.-Ber._ 1840. 8.

XXVI. _Marchi et Tessiere, L’aes grave del museo Kircheriano.
Recension i. d. Annali dell’ inst. arch. Roma._ 1841. p. 99-115.

XXVII. _Über die ausgedehnte Anwendung des Spitzbogens in
Deutschland im 10 und 11 Jahrhundert. Als Einleitung zu der
deutschen Übersetzung von Henry Gally Knight’s Entwickelung der
Architektur unter den Normannen._ [On the Extended Application of
the Pointed Arch in Germany in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. As
an Introduction to the German Translation of Henry Gally Knight’s
Development of Architecture under the Normans.] _Lpzg._ 1841. gr.
8.

XXVIII. _Inscriptions Umbricae et Oscae quotquot adhuc repertae
sunt omnes. Ad ectypa monumentorum a se confecta edidit.
Commentationes. Lps._ 1841. 8. _Tabulae ibid. eod._ gr. Fol.

XXIX. _Über die Tyrrhenischen Pelasger in Etrurien und über die
Verbreitung des Italischen Münzsystems von Etrurien aus._ [On the
Tyrrhenian Pelasgians in Etruria, and on the Diffusion of the
Italian System of Coins from Etruria.] _Lpzg._ 1842. 8.

XXX. _Auswahl der wichtigsten Urkunden des ägyptischen Alterthums,
theils zum ersten Male, theils nach den Denkmälern berichtigt,
herausgegeben und erläutert._ [Selection of the Most Important
Records of Egyptian Antiquity, Part of Which are Published and
Explained for the First Time, and Part of Which are Corrected
According to the Monuments.] 23 _Tafeln, Lpzg._ 1842. gr. Fol.

XXXI. _Das Todtenbuch der Aegypter nach dem hieroglyphischen
Papyrus in Turin mit einem Vorwort zum ersten Male herausgegeben._
[The Egyptian Book of the Dead, Published for the First Time
According to the Hieroglyphic Papyrus at Turin; with a Preface.] 79
_Tafeln, Lpzg._ 1842. 4.

XXXII. _Über den Bau der Pyramiden._ [On the Construction of the
Pyramids.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1843. 8.

XXXIII. _Über die Entdeckung des Labyrinths in Aegypten._ [On the
Discovery of the Labyrinth in Egypt.] _Berl Mon.-Ber._ 1843. 8.

XXXIV. _Über einen alten Nilmesser bei Semne in Nubien._ [On an old
Nilometer at Semneh in Nubia.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1844. 8.

XXXV. _Über Sprachen, Denkmäler, Inschriften und Civilisation der
Aethiopier des Alterthums und jetzt._ [On the Language, Monuments,
Inscriptions and Civilization of the Ethiopians of Antiquity and
of the Present Day.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1844. 8.

XXXVI. _Lettera sul suo viaggio in Egitto. Bull. dell’ inst.
archeol. Roma._ 1845. p. 40-44. (Letter from Philae of the
fifteenth of September, 1844.)

XXXVII. On the Nile Alluvium of Nubia. Extract of a Letter from Dr.
Richard Lepsius, Chief of the Prussian Scientific Commission in
Egypt, to Dr. L. G. Morton, relative to the Language of the
Bishareens of Nubia, and the Alluvial Deposits of the Nile. With an
Analysis of those Deposits by Prof. W. R. Johnson: in “Proceedings
of the Academy of National Sciences of Philadelphia,” Jan. 21.
1845. 8.

XXXVIII. _Reise von Theben nach der Halbinsel des Sinai vom 4 März
bis 14 April, 1845._ [Journey from Thebes to the Peninsula of
Sinai, from the fourth of March to the fourteenth of April, 1845.]
Mit Tafeln. Berl. 1845. 8. Out of Print.

XXXIX. English Translation of No. XXXVIII. by Cottrell. London,
1846.

XL. General Map of the Peninsula of Sinai. 1845.

XLI. Special Map of the Ruins of the Monastery and City of Farân.
1845.

XLII. _Über das Felsenrelief zu Karabél._ [On the Relief upon the
Rock at Karabél.] _Archäologische Zeitung IV._ 1846. p. 271-280.

XLIIa. _Über einige syntaktische Punkte der Hieroglyphischen
Sprache._ [On some Points in the Syntax of the Hieroglyphic
Language.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1846.

XLIII. _Voyage dans la Presqu’ île du Sinai, etc. Lu à la société
de Géographie, séances du 21 Avril et du 21 Mai. Extrait du
Bulletin de la soc. de géogr. Juin._ 1847. Paris. 8.

XLIV. _Mittheilung über die Republication des durch den Stein von
Rosette bekannten Priesterdekrets._ [Communication regarding the
Republication of the Ecclesiastical Decree promulgated on the
Rosetta Stone.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1847. 8.

XLIVa. _Über die in Philae aufgefundene Republication des Dekretes
von Rosette und die ägyptischen Forschungen des H. de Saulcy._ [On
the Republication of the Decree of Rosetta Discovered at Philae,
and the Egyptian Researches of H. de Saulcy.] _Ztschr. d. Deutsch.
Morgenländ. Gesellschaft._ Leipzig. 1847. B. 1. S. 264-320.

XLIVb. _Lettre de M. le Dr. R. Lepsius à M. Letronne sur le décret
bilingue de Philes dans son rapport avec le décret de Rosette et
sur l’opinion de M. de Saulcy. Revue archéologique._ 15. _Avr._
1847. _Année_ IV.

XLV. _Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien_ (_nach den Zeichnungen
der von Sr. Maj. gesendeten Expedition ... herausgegeben und
erläutert._) [Monuments of Egypt and Ethiopia, Published and
Illustrated after the Drawings made by the Expedition despatched by
His Majesty.] 6 _Abtheil._ (894 Blatt.) Berlin. 1849-59. fol. max.

XLVI. _Die Chronologie der Aegypter. Einleitung und Theil 1: Kritik
der Quellen._ [The Chronology of the Egyptians. Introduction and
Part 1: Criticism of Authorities.] Berlin, London, Paris. 1849. 4.

XLVII. _Über den ersten ägyptischen Götterkreis und seine
geschichtlich-mythologische Entstehung._ [On the First Egyptian
Pantheon and its Historical-Mythological Origin.] _Mit 4 Tafeln._
Berlin. _Abhdlg. d. Akad._ 1851. 4. _Als Buch bei W. Hertz, Berl._
1851.

XLVIII. _Briefe aus Aegypten, Aethiopien und der Halbinsel des
Sinai, geschrieben, 1842-1845._ [Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia and
the Peninsula of Sinai, written from 1842 to 1845.] _Mit 2 Tafeln
und 1 Karte._ Berlin. 1852. 8.

XLIX. _Über die 12. ägyptische Königsdynastie._ [On the Twelfth
Egyptian Royal Dynasty.] _Mit 3 Tafeln. Berl. Akad. Abhdlg._ 1852.
4. _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 5 Jan. 1852.

L. _Über einige Ergebnisse der ägyptischen Denkmäler für die
Kenntnis der Ptolemäergeschichte._ [On some Additions to our
Knowledge of the History of the Ptolemies derived from the Egyptian
Monuments.] _Berl. Akad. Abhdlg._ 1852. 4.

LI. _Bemerkungen zu dem Reisebericht von Brugsch mit Bezug auf das
Verhältnis der neu gefundenen Apisdaten zu einer 25 jährigen
Apisperiode._ [Observations on the Report of the Journey of
Brugsch, with Reference to the Relation of the Apis Date Lately
Discovered to an Apis Period of 25 years.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1853.
8.

LIa. _Über den Apiskreis._ [On the Cycle of Apis.] _Ztschr. d.
Deutschen morgenl. Gesellsch._ 1853. Bd. VII. S. 417-436.

LII. _Über den chronologischen Werth einiger astronomischen Angaben
auf ägyptischen Denkmälern._ [On the Chronological Value of some
Astronomical Designs on Egyptian Monuments.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._
1854. 8.

LIII. _Folgerungen aus Mariette’s Mittheilungen für die Chronologie
der 26. manethonishen Dynastie und die Eroberung Aegyptens durch
Cambyses._ [Inferences from the Communications of Mariette,
regarding the Chronology of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty of Manetho,
and the Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1854. 8.

LIV. _Über eine hieroglyphische Inschrift am Tempel von Edfu_
(_Apollinopolis Magna._) [On a hieroglyphic Inscription on the
Temple of Edfu; Apollinopolis Magna.] _Mit. 6 Tafeln, Berl. Ak.
Abhdlg._ 1854. 4. _Bei Dümmler in Berl._ 1855.

LIVa. _Die ägyptischen Felsentafeln vom Nahr el-Kelb in Syrien._
[The Egyptian Stone Tablets from Nahr el-Kelb in Syria.] _Berl.
Mon.-Ber. Juni_ 1854. 8.

LIVb. _Der Artikel “Aegypten” in Hertzog’s Real Encyclopädie für
Theologie und Kirche_, (1854.) [The Article “Egypt” in Hertzog’s
Technical Encyclopedia of Theology and the Church, 1854] Bd. 1. S.
166-178.

LV. _Königliche Museen. Abtheilung der Aegyptischen Alterthümer.
Die Wandgemälde. 37 Tafeln Nebst Erklärung von R. Lepsius._ [Royal
Museum. Department of Egyptian Antiquities. The Mural Paintings. 37
Plates with an Exposition by R. Lepsius.] _Berl._ 1855. 2. _Aufl._
1870. _Fol._ 3. _Aufl._ 1882. _Quer._ 4.

LVI. _Beschreibung der Wandgemälde in der ägyptischen Abtheilung.
Herausgegeben von der Generalverwaltung._ [Description of the Mural
Paintings in the Egyptian Department. Published by the General
Management.] _Berl._ 1855. 4. _Aufl._ 1879. 8. (No. LV. without
Illustrations.)

LVII. _Königliche Museen. Verzeichnis der ägyptischen Alterthümer
und Gipsabgüsse von R. Lepsius. Herausgegeben von der
Generalverwaltung._ [Royal Museum. List of the Egyptian Antiquities
and Plaster Casts by R. Lepsius. Published by the General
Management.] _Berl._ 1871. 4 _Aufl._ 1879. 5 _Aufl._ 1882. 8.

LVIII. _Über eine hieroglyphische Inschr. am Tempel von Edfu
(Appollinopolis Magna) in welcher der Besitz des Tempels an
Ländereien (13209-1/16 Schoinia) unter der Regierung Ptolemaeus XI.
Alexander I. verzeichnet ist._ [On a Hieroglyphic Inscription on
the Temple of Edfu (Apollinopolis Magna) in which are Recorded the
Possessions of the Temple in Landed Property (13209-1/16 Schoinia)
under the Reign of Ptolemy XI., Alexander I.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 15
_März_, 1855. 8.

LVIIIa. _Über den Namen der Ionier auf den ägyptischen Denkmälern._
[On the Names of the Ionians upon the Egyptian Monuments.] _Berl.
Mon.-Ber. Juli_ 1885. 8.

LIX. _Das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet. Grundsätze der
Übertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener
Sprachen in europäische Buchstaben._ _Berl._ 1855. 8. _S. a. den
Bericht über das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet. Berl.
Mon.-Ber._ 15. _Febr. u._ 20. _December 1885._ (_Typenguss und
fortschreitende Verbreitung des linguistischen Alphabets_). [The
Universal Linguistic Alphabet. Principles of the Translation of
Foreign Graphic Systems and Languages Hitherto Unwritten into
European Alphabetic Characters. Berl. 1855. 8. See also the Report
on the Universal Linguistic Alphabet. Berl. Mon.-Ber. February 15,
and Dec. 20, 1855.] (Casting of the Type and Increasing Diffusion
of the Linguistic Alphabet.)

LX. _Über die 22. ägyptische Königsdynastie nebst einigen
Bemerkungen zu der 26. und andern Dynastieen des neuen Reichs._
[On the Twenty-Second Egyptian Royal Dynasty, with Some Remarks on
the Twenty-Sixth and Other Dynasties of the New Kingdom.] _Mit 2
Tafeln, Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1856. 4. _Dazu LXIa._

LXa. No. LX Translated into English by Bell.

LXI. _Über die Götter der vier Elemente bei den Aegyptern._ [On the
Gods of the Four Elements Among the Egyptians.] _Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._
1856. 4. Published as a Book by Dümmler, Berl. 1856.

LXIa. _Über die XXII. Königs-Dynastie der Aegypter. Mit Bemerkungen
über die XXI., XXIII. und XXVI. Dynastie._ [On the Twenty-Second
Royal Dynasty of the Egyptians. With Remarks on the Twenty-First,
Twenty-Third and Twenty-Sixth Dynasty.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber. Juni_
1856. 8. (LX.)

LXII. _Über einen falschen Palimpsest._ [On a Spurious Palimpsest.]
_Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1856. 8.

LXIII. _Über den falschen Uranios des Simonides._ [On the Spurious
Uranios of Simonides.] _Allgemeine Augsburger Zeitung vom 11. Febr.
1856. Nr. 42, Vossische Zeitung vom 8. Febr. 1856. Deutsche allg.
Zeitung vom 10. Febr. 1856._

LXIIIa. _Entgegnung auf die Winne’sche Abhandlung über die
chinesische Sprache._ [Reply to the Dissertation of Winne on the
Chinese Language.] _Berl._ 20. _Mai._ 1856.

LXIV. _Über die manethonische Bestimmung des Umfangs der
ägyptischen Geschichte._ [On the Limits set by Manetho to the
Compass of Egyptian History.] _Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1857. 4. (_Dazu
Berl. Mon.-Ber. Aug. 1857_).

LXIVa. _Über die 26. ägyptische Königsdynastie und die Eroberung
Aegyptens durch Kambyses._ [On the Twenty-Sixth Royal Dynasty of
Egypt and the Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._
1857. 8.

LXV. _Über mehrere chronologische Punkte, die mit der Einführung
des julianischen und alexandrinischen Kalenders zusammenhängen._
[On Certain Chronological Points Connected with the Introduction of
the Julian and Alexandrian Calendars.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber. 11. Nov.
1858._ 8.

LXVa. Letter to Dr. Bell, “In Reply to the Strictures Contained in
H. von Gumpach’s Papers on the Reign of Menes.” Transactions of the
Roy. Soc. etc. 1858.

LXVI. _Königsbuch der alten Aegypter. Abthlg. I. 169. S. Text und
23 synoptische Tafeln der ägyptischen Dynastien. Abthl. II: 73
hieroglyphische Tafeln mit 987 Königschildern._ [Book of the Kings
of Ancient Egypt. Part I, 169. See Text and 23 Synoptic Tables of
the Egyptian Dynasties. Part II, 73 Hieroglyphic Tablets with 987
Cartouches of Kings.] _Berl. 1858. kl. Folio._

LXVIa. _Über einige Punkte der Herodotischen Chronologie._ [On Some
Points in the Chronology of Herodotus. An Unpublished Lecture.]
_Angekündigt i. d. Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1858. 8. _Nicht zur
Veröffentlichtung gelangter Vortrag._

LXVII. _Über einige Berührungspunkte der ägyptischen, griechischen
und römischen Chronologie._ [On Some Points of Contact in the
Egyptian, Grecian and Roman Chronology.] _Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1859.
4. (_Dazu: Berl. Mon.-Ber. Aug. 1858._ 8.)

LXVIIa. _Mittheilungen 1. über Einführung des Alexandrinischen
Kalenders unter Augustus_, 2. _über Wiederherstellung des zur Zeit
der Ptolemäer aufgestellten Dionysischen Kalenders_, 3.
_Wiederherstellung des Eudoxischen Kalenders u. s. w._ 4.
_Wiederherstellung der Parapegmen der Aegypter, des Demokrit u. s.
w._ 5. _Über die Jahres-und Tagesbestimmung der Eroberung Trojas u.
s. w._ [Communications: 1, On the Introduction of the Alexandrian
Calendar under Augustus; 2. On the Restoration of the Dionysian
Calendar Adopted in the Time of the Ptolemies; 3. Restoration of
the Eudoxian Calendar, etc.; 4. Restoration of the Parapegmen of
the Egyptians, of Democritus, etc.; 5, On Fixing the Year and Day
of the Conquest of Troy, etc.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 10. _Febr._ 1859.

LXVIIb. _Anzeige der Übergabe der 15 letzten Lieferungen des
ägyptischen Denkmälerwerkes, welches die Akademie von Sr. Maj. dem
Könige zum Geschenk erhalten hatte._ [Announcement of the Delivery
of the Last Fifteen Numbers of the Work on Egyptian Monuments,
which the Academy had Received as a Gift from His Majesty the
King.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 3. _Nov._ 1859.

LXVIII. _Über die Umschrift und Lautverhältnisse einiger
hinterasiatischer Sprachen, namentlich des Chinesischen und des
Tibetischen._ [On the Transcription and Relations of the Sounds of
Some Remote Asiatic Languages, Especially of the Chinese and the
Tibetan.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 16. _Febr. und_ 5. _März_ 1860. 8. _Ak.
Abhdlg._ 1860. 4.

LXIX. _Ingīl Jesū mesīhni-lin, Margosin fāisīn nagittā._ [The
Gospel According to St. Mark] Translated into the Nubian Language,
1860. 8.

LXX. _Über die arabischen Sprachlaute und deren Umschrift nebst
einigen Erläuterungen über den harten --Vokal
in der tartarischen, slavischen und der rumänischen Sprache._ [On
the Sounds of the Arabian Spoken Language, and Methods of Writing
Them, With Some Comments on the Hard Vowel
in the Tartar, Slavonic and Roumanian Languages.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._
2. _Mai 1861._ 8. _Ak. Abhdlg._ 1861. 4.

LXXI. _Das ursprüngliche Zendalphabet._ [The Original Zend
Alphabet.] _Mit_ 3 _Tafeln. Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 31. _März 1862._ 8.
_Berl. Abhdlg._ 1862. 4.

LXXIa. Was not Published, and is therefore indexed without title.

LXXII. _Litterae gutturales und Literae faucalest. Zeitschrift für
vergleichende Sprachforschung von Kuhn._ 1862. _XI. p._ 442. _ff._

LXXIII. _Über das Lautsystem der Persischen Keilschrift._ [On the
System of Sounds of the Persian Cuneiform Writing.] _Berl.
Mon.-Ber._ 3. _Apr. 1862._ 8. _Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1862. 4.

LXXIV. Standard Alphabet for Reducing Unwritten Languages and
Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniform Orthography in European
Letters. Second Edition. London and Berlin. 1863. 8. (The first
edition is the work published in 1855 in German on “The Universal
Linguistic Alphabet.” See No. LIX.[106])

LXXV. _Über den Umfang und die Verschiedenheit der menschlichen
Sprachlaute._ [On the Compass and Differences of the Sounds in
Human Speech.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 1863. 8.

LXXVI. _Mittheilung über eine von H. Dümichen zu Abydos
neuentdeckte Königsliste._ [Communication Concerning a List of
Kings Lately Discovered at Abydos by H. Dümichen.] _Berl.
Mon.-Ber._ 27. _Oct._ 1864. 8.

LXXVII. _Die Sethostafel von Abydos._ [The Tablet of Sethos from
Abydos.] _Zeitschr. für ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde._
1864. _S._ 81.

LXXVIII. _Texte des Todtenbuches a. d. alten Reiche._ [Text of the
Book of the Dead of the Old Kingdom.] _Zeitsch. f. äg. Spr. u. A._
1864. _S._ 83.

LXXIX. _Die altägyptische Elle und ihre Eintheilung._ [The Old
Egyptian Ell and its Subdivisions.] _Mit 4 Tafeln. Berl. Ak.
Abhdlg._ 1865. 4. _Als Buch bei Dümmler. Berl._ 1865. 4.

LXXX. _Über “rechts” und “links” im Hieroglyphischen._ [On “Right”
and “Left” in the Hieroglyphic Language.] _Zeitsch. f. äg. Spr. u.
A._ 1865. _S._ 12.

LXXXI. Supplement to the Same. _Ibid._ 1865. _S._ 22.

LXXXII. _Über die mit den Nomenlisten verbundenen geographischen
Nomenreihen._ [On the Geographical Series of Nomes, Connected with
the Lists of Nomes.] _Ibid._ 1865. _S._ 38.

LXXXIII. _Über die Zeichen_ , _und_ _in den topographischen
Listen_. [On the Signs , and in the Topographical Lists.]
_Ibid._ 1865. _S._ 60.

LXXXIV. _Über die hieroglyphische Gruppe_
_als Orgyia von 4 Ellen oder 6 Fuss_. [On the Hieroglyphic Group
as an Orgyia of Four Ells or Six Feet.]
_Ibid._ 1865. _S._ 101.

LXXXV. _Die Regel in den hieroglyphischen Bruchbezeichnungen._ [The
Rule of the Hieroglyphic Fractional Reckoning.] _Ibid._ 1865. _S._
101.

LXXXVI. _Al Fondatore dell’ Instituto archeologico in Roma Odoardo
Gerhard nel cinquantesimo anno della sua laurea dottorale._
(Introduction to the “Nuove memorie dell’ inst. archeol.”)_Berl._
1865. Drawn up by Lepsius, in the Name of the Institute and the
Central Board of Directors, (Abeken, Lepsius, Mommsen, Haupt, Duc
de Luynes, Welcker, Kircher, Meineke and De Witte.)

LXXXVII. _Das bilingue Dekret von Kanopus in der Originalgrösse mit
Übersetzung beider Texte._ [The Original Decree of Canopus in the
Original Size, with a Translation of Both Texts.] _Thl. 1 mit 8
Tafeln. Berlin._ 1866. _fol._

LXXXVIII. _Reisebericht aus Aegypten._ [Report from Egypt on the
Journey.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 17. _Mai_ 1866. 8.

LXXXIX. _Entdeckung eines bilinguen Dekretes._ [Discovery of a
Bilingual Decree.] _Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1866. _S._ 29.

XC. _Das Dekret von Kanopus. Erklärung._ [The Decree of Canopus,
Explanation.] _Ibid._ 1866. _S._ 49.

XCI. _Über die Umschrift des Hieroglyphischen._ [On the
Transcription of the Hieroglyphic Writing.] _Ibid._ 1866. _S._ 73.

XCII. _Über den Obelisk in der Münchener Glyptothek._ [On the
Obelisk in the Munich Glyptotheca.] _Ibid._ 1866. _S._ 95.

XCIII. _Zusatz über denselben._ [Supplement to the Last.] _Ibid._
1867. _S._ 20.

XCIV. _Recension über “G. F. Unger, Chronologie des Manetho.”_
[Review of “G. F. Unger, On the Chronology of Manetho.”]
_Literarisches Centralblatt von Zarncke._ 1867. _S._ 1121.

XCV. _Älteste Texte des Todtenbuchs nach Sarkophagen des
altägyptischen Reichs im Berliner Museum._ [The Oldest Text of the
Book of the Dead, According to Sarcophagi of the Old Egyptian
Kingdom in the Berlin Museum.] _Berl._ 1867. _Fol._

XCVI. _Zu dem Artikel des Herrn Baillet (de la transcription des
hiéroglyphes.)_ [Regarding the Article of M. Baillet, “_de la
transcription des hiéroglyphes_.” _Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1867.
_S._ 70.

XCVII. _Über den chronologischen Werth der assyrischen Eponymen und
einige Berührungspunkte mit der ägyptishen Chronologie._ [On the
Chronological Value of the Assyrian Eponyms and Some Points Which
They Have in Common with the Egyptian Chronology.] _Berl. Ak.
Abhdlg._ 1868. 4.

XCVIII. _Über die Anwendung des lateinischen Universal Alphabets
auf den chinesischen Dialekt von Canton und über die Berufung
auswärtiger Gelehrter an eine in Peking zu gründende kaiserliche
Lehranstalt._ [On the Application of the Latin Universal Alphabet
to the Chinese Dialect of Canton, and On the Appointment of Foreign
Scholars in an Imperial Institute of Learning to be Founded at
Peking.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 5. _März_ 1868. 8.

XCIX. _Das Sothisdatum im Dekret von Kanopus._ [The Sothis Date in
the Decree of Canopus.] _Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1868. _S._ 36.

C. _Über eine zu Pompeji gefundene hieroglyphische Inschrift._ [On
a Hieroglyphic Inscription Found at Pompeii.] _Ibid._ 1868. _S._
85.

CI. _Nachtrag zu dem Artikel von Brugsch: Über die vier Elemente._
[Supplement to the Article by Brugsch “On the Four Elements.”]
_Ibid._ 1868. _S._ 127.

CII. _Grundplan des Grabes König Ramses’ IV. in einem Turiner
Papyrus._ [Ground plan of the Grave of King Ramses IV. in a Turin
Papyrus.] _Mit 1 Tafel. Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1869. 4.

CIII. _Die Kalenderreform im Dekret von Kanopus._ [The Reform of
the Calendar in the Decree of Canopus.] _Zeitschr. f. äg. Spr. u.
A._ 1869. _S._ 77.

CIV. _Der letzte Kaiser in den hieroglyphischen Inschriften._ [The
Last Emperor in the Hieroglyphic Inscriptions.] _Ibid._ 1870. _S._
25.

CV. _Über die Annahme eines sogenannten prähistorischen Steinalters
in Aegypten._ [On Admitting a So-called Prehistoric Age of Stone in
Egypt.] _Ibid._ 1870. _S._ 89 _u._ 113.

CVI. _Über die Papyrusinschrift mit dem doppelten Kalender._ [On
the Papyrus Inscription with the Double Calendar.] _Ibid._ 1870.
_S._ 167.

CVII. _Die Metalle in den ägyptischen Inschriften._ [The Metals in
the Egyptian Inscriptions.] _Mit 2 Tafeln. Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1871.
4.

CVIII. _Über einige ägyptische Kunstformen und ihre Entwickelung._
[On Some Egyptian Forms of Art and Their Development.] _Berl. Ak.
Abhdlg._ 1871. 4.

CVIIIa. _Über die äthiopischen Sprachen und Völker zwischen
Aegypten, Abyssinien und den Ländern der Negervölker._ [On the
Ethiopian Languages and Peoples between Egypt, Abyssinia and the
Lands of the Negro Races.] _Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1872. 4.

CIX. _Des Sesostris Herakles Körperlänge._ [The Length of the Body
of the Sesostris Herakles.] _Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1871. _S._
52.

CX. _Der Bogen in der Hieroglyphik._ [The Arch in Hieroglyphics.]
_ibid._ 1872. _S._ 79.

CXI. _Kupfer und Eisen._ [Copper and Iron.] _ibid._ 1872. _S._ 113.

CXII. Exhibition of Portraits of Deceased Scholars and Artists of
Berlin. Catalogue, 1873, 8. This Exhibition was Opened from the
Twenty-first to the Thirtieth of March, 1873, to Aid in Purchasing
a Lodging House for Students.

CXIII. Royal Library. An Exhibition of all Writings and Pictures
Relating to the War of 1870-1871. 1873, 8. Open from the Ninth of
October till the Second of November, 1873, in the Central Hall of
the Royal Library.

CXIV. _Vicomte E. de Rougé. Zeitschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1873. _S._
23.

CXV. _Hieroglyphische Inschriften in den Oasen von Xārigeh und
Dāχileh._ [Hieroglyphic Inscriptions in the Oases of Xārigeh und
Dāχileh.] _ibid._ 1874. _S._ 73.

CXVI. _Trinuthis und die ägyptischen Oasen._ [Trinuthis and the
Egyptian Oases.] _ibid._ 1874. _S._ 80.

CXVII. _Die Inschrift des nubischen Königs Silko._ [The Inscription
of the Nubian King Silko.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 5. _Apr._ 1875. 8.

CXVIIa. _Die griechische Inschrift des nubischen Königs Silko._
[The Grecian Inscription of the Nubian King Silko.] _Hermes._
1875. _Bd. X. S._ 129-144.

CXVIII. _Liste der hieroglyphischen Typen des Herrn F. Theinhardt._
[List of the Hieroglyphic Types of Mr. F. Theinhardt.] _Berlin._
1875. _kl. Fol. Auch als Beilage zu der Zeitschr. f. äg. Spr. u.
A._ 1875.

CXIX. _Vom internationalen Orientalisten-Congress in London._ [Of
the International Congress of Orientalists in London.] _Ztschr. f.
äg. Spr. u. A._ 1875. _S._ 1.

CXX. _Über den Kalender des Papyrus Ebers und die Geschichtlichkeit
der ältesten Nachrichten._ [On the Calendar of the Ebers Papyrus,
and the Historical Value of the Oldest Accounts.] _ibid._ 1875.
_S._ 145.

CXXI. _Recension über die von G. Ebers besorgte Publication des
Papyrus Ebers._ [Review of the Edition of the Ebers Papyrus made
under the supervision of G. Ebers.] _Literarisches Centralblatt v.
Zarncke._ 1875. _S._ 1582 _ff._

CXXII. _Aufforderung (zu Mittheilungen von Seiten derjenigen
kleineren Museen oder Privatsammlungen, welche sich im Besitz von
Todtenpapyrus befinden, über dieselben.)_ [Invitation for
Communications, From Such Smaller Museums or Private Collections as
are in Possession of Funereal Papyri, Concerning the Same.]
_Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1876. _S._ 48.

CXXIII. _Les métaux dans les inscriptions égyptiennes. Traduit par
W. Berend. Avec des additions de l’auteur. Avec 2 planches. Paris._
1877. 4.

CXXIV. _Die babylonisch-assyrischen Längenmasse nach der Tafel von
Senkereh._ [The Babylonian-Assyrian Linear Measure According to the
Tablet of Senkereh.] _Mit 1 Tafel. Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._ 1877. 4.

CXXV. _Das Stadium und die Gradmessung des Eratosthenes auf
Grundlage der ägyptischen Masse._ [The Stadium and the Measure of
Degrees of Eratosthenes on the Basis of the Egyptian Measures.]
_Zeitschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1877. _S._ 3.

CXXVI. _Über die widderköpfigen Götter Ammon u. Chnumis, in
Beziehung auf die Ammonsoase und die gehörnten Köpfe auf
griechischen Münzen._ [On the Ram-headed Gods, Ammon and Chnumis,
in Connection with the Oasis of Ammon and the Horned Heads on Greek
Coins.] _ibid._ 1878. _S._ 8.

CXXVII. _Die babylonisch-assyrische Längenmass-Tafel von Senkereh._
[The Babylonian-Assyrian Tablet of Linear Measure from Senkereh.]
_ibid._ 1877. _S._ 49.

CXXVIII. _Eine ägyptisch-aramäische Stele._ [An Egyptian-Aramaic
Stela.] _ibid._ 1877. _S._ 127.

CXXIX. _Weitere Erörterungen über das babylonisch-assyrische
Längenmasssystem._ [Farther Discussions of the Babylonian-Assyrian
System of Linear Measure.] _Berl. Mon.-Ber._ 6. _Dec._ 1877 _und_
4. _Febr._ 1878. 8.

CXXIXa. _Über die Sprachgruppen der afrikanischen Völker._ [On the
Groups of Languages of the African Tribes.] _Berl. Ak. Abhdlg._
1879. 4.

CXXX. _Nubische Grammatik mit einer Einleitung über die Völker und
Sprachen Afrikas._ [Nubian Grammar, with an Introduction on the
Tribes and Languages of Africa.] _Berl._ 1880. 8.

CXXXI. _Über die Wiedereröffnung zweier ägyptischer Pyramiden nach
Mittheilungen von Prof. Brugsch._ [On the Reopening of Two Egyptian
Pyramids, According to Communications from Professor Brugsch.]
_Berl. Sitzungs-Ber._ 1881. 8.

CXXXII. _Bericht über den Fortgang der von E. Naville unternommenen
Herausgabe des Thebanischen Todtenbuchs._ [Report on the Progress
of the Edition of the Theban Book of the Dead, Undertaken by E.
Naville.] _Berl. Sitzungs-Ber._ 1881. 8.

CXXXIII. _Bemerkung (zu den neu geöffneten Pyramiden von Saqqara.)_
[Observations on the Pyramids of Saccarah Recently Opened.]
_Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1881. _S._ 15.

CXXXIV. _Die XXI. Manethonische Dynastie._ [The XXI Dynasty of
Manetho.] _Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1882. _S._ 103 _u._ 151.

CXXXV. _Eine Sphinx._ [A Sphinx.] _ibid._ 1882. _S._ 117.

CXXXVI. _“Die ägyptische Längenmasse” von Dörpfeld beleuchtet von
R. Lepsius._ [“The Egyptian Linear Measures” of Dörpfeld, Examined
by R. Lepsius.] _Aus den Mittheilungen des archäologischen
Instituts zu Athen._ 1883. _VIII. S._ 227-245. 8.

(_Dörpfeld’s Abhandlung, gegen welche diese Streitschrift sich
richtet, ibid. S. 36 ff._)

CXXXVII. _Die Längenmasse der Alten._ [The Linear Measures of the Ancients.] _Berl. Sitzungs-Ber._ 1883. 8.

CXXXVIII. _Über die Lage von Pithom (Succoth) u. Raëmses (Heroonpolis.)_ [On the site of Pithom (Succoth) and Raëmses (Heroonpolis).] _Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1883. _S._ 41.

CXXXIX. _Über die Masse im Felsengrabe Ramses’ IV._ [On the Measures in the Rock Tomb of Ramses IV.] _Ztschr. f. äg. Spr. u. A._ 1884. _S._ 1.

CXL. _Über die 6 palmige grosse Elle von 7 kleinen Palmen-Länge, in dem “Mathematischen Handbuche” von Eisenlohr._ [On the Great Ell of Six Palms, the Length of Seven Small Palms, in the “Mathematical Handbook” of Eisenlohr.] _ibid._ 1884. _S._ 6.

CXLI. _Die Längenmasse der Alten._ [The Linear Measures of the Ancients.] _Berlin. W. Hertz._ 1884.

CXLII. _Der Artikel “Aegypten” in Brockhaus’ Conversations-Lexicon._ [The Article “Egypt” in the “Conversations-Lexicon” of Brockhaus.

THE END.

* * * * *

=THE BRIDE OF THE NILE=, A ROMANCE, BY =Georg Ebers=, from the German
by CLARA BELL. _Authorized edition_, in two volumes. Price, paper
covers, $1.00, cloth binding, $1.75 per set.

“This romance has much value, apart from its interest as a narrative. The learned author, who has made the Land of the Nile an object of special study and research, throws a clear, steady light on one of those complicated periods of history when nationality seems submerged in the conflicting interests of sects and factions. The history of Egypt towards the middle of the seventh century, A.D., forms a sort of historical whirlpool. The tide of Moslem invasion and the counter-current of patriotism were temporarily swayed by the intermingling currents of sectarianism, ecclesiasticism and individual self-interest.

“All the leading characters are typical of these contending forces, and also display an unreasoning impulsiveness in both love and hatred, characteristic of a tropical clime.

“The Egyptian heathen, the Egyptian Christian, the Greek Christian, the Moslem and Ethiopian show the feelings peculiar to their political conditions by word and act, thus making their relationship to one another very distinct, and though not an historical study, at least a study of the probabilities of that epoch. It is also a reliable picture of the manners, customs and civilization of a period less generally known than those remote, and consequently more attractive periods of the building of the pyramids, and of the Pharoahs.

“The portrayal of individual character and arrangement of incidents are necessarily secondary to the higher aims of this entertaining and instructive romance. It is only towards the end of the second volume that the significance of the title becomes apparent. The ‘Bride’ was a Greek Christian doomed by the superstitious authorities to be drowned in the Nile as a sacrifice to appease the anger of the creative powers, supposed to be withholding the usual overflow of its waters. She escaped her watery fate, and her rival, an unprincipled heiress, became a voluntary sacrifice through vanity and despair. This author has already won much renown by previous romances founded on interesting epochs of Egyptian history.”--_Daily Alta, California._

_William S. Gottsberger, Publisher, New York._

=WAR AND PEACE.= A Historical Novel, by Count Léon Tolstoï,
translated into French by a Russian Lady and from the French by
Clara Bell. _Authorized Edition._ Complete, Three Parts in Box.
Paper, $3.00. Cloth, $5.25.

=Part I. Before Tilsit=, 1805-1807, in two volumes. Paper, $1.00.
Cloth, $1.75 per set.

=” II. The Invasion=, 1807-1812, in two volumes. Paper, $1.00. Cloth,
$1.75 per set.

=” III. Borodino, The French at Moscow--Epilogue=, 1812-1820, in two
volumes. Paper, $1.00. Cloth, $1.75 per set.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

“A story of Russia in the time of Napoleon’s wars. It is a story of the family rather than of the field, and is charming in its delineations of quaint Russian customs. It is a novel of absorbing interest, full of action and with a well managed plot; a book well worth reading.”--_Philadelphia Enquirer._

* * * * *

“The story of ‘War and Peace’ ranks as the greatest of Slavic historical novels. It is intensely dramatic in places and the battle scenes are marvels of picturesque description. At other points the vein is quiet and philosophical, and the reader is held by the soothing charm that is in complete contrast with the action and energy of battle.”--_Observer, Utica, N. Y._

* * * * *

“War and Peace is a historical novel and is extremely interesting, not only in its description of the times of the great invasion eighty years ago, but in its vivid pictures of life and character in Russia.”--_Journal of Commerce, New York._

* * * * *

“On general principles the historical novel is neither valuable as fact nor entertaining as fiction. But ‘War and Peace’ is a striking exception to this rule. It deals with the most impressive and dramatic period of European history. It reproduces a living panorama of scene, and actors, and circumstance idealized into the intense and artistic life of imaginative composition, and written with a brilliancy of style and epigrammatic play of thought, a depth of significance, that render the story one of the most fascinating and absorbing.”--_Boston Evening Traveller._

_Wm. S. Gottsberger, Publisher, New York._

KATIA

BY

COUNT LÉON TOLSTOÏ

_TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH_

--AUTHORIZED EDITION--

“It is hard to understand some judgments that have been passed on Count Tolstoï’s ‘Katia,’ recently done into English, to the effect that it is an unsatisfactory work of the great author. In one sense a _morceau_, it cannot indeed be compared for a moment with those vast works of his genius which make so profound an impression wherever they are read, but the little tale has the Tolstoï flavor and atmosphere, and the story of a woman who becomes careless as to her husband’s love, and longing for it again finds that it can never be hers in the sense that it had once been, is told with the directness, the touching simplicity and the power which are not to be found combined in the work of any other writer still living in discovered countries.”--_The Boston Post._

Price, Paper Cover, 25 cts. Cloth Binding, 50 cts.

WHAT I BELIEVE

BY

COUNT LÉON TOLSTOÏ

_TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN_

BY

CONSTANTINE POPOFF

Price, Paper cover, 60 cts. Cloth binding, $1.00.

_Wm. S. Gottsberger, Publisher, New York._

=THE MARTYR OF GOLGOTHA=, by =Enrique Perez. Escrich=, from the Spanish
by Adèle Josephine Godoy, in two volumes. Price, paper covers,
$1.00. Cloth binding, $1.75.