Chapter III: Preface (3)

10. referébant. See the note on 6, 16.

modo. This is the adverb, not a case of _modus_, the dative and ablative singular of which would be _modó_. Make a practice of carefully observing the quantity of vowels.

11. órábant. Notice that this verb, like _imperó_ and _postuló_, takes _ut_ and the subjunctive.

14. ad návigandum. See the note on _ad quiétem_, 14, 1.

16. post, here an adverb of time.

18. dícitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation is said to have consisted'), while English commonly has the impersonal construction ('it is said that the nation consisted').

19. reí mílitáris, 'the art of war.'

25. mandávit. See the note on 16, 17.

26. Amázonibus, dative after the compound verb.

19. 1. persuásit. Notice that this verb governs the same construction that we have already found used with _imperó_ and _mandó_.

2. sécum. See the note on 12, 19.

5. appulit. Supply _návem_.

6. docéret. A clause of purpose is frequently introduced by a relative. Translate like the _ut_-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,' literally 'who was to make known.'

14. mágnó interválló, ablative of degree of difference.

16. nón mágna. The effect of the position of these words may be reproduced by translating 'but not a large one.'

neutrí. The plural is used because the reference is to two parties, each composed of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be _neuter_.

17. volébant, dedit. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for some time for the other to cross; finally Hercules gave the signal.

22. occíderint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result clauses after a past tense in the principal clause. This is contrary to the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, the present or perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense.

23. Virí. Compare this with _hominibus_, 12, 2.

24. praestábant. Compare the tense with praestitérunt, line 21.

27. neu. As _neque_ or _nec_ is used for 'and not,' so _néve_ or _neu_ for 'and that not' in an object-clause or a clause of purpose.

20. 1. quibus, 'and by these,' The relative is much used in Latin to connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When so used, it is generally best rendered by 'and' or 'but' and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.

ita ... ut. See the note on 17, 9.

2. essent, most easily explained as the subjunctive of attraction. By this is meant that the verb is attracted into the mood of the clause upon which it depends.

4. púgnátum est, 'the battle raged' or 'they fought,' literally 'it was fought,' Intransitive verbs are often thus used impersonally in the passive, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as púgnátum est = _púgna púgnáta est_.

11. aestátis, partitive genitive. Notice that multum is used as a noun.

13. nactus. The perfect active participle is wanting in Latin, but the perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning.

24. specié horribilí. See the note on 4, 14.

26. timóre perterrití. See the note on 14, 11.

continébantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive use of the passive, in which the subject is represented as acting upon itself.

pecora. This word is used of herds of cattle, pecudés (line 25) of single animals, especially sheep.

28. commótus cónsuluit. See the note on 18, 4.

21. 3. líberáret. See the note on 16, 27.

óráculó. Notice that párére is intransitive and has the dative of indirect object, while 'obey' is transitive. It may help to understand the Latin construction if you translate such verbs as _páreó_ by intransitives, here 'to submit to.'

4. sacrifició. See the note on 10, 11.

5. ipsó temporis punctó quó, 'at the very moment when.'

8. égressus. See the note on 20, 13.

dé rébus ... factus est, 'was informed of the state of things,' literally 'was made more certain about the things which were being done.' In what gender, number, person, and case is quae? Give a reason for each.

11. posset. The subjunctive is used because the words of the king are quoted indirectly. He said _sí potes_, 'if you can.'

19. Ipse. Notice the use of this word in contrasts, frequently, as here, of a person with that which belongs to him or with his subordinates.

20. inter sé, 'to one another.'

22. esset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would be _Quantum perículum est_? ('How great is the danger?'). multás terrás, just as we say 'many lands,'

23. Európae. Compare _Thébánís_, 10, 21.

24. in utróque lítore, 'on each shore,' 'on both shores.'

25. columnás. The ancients believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was the pillar set up by Hercules on the European side.

22. 4. tantum, an adverb.

5. dederit. See the note on 19, 22.

9. quó in locó. See the note on 11, 25. essent. See the note on 21, 22.

10. sibi, the indirect reflexive.

12. et ... et, 'both ... and.'

18. prógredí, 'from proceeding.'

19. prohibébant, 'attempted to prevent,' imperfect of attempted action. Notice that the use of the imperfect to express customary, repeated, or attempted action follows naturally from its use to denote action going on in past time. The present, the tense which denotes action going on in present time, has the same special uses.

20. barbarí. This word was used by the Greeks of all other peoples; by the Romans it was used of all but the Greeks and themselves.

24. cecidérunt. Let the quantity of the _i_ tell you whether this comes from _cadó_ or _caedó_. Is occíderint a compound of _cadó_ or _caedó_?

25. in tálibus rébus, _i.e_. when a god intervenes in behalf of his favorite.

26. nihil incommodí, 'no harm,' literally 'nothing of harm'; incommodí is partitive genitive.

23. 2. quam celerrimé, 'as rapidly as possible.' _Quam_ with the superlative expresses the highest possible degree.

3. Necesse, predicate adjective with erat, the subject being hás tránsíre.

5. citerióre. The Romans called upper Italy _Gallia Citerior_, 'Hither Gaul,' because it was occupied by Gallic tribes.

6. perenní. Learn the derivation of this word. The meaning of a word may often be seen most easily and remembered most surely by noticing its derivation,

téctí, used as predicate adjective.

9. cópiam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense have we found the plural _cópiae_ used?

10. rébus, 'preparations.' See the note on _rés_, 13, 8.

cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3.

11. omnium opíniónem. Hitherto we have had _opíniónem omnium_, but here _omnium_ is made emphatic by being placed first.

15. itinere, ablative of cause.

fessus, 'since he was weary.' Notice that a Latin adjective or participle must often be expanded into a clause in the translation.

16. Haud = _nón_. It modifies a single word, usually an adjective or adverb.

19. modo. See the note on 18, 10.

ingentí mágnitúdine. Compare _ingentis mágnitúdinis_, 16, 7.

23. boum. Learn the declension of this word from the vocabulary.

24. né. A negative clause of purpose is introduced by _né_.

24. 2. omnibus locís. _Locus_ modified by an adjective is often used without _in_ in the ablative of place.

3. núsquam. We say 'could not find anywhere,' but Latin prefers to combine the negative with another word.

6. reliquís. See the note on _reliquós centaurós_, 14, 26.

7. é bóbus. Compare _boum_, 23, 23. With únus the ablative with _ex_ or _dé_ is commonly used instead of the partitive genitive.

16. neque quicquam. See the note on 10, 4.

21. móre suó, 'according to his custom.'

turbátus, 'was confused ... and.' See the note on _íra ... interfécit_, 18, 4.

22. in. See the note on _in átrium_, 7, 3.

25. respírandí. See the note on 12, 26.

25. 2. quam quós, for _quam eós quós_.

11. cui. See the note on _cui erant_, 13, 5.

12. Herculí imperáverat, 'had enjoined upon Hercules.'

17. Eurystheó. See the note on _óráculó_, 21, 3.

19. quaesíverat. With this verb the person of whom the question is asked is expressed in the ablative with _ab, dé_, or _ex_.

23. orbis terrárum, 'of the world,' literally 'of the circle of lands.'

26. umerís suís, ablative of means, but we say 'on his shoulders.'

né. See the note on 23, 24.

décideret. Notice the force of the prefix _dé_.

27. mírátus, 'wondering at.' The perfect participle of deponent verbs is often best rendered into English by a present participle.

26. 3. Herculí, dative with pródesse.

ille. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.

4. certó, the adverb.

6. vénisset. What would the form be in the direct question?

inquit. See the note on 14, 28.

7. fíliábus. To avoid confusion with the corresponding forms of _deus_ and _fílius_, the dative and ablative plural of _dea_ and _fília_ sometimes end in _ábus_.

sponte. This noun is practically confined to the ablative singular, in prose usually with _meá, tuá_, or _suá_, 'of my, your, his own accord.'

9. posset, subjunctive because indirect. The thought of Hercules was _sí potest_.

11. abesset. This also is indirect, quoting _absum_.

12. umerís. See the note on 25, 26.

17. pauca mília. Extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by the accusative,

passuum. See the note on 16, 6.

21. ita ut, 'as'

accépissent. Hitherto we have found the indicative in causal clauses introduced by quod. The subjunctive indicates that the reason is quoted; the Hesperides said _quod accépimus_.

28. grátiás égit. See the note on 6, 16.

27. 2. é labóribus. See the note on 24, 7.

3. Herculí praecéperat = _Herculí imperáverat_, 25, 12.

5. posset, subjunctive because it quotes the thought of Eurystheus, _poterit_.

6. ut ... traheret. This clause is not itself the object of dedit, but in apposition with the object (Negótium).

7. omnium, partitive genitive.

11. nárrámus. The present is sometimes used with antequam to express future action, as in English with 'before.' See the note on 15, 1.

aliénum, predicate adjective, the subject of vidétur being pauca ... própónere. In the passive _videó_ may mean 'be seen,' but it usually means 'seem.'

13. qui ídem, 'which also,' literally 'which the same.'

14. Ut, 'when.'

15. dédúcébantur, customary action.

19. Stygis flúminis. We say 'river Styx,' but 'Mississippi River.'

quó, ablative of means.

20. necesse. See the note on 23, 3.

possent. The subjunctive is used with antequam to denote that the action is expected or intended.

21. in. We say 'over.'

25. prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the comparative because only two actions are spoken of.

dedisset, subjunctive because indirect. Charon said _nisi dederis_ (future perfect), _nón tránsveham_, 'unless you first give (shall have given), I will not carry you across.'

28. 1. mortuí, used as a noun, 'of the dead man.'

eó cónsilió, 'with this purpose,' 'to this end.' The clause ut ... posset is in apposition with cónsilió.

6. Ut. Compare 27, 14.

8. quod cum fécissent, 'and when they had done this.' See the note on _quibus_, 20, 1.

13. Stábant, 'there stood.' What is its subject?

15. mortuís, dative of indirect object.

et. Notice that ambiguity is avoided by a change of conjunctions, et connecting the clauses and -que connecting praemia and poenás. Of these connectives, _et_ connects two ideas that are independent of each other and of equal importance; _-que_ denotes a close connection, often of two words that together express a single idea; while _ac_ or _atque_ (see line 18) adds something of greater importance.

18. et. _Multí_ is often joined by _et_ to another adjective modifying the same noun.

24. ex. Compare 25, 18.

27. sé sociós, direct object and predicate accusative respectively.

29. 3. né. After verbs of fearing _né_ must be rendered 'that,' _ut_, 'that not.' Notice, however, that the negative idea is as clearly present here as in the other clauses introduced by _né_ that we have met, for Charon wishes that the thing may not happen.

13. fécisset, indirect for _féceris_.

18. refúgerit. See the note on 19, 22.

23. quae cum ita essent, 'and this being the case,' 'and so,' literally 'since which things were so.'

24. líberátus. See the note on _írá ... interfécit_, 18, 4.

25. quae, object of perscríbere, which is the subject of est; longum is predicate adjective.

26. est. We say 'would be.'

aetáte, ablative of specification. Translate 'when he was now advanced in age' (_i.e_. 'late in life'), and see the note on _fessus_, 23, 15.

30. 1. accidit. This is one of several impersonal verbs which take for their subject a clause of result (ut ... occíderit).

3. ut ... íret, a clause of result; used as the subject of esset, mós being predicate.

quis. After _sí, nisi, né_, and _num_, this is not the interrogative, but an indefinite pronoun ('any one'),

occídisset, indirect for _occíderit_, which would be the form used in the laws; or it may be explained as subjunctive by attraction to íret.

7. tránseant, not 'they are crossing,' but 'they are to cross.' The direct form would be _tránseámus ('How in the world are we to get across?'), subjunctive because the question expresses doubt. This is called the deliberative subjunctive.

10. prógressus, 'after advancing.'

11. revertébátur. This verb is deponent in the present, imperfect, and future.

16. humí, locative, 'on the ground.'

né. See the note on 23, 24.

suí ulcíscendí, 'of avenging himself.' This is called the gerundive construction. It is regularly used instead of the gerund when the gerund would have an accusative object (_sé ulcíscendí_). Notice that the gerund is a verbal noun; the gerundive a verbal adjective, agreeing with its noun like any other adjective.

17. morientis, 'of a dying man.' Compare _mortuí_, 28, 1.

18. vís, from _voló_.

20. sí ... vénerit, 'if you ever suspect him.' What is the literal meaning? Notice that we use the present, while Latin by the use of the future perfect indicates that the action is to precede that of the main clause.

21. inficiés. The future indicative is sometimes used, as in English, for the imperative.

22. nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26.

suspicáta. See the note on 25, 27.

25. Iolén, fíliam, captívam, direct object, appositive, and predicate accusative respectively.

26. domum. See the note on _ad domum_, 3, 15.

31. 1. referret. See the note on 19, 6.

2. facerent, subjunctive by attraction. The verb of a clause dependent upon an infinitive is put in the subjunctive when the two clauses are closely connected in thought. We have already met this construction in the case of dependence upon a subjunctive; see the note on 20, 2.

gerere. Compare 30, 3. Such phrases as _mós est_ may have as subject either an infinitive or a clause of result.

3. verita. This participle is regularly rendered as present,

né. See the note on 29, 3.

4. vestem. Notice that the position of this word helps to make it clear that it is the object of ínfécit as well as of dedit.

5. suspicáns. This does not differ appreciably in force from _suspicáta_, 30, 22.

8. exanimátus, 'beside himself.'

14. succenderent. Notice the force of the prefix _sub_ in this word and in subdidit below.

15. inductus, 'moved.'

THE ARGONAUTS

33. 1. alter ... alter, 'one ... the other.' Remember that this word is used to denote one of two given persons or things. We have in this passage an instance of the chiastic order, in which variety and emphasis are gained by reversing the position of the words in the second of two similar expressions. Here the two names are brought together by this device.

3. régní, objective genitive, _i.e_. a genitive used to denote the object of the feeling cupiditáte.

6. ex amícís. Quídam, like _únus_, commonly has _ex_ or _dé_ and the ablative, instead of the partitive genitive.

10. puerum mortuum esse, 'that the boy was dead,' literally 'the boy to be dead.' This is indirect for _Puer mortuus est_, 'The boy is dead.' Notice carefully what changes Latin makes in quoting such a statement indirectly, and what the changes are in English. We have already met two constructions of indirect discourse, the subjunctive in indirect questions, and the subjunctive in informal indirect discourse. By the latter is meant a subordinate clause which, though not forming part of a formal quotation, has the subjunctive to show that not the speaker or writer but some other person is responsible for the idea it expresses (see the notes on _dedisset_, 27, 25, and _occídisset_. 30, 3). In indirect discourse, then, a statement depending upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, or the like has its verb in the infinitive with the subject in the accusative; a command or question has its verb in the subjunctive; and any clause modifying such a statement, command, or question has its verb in the subjunctive.

33. 13. intellegerent. See the note on 14, 20.

14. nesció quam fábulam, 'some story or other.' Notice that _nesció_ with the interrogative pronoun is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun.

19. óráculum. Read again the description beginning at the bottom of page 11.

21. quis. See the note on 30, 3.

Post paucís annís, 'a few years later,' literally 'later by a few years.' Post is here an adverb, and paucís annís ablative of degree of difference. The expression is equivalent to _post paucós annós_.

22. accidit. See the note on 30, 1.

factúrus, 'intending to make.' The future participle with a form of _sum_ is used to express an intended or future action. This is called the active periphrastic conjugation.

23. certam. See the note on 5, 13.

24. Dié cónstitútá, ablative of time.

26. á pueritiá. Compare _á pueró_, 9, 20.

34. 2. tránseundó flúmine. See the note on _suí ulcíscendí_, 30, 16.

nesció quó. See the note on 33. 14.

4. únó pede núdó, 'with one foot bare,' the ablative absolute. This construction consists of two parts, a noun, or pronoun corresponding to the subject of a clause, and a participle corresponding to the verb of a clause. A predicate noun or adjective may take the place of the participle. In the latter case the use of the participle 'being' will show the two parts in the relation of subject and predicate, 'one foot being bare.'

34.6. démónstrávisset, subjunctive because subordinate in indirect discourse. See the note on 33, 10. Pelias thought, _Híc est homó quem óráculum démónstrávit_.

9. vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be put to death, when they were rescued by a ram with fleece of gold, who carried them off through the air. Helle fell from the ram's back into the strait that separates Europe and Asia, called after her the Hellespont, 'Helle's sea,' and known to us as the Dardanelles. Phrixus came safely to Colchis, and here he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes. Read Mr. D.O.S. Lowell's _Jason's Quest_.

11. ut ... potírétur. See the note on 27, 6.

hóc vellere. _Potior_ takes the same construction as _véscor_, for which see the note on 16, 19.

16. iter, accusative of extent.

20. úsuí, dative of purpose. We say 'of use' or 'useful.'

24. operí dative after the compound with _prae_. Notice that not all verbs compounded with prepositions govern the dative. Many compounds of _ad, ante, com_ (for _cum_), _in, inter, ob, post, prae, pró, sub_, and _super_ do have the dative, and some compounds of _circum_. You will find it profitable to keep a list of all such compound verbs governing the dative that you meet in your reading.

25. né ... quidem, 'not ... even.' The word emphasized must stand between _né_ and _quidem_.

ad labórem. See the note on _ad quiétem_, 14, 1.

26. Ad multitúdinem tránsportandam, used like _ad labórem_. The gerundive in this use is very common.

27. quibus. The antecedent _eae_ is not expressed. Notice that _útor_ governs the same case as _véscor_ and _potior_. Two other deponent verbs, not found in this book, take this construction, namely _fruor_, 'enjoy,' and _fungor_, 'perform.'

nostró marí, _i.e_. the Mediterranean.

cónsuévimus. See the note on _cónsuéverat_, 10, 9.

35. 8. citharoedum. It was said that Orpheus made such sweet music on his golden harp that wild beasts, trees, and rocks followed him as he moved. By his playing he even prevailed upon Pluto to give back his dead wife Eurydice.

Théseum, a mythical hero, whose exploits resemble and rival those of Hercules. The most famous of them was the killing of the Minotaur. Theseus was the national hero of Athens.

Castorem, the famous tamer of horses and brother of Pollux, the boxer. Read Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome, The Battle of the Lake Regillus_.

10. quós, the subject of esse. Its antecedent is eós, line 11. The relative frequently precedes in Latin, but the antecedent must be translated first.

16. Argonautae. Notice the composition of this word.

24. déicerentur, part of the result clause.

26. arbitrátí. See the note on 25, 27.

égredí. See the note on 22, 18.

27. púgnátum est. See the note on 20 4.

36. 5. Postrídié éius diéí, 'the next day,' more literally 'on the day following that day.' This idea may be expressed by _postrídié_ alone, and the fuller expression is simply more formal.

9. in ancorís, 'at anchor.'

10. habérent. See the note on 34, 6.

11. ex Argonautís. See the note on 33, 6.

13. Quí, 'he.' See the note on _quibus_, 20, 1.

dum quaerit, 'while looking for.' The present indicative with _dum_ is often to be translated by a present participle.

15. vídissent. We say 'saw,' but Latin makes it plain that the seeing (and falling in love) came before the attempt to persuade.

eí. Keep a list of all intransitive verbs which are used with the dative.

16. negáret. This verb is commonly used instead of _dícó_ when a negative statement follows; when thus used, it should be translated by 'say' with the appropriate negative, here 'said that he would not.'

37. 1. praebuisset, subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse.

2. supplicí. See the note on 7, 8.

6. accubuerat. The Romans reclined at table, supporting themselves on the left arm and taking the food with the right hand. They naturally represented others as eating in the same way.

appositum, 'that had been placed before him.' See the note on _exanimátum_, 14, 4.

7. Quó ... morerétur, 'and so it came to pass that Phineus was nearly dying of starvation,' literally 'that not much was wanting but that Phineus would die.' Ut ... abesset is a clause of result, the subject of factum est; quin ... morerétur is a form of subordinate clause with subjunctive verb used after certain negative expressions; famé is ablative of cause. Notice that _famés_ has a fifth-declension ablative, but is otherwise of the third declension.

9. Rés male sé habébat, 'the situation was desperate.' What is the literal meaning?

12. opíniónem virtútis, 'reputation for bravery.'

13. quín ferrent. Negative expressions of doubt are regularly followed by _quín_ and the subjunctive.

16. quantó in perículó. See the note on 11, 25.

suae rés, 'his affairs.' See the note on _rés_, 13, 8.

17. repperissent. Phineus used the future perfect indicative.

22. nihil, used adverbially.

23. áera. See the note on 4, 11.

27. Hóc factó, 'when this had been accomplished.' See the note on 34, 4. The ablative absolute is often used instead of a subordinate clause of time, cause, condition, or the like.

38. 1. referret. See the note on 6, 16.

3. eó cónsilió. See the note on 28, 1.

4. né quis, 'that no one.' 'Negative clauses of purpose and negative clauses of result may be distinguished by the negative: _né, né quís_, etc., for purpose; _ut nón, ut némó_, etc., for result.

parvó interválló, 'a short distance apart,' ablative absolute. See the note on 34, 1.

5. in medium spatium, 'between them.'

7. quid faciendum esset, 'what was to be done.' The gerundive is used with _sum_ to denote necessary action. This is called the passive periphrastic conjugation.

8. sublátís ... solvit, 'weighed anchor and put to sea.' What is the literal translation? The ablative absolute is often best translated by a coördinate verb, and this requires a change of voice, for the lack of a perfect active participle in Latin is the reason for the use of the ablative absolute in such cases. If there were a perfect active participle, it would stand in the nominative, modifying the subject, as we have found the perfect participle of deponent verbs doing.

11. réctá ... spatium, 'straight between them.'

12. caudá tantum ámissá, 'having lost only its tail-feathers.' Notice that we change the voice, as in line 8, and that the use of the ablative absolute is resorted to here for the same reason as in that passage. Make sure at this point that you know three ways in which the ablative absolute may be translated, as in this passage, as in line 8, and as suggested in the note on 37, 27.

14. concurrerent, 'could rush together.' See the note on _possent_, 27, 20.

intellegentés, equivalent to _cum intellegerent_.

17. dís, the usual form of the dative and ablative plural of _deus_, as _dí_ of the nominative plural.

quórum, equivalent to _cum eórum_. A relative clause of cause, like a _cum_-clause of cause, has its verb in the subjunctive.

27. negábat. See the note on 36, 16.

39. 1. tráditúrum. In infinitives formed with participles _esse_ is often omitted,

prius. See the note on 27, 25.

3. Prímum. See the note on 12, 16.

4. iungendí erant. See the note on 38, 7.

8. reí bene gerendae, 'of accomplishing his mission.' What is the literal meaning?

10. rem aegré ferébat, 'she was greatly distressed.' What is the literal meaning?

12. Quae ... essent. See the note on 29, 23.

13. medicínae, objective genitive.

14. Mediá nocte. See the note on 9, 5.

ínsciente patre, 'without the knowledge of her father,' ablative absolute.

15. vénit. See the note on 3, 13.

17. quod ... cónfírmáret, a relative clause of purpose.

19. essent, subjunctive in informal indirect discourse, or by attraction to oblineret.

20. hominibus. See the note on 34, 24.

21. mágnitúdine et víribus, ablative of specification.

40. 2. nihil valére, 'prevailed not.'

5. quá in ré. See the note on 11, 25.

6. cónfécerit. See the note on 19, 22.

8. quós. See the note on _quíbus_, 20, 1.

9. autem. See the note on 5, 8.

10. essent, subjunctive by attraction.

11. quódam, 'some.'

16. gígnerentur, 'should be born.' With dum, 'until,' the subjunctive is used of action anticipated, as with _antequam_ (see the note on _possent_, 27, 20).

19. omnibus agrí partibus. See the note on 18, 6.

20. mírum in modum = _míró modó_.

25. nesció cúr, 'for some reason.' See the note on 33, 14.

28. núlló negótió, 'with no trouble,' 'without difficulty.'

41. 3. quín tulisset. See the note on 37, 13.

15. quam prímum, 'as soon as possible.' See the note on 23, 2.

16. ávectúrum. See the note on _tráditúrum_, 39, 1.

17. Postrídié éius diéí. See the note on 36, 5.

19. locó. The antecedent is frequently thus repeated in the relative clause.

21. quí ... essent, 'to guard the ship.' See the note on 13, 16.

22. ipse. See the note on 21, 19.

27. quídam. This word may sometimes be rendered by the indefinite article.

28. démónstrávimus. See the note on _nárrávimus_, 14, 17.

42. 5. dormit. See the note on _fugit_, 4, 25.

12. aliquí. Learn from the vocabulary the difference between _aliquís_ and _aliquí_.

mátúrandum sibi, 'they ought to hasten,' more literally 'haste ought to be made by them'; mátúrandum (_esse_) is the impersonal passive, and sibi the so-called dative of the agent. With the gerundive the person who has the thing to do is regularly expressed in the dative.

16. mírátí. See the note on 25, 27.

20. dís. See the note on 38, 17.

21. événisset. See the note on _accépissent_, 26, 21.

23. vigiliá. The Romans divided the day from sunrise to sunset into twelve hours (_hórae_), the night from sunset to sunrise into four watches (_vigiliae_).

24. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.

25. inimícó animó, ablative of description.

43. 2. hóc dolóre, 'this anger,' _i.e_. 'anger at this.'

Návem longam, 'war-galley,' 'man-of-war.' The adjective contrasts the shape of the man-of-war with that of the merchantman.

4. fugientís, used as a noun, 'the fugitives.'

6. quá, ablative of means.

7. quá, 'as,' but in the same construction as eádem celeritáte.

8. Quo ... caperentur. See the note on 37, 7.

9. neque ... posset, 'for the distance between them was not greater than a javelin could be thrown.' What is the literal translation? The clause quó ... posset denotes result; the distance was not _so great that_ a javelin could not be thrown from one ship to the other.

11. vídisset. See the note on 36, 15.

15. fugiéns, 'when she fled.' See the note on _fessus_, 23, 15.

18. fílí. See the note on 7, 8.

19. Neque ... fefellit, 'and Medea was not mistaken.' What is the literal meaning?

20. ubi prímum, 'as soon as,' literally 'when first.'

24. prius, not to be rendered until quam is reached. The two words together mean 'before,' more literally 'earlier than,' 'sooner than,' They are sometimes written together (_priusquam_).

25. nihil ... esse, 'that it would be of no advantage to him.'

44. 5. pollicitus erat. Verbs of promising do not usually take in Latin the simple present infinitive, as in English, but the construction of indirect discourse.

10. mihi. The dative of reference is often used in Latin where we should use a possessive in English. Translate here as if the word were _meus_, modifying diés.

11. Liceat mihi, 'permit me,' literally 'let it be permitted to me.' Commands and entreaties in the third person are regularly expressed in the subjunctive.

dum vívam, 'so long as I live.' The verb with _dum_ 'so long as' is not restricted to the present, as with _dum_ 'while,' but any tense of the indicative may be used. We have here the future indicative, or the present subjunctive by attraction.

12. tú. The nominative of the personal pronouns is commonly expressed only when emphatic. Here the use of the pronoun makes the promise more positive.

15. rem aegré tulit, 'was vexed.' Compare 39, 10.

20. Vultisne, the verb _vultis_ and the enclitic _-ne_, which is used to introduce a question, and is incapable of translation. Num (line 21) introduces a question to which a negative answer is expected, and is likewise not to be translated, except in so far as its effect is reproduced by the form of the question or the tone of incredulity with which the words are spoken.

28. effervésceret. See the note on 40, 16.

45. 3. stupentés, 'in amazement.'

5. Vós. See the note on 44, 12. Vós and ego in the next sentence are contrasted.

7. Quod ubi. See the note on 28, 8.

10. necávérunt. See the note on _interfécit_, 13, 18.

13. quíbus. For the case see the note on _quíbus_, 34, 27.

15. ré vérá, 'really.'

18. aegré tulérunt, 'were indignant at.' Compare 39, 10, and 44, 15.

23. Creontí. See the note on _cui erant_, 13, 5.

25. núntium, 'a notice of divorce.'

26. dúceret. See the note on _dúxit_, 6, 18.

28. ultúram. See the note on 39, 1.

46. 1. Vestem. Compare the story of the death of Hercules, pp. 30, 31.

3. quis. See the note on 30, 3.

induisset, subjunctive by attraction.

5. nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26.

16. itaque, not the adverb _itaque_, but the adverb _ita_ and the enclitic conjunction _-que_.

áera. See the note on 4, 11.

21. in eam partem, 'to that side.'

ULYSSES

49. 4. ínsidiás. This refers to the story of the wooden horse.

9. quem, subject of excógitásse. The English idiom is 'who, some say, devised.' Notice that excógitásse is contracted from _excógitávisse_.

10. quó, ablative of means.

19. aliae ... partís, 'some in one direction and some in another,' but Latin compresses this into the one clause 'others in other directions.'

20. quá. See the note on 43, 6.

26. quibusdam, dative with obviam factí, 'having fallen in with,' 'having met.'

27. Accidit. See the note on 30, 1.

50. 2. gustássent, contracted from _gustávissent_.

patriae et sociórum. Verbs of remembering and forgetting take the genitive or the accusative, but _oblívíscor_ prefers the former.

4. cibó. See the note on 16, 19.

5. hórá septimá. See the note on 42, 23.

11. docuérunt. See the note on 4, 26.

51. 6. tantum, the adverb.

23. sé, 'they,' _i.e_. himself and his companions.

praedandí causá, 'to steal.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by _causá_ with the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. What other ways of expressing purpose have you met in your reading?

24. á Tróiá. The preposition is sometimes used with names of towns, with the meaning 'from the direction of' or 'from the neighborhood of.'

25. esse. It will help you to understand indirect discourse if you will try to discover what words would be used to express the idea in the direct form. Here, for instance, the exact words of Ulysses would have been in Latin: _Neque mercátórés sumus neque praedandí causá vénimus; sed á Tróiá redeuntés ví tempestátum á réctó cursú dépulsí sumus_.

27. ubi ... essent. The question of Polyphemus was _Ubi est návis quá vectí estis_?

sibi ... esse, 'that he must be exceedingly careful.' See the note on _mátúrandum sibi_, 42, 12.

29. in ... esse, 'had been driven on the rocks and entirely dashed to pieces.' See the note on _írá ... interfécit_, 18, 4.

52. 1. membrís eórum dívulsís, 'tearing them limb from limb.'

4. né ... quidem. See the note on 34, 25.

6. tam. Notice that the force of a second demonstrative word is lost in the English rendering. So _híc tantus vir_, 'this great man,' etc.

7. humí. See the note on 30, 16.

próstrátus, 'throwing himself down.' See the note on _continébantur_, 20, 26.

8. reí gerendae, 'for action.' Compare 39, 8.

9. in eó ... tránsfígeret, 'was on the point of transfixing.' The clause of result ut ... tránsfígeret is explanatory of in eó.

13. nihil sibi prófutúrum. See the note on 43, 25.

17. hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11.

18. núllá ... oblátá, 'since no hope of safety presented itself.' See the note on _continébantur_, 20, 26.

21. et. See the note on 28, 18.

23. látúri essent, 'would bring,' more literally 'were going to bring.' Notice that in subjunctive constructions the periphrastic form is necessary to express future action clearly, since the subjunctive has no future.

25. quod, object of the implied _fécerat_.

53. 14. quó. See the note on 43, 7.

15. id ... salútí, 'and this was his salvation,' literally 'that which was for safety to him.' For the datives see the note on 13, 16.

20. tertium, the adverb.

22. Néminem. Why is the accusative used?

27. inquit. See the note on 14, 28.

28. quam facultátem, for _facultátem quam_. The antecedent is often thus attracted into the relative clause,

né omittámus, 'let us not neglect,' the hortatory subjunctive.

29. reí gerendae. See the note on 52, 8.

54. 1. extrémum pálum, 'the end of the stake.' Other adjectives denoting a part of the object named by the noun they modify are _medius_, 'the middle of'; _céterus_, 'the rest of'; _reliquus_, 'the rest of'; _prímus_, 'the first of'; _summus_, 'the top of'; _ímus_, 'the bottom of.'

5. dum errat, 'wandering.'

23. pecus. Is this _pecus, pecoris_, or _pecus, pecudis_? See the note on _pecora_, 20, 26.

24. vénerat. We say 'came,' but the Latin by the use of the pluperfect denotes that this action preceded that of tráctábat.

55. 1. quás. See the note on _quibus_, 20, 1.

inter sé. Compare 21, 20.

5. fore, 'would happen.'

15. aliquod. Compare 42, 12, and the note.

16. id ... erat, 'as was indeed the case.'

17. auxiliandí causá. See the note on 51, 23.

26. correptum coniécit, 'seized and threw.'

27. nón ... submergerentur. See the note on 37, 7.

56. 4-6. These verses and those on p. 57 and p. 59 are quoted from Vergil's Aeneid.

6. vinclís, for _vinculís_.

8. vírís. Let the quantity of the first _i_ tell you from what nominative this word comes.

11. sibi proficíscendum. See the note on _mátúrandum sibi_, 42, 12.

13. iam profectúró, 'as he was now about to set out.'

16. návigantí, 'to one sailing.'

25. mírábantur, 'had been wondering.' With iam dúdum and similar expressions the imperfect denotes action begun some time before and still going on at the given past time. This is similar to the use of the present already commented on (see the note on _es_, 4, 1).

28. céláta, plural because of the plural expression aurum et argentum.

57. 1. ventí, subject of ruunt and perflant.

2. velut ágmine factó, 'as if formed in column.'

3. data. _Est_ is omitted.

10. próiécissent. See the note on _accépissent_, 26, 21.

13. in terram égrediendum esse, 'that a landing must be made.'

18. quam, an adverb modifying crúdélí.

19. essent, informal indirect discourse or subjunctive by attraction.

20. vellet, subjunctive of characteristic. This name is given to the subjunctive when used in relative clauses to define or restrict an indefinite or general antecedent. So here it is not 'no one was found,' but 'no one willing to undertake this task was found.'

21. déducta est, 'came.'

23. praeesset, subjunctive of purpose.

25. événit. This verb takes the same construction as _accidit_, 30, 1.

58. 1. nihil. See the note on 37, 22.

2. mortí. Compare 49, 26.

5. aliquantum itineris, 'some distance on the journey.' The two words are accusative of extent of space and partitive genitive respectively.

11. sibi, 'for them,' dative of reference.

12. forís. This is translated like forás above, but the former was originally locative and is therefore used with verbs of rest; the latter, accusative of place whither and therefore used with verbs of motion.

15. accubuérunt. See the note on 37, 6.

25. perturbátus, used as a predicate adjective, 'agitated.'

27. correptó. See the note on 38, 8.

59. 1. quid. See the note on _quis_, 30, 3.

gravius, 'serious.'

eí. The direct form of these two speeches would be: _Sí quid gravius tibi acciderit, omnium salús in summó discrímine erit_; and _Néminem invítum mécum addúcam; tibi licet, sí mávís, in náví manére; ego ipse sine úlló praesidió rem suscipiam_. Notice that _ego_ is not used to represent _sé_ of line 2, but is used for _sé_ of line 4 for the sake of the contrast with _tibi_.

6. núlló. Instead of the genitive and ablative of _némó_, _núllíus_ and _núlló_ are regularly used.

7. Alíquantum itinerís. See the note on 58, 5.

10. in eó ... intráret. See the note on 52, 9.

11. eí. Compare 49, 26, and 58, 2.

14. Circés, a Greek form of the genitive.

16. Num. See the note on 44, 20. Nónne (line 14) is used to introduce a question to which an affirmative answer is expected.

18. núllís. See the note on 24, 3.

22. tetigerit. See the note on 30, 20.

tú ... faciás, 'see that you draw your sword and make an attack upon her.'

24. vísús, 'sight,' The use of the plural is poetic.

25. tenuem ... auram. The order of the words here is poetic.

60. 1. atque, 'as.' After adjectives and adverbs denoting likeness and unlikeness, this use of _atque_ is regular.

3. dépulsa est. See the note on 4, 26.

4. sibi. See the note on 58, 11.

11. ut ... erat, 'as he had been instructed,' more literally 'as had been enjoined upon him.' An intransitive verb must be used impersonally in the passive, for it is the direct object of the active voice that becomes the subject of the passive. If the intransitive verb takes a dative in the active, this dative is kept in the passive. Notice that the corresponding English verbs are transitive, and that the dative may therefore be rendered as the object in the active construction and as the subject in the passive.

13. sénsisset. See the note on _vídissent_, 36, 15.

14. sibi vítam adimeret, 'take her life.' The dative of reference is thus used after some compound verbs to name the person from whom a thing is taken. This construction is sometimes called the dative of separation.

15. timóre perterritam. See the note on 14, 11.

20. eí pedés, 'his feet.' See the note on 44, 10.

21. imperásset, contracted from _imperávisset_.

22. in átrium. See the note on 7, 3.

26. sunt, goes with reductí.

29. reliquís Graecís, indirect object of díceret.

30. Circaeam. Notice that this use of the adjective instead of the genitive often cannot be imitated in the English rendering, but must be translated by the possessive case or a prepositional phrase.

61. 8. eí persuásum sit, 'he was persuaded.' See the note on 60, 11. The clause ut ... manéret is the subject of persuásum sit; if the latter were active, the clause would be its object. For the tense of persuásum sit see the note on 19, 22.

10. cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3.

patriae, objective genitive, to be rendered, as often, with 'for.'

15. úsuí. See the note on 34, 20.

23. antequam perveníret. We say 'before he could come.' See the note on _possent_, 27, 20.

24. hóc locó. See the note on 24, 2.

longum est. We say '_would_ be tedious' or '_would_ take too long.'

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS

abl. = ablative. acc. = accusative. act. = active. adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb. comp. = comparative. conj. = conjunction. dat. = dative. dem. = demonstrative. f. = feminine. freq. = frequentative. gen. = genitive. ger. = gerundive. impers. = impersonal. indecl. = indeclinable. indef. = indefinite. infin. = infinitive. interrog. = interrogative. loc. = locative. m. = masculine. n. = neuter. part. = participle. pass. = passive. perf. = perfect. pers. = personal. plur. = plural. prep. = preposition. pron. = pronoun or pronominal. rel. = relative. sing. = singular. superl. = superlative.

_The hyphen in initial words indicates the composition of the words_.

A

á or ab (the former never used before words beginning with a vowel or _h_), prep. with abl., _away from, from; of; by_. abditus, -a, -um [part of abdó], _hidden, concealed_. ab-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, _put away, hide_. ab-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead_ or _take away_. ab-eó, -íre, -ií, -itúrus, _go away, depart_. abició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ab + iació], _throw away_. abripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [ab + rapió], _snatch away, carry off_. abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [abs = ab + caedó], _cut away_ or _off_. ab-scindó, -scindere, -scidí, -scissus, _tear away_ or _off_. ab-sum, abesse, áfuí, áfutúrus, _be away, be absent, be distant; be wanting_. ab-súmó, -súmere, -súmpsí, -súmptus, _take away, consume, destroy_. Absyrtus, -í, m., _Absyrtus_. ac, see atque. Acastus, -í, m., _Acastus_. accendó, -cendere, -cendí, -cénsus, _kindle, light_. accidó, -cidere, -cidí [ad + cadó], _fall to_ or _upon; befall, happen_. accipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [ad + capió], _take to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer_. accumbó, -cumbere, -cubuí, -cubitus, _lie down_ (at table). accurró, -currere, -currí, -cursus [ad + curró], _run to, come up_. ácer, ácris, ácre, _sharp, shrill_. aciés, -éí, f., _line of battle_. Acrisius, -í, m., _Acrisius_. ácriter [ácer], adv., _sharply, fiercely_. ad, prep. with acc., _to, toward; at, near; for_. ad-amó, -amáre, -amáví, -amátus, _feel love for, fall in love with_. ad-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead to, bring, take; induce, influence_. ad-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, _go to, approach_. ad-feró, adferre, attulí, adlátus, _bear to, bring_. adfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [ad + fació], _do to, move, affect; visit, afflict_. ad-flígó, -flígere, -flíxi, -flíctus, _dash to, shatter_. adhibeó, -hibére, -hibuí, -hibitus [ad + habeó], _hold to, employ, show_. ad-húc, adv., _to this point, up to this time, yet, still_. adició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ad + iació], _throw to, throw, hurl_. adimó, -imere, -émí, -émptus [ad + emó], _take to oneself, take away_. aditus, -ús [adeó], m., _approach, entrance_. ad-iungo, -iungere, -iúnxí, -iúnctus, _join to, join_. ad-ligó, -ligáre, -ligáví, -ligátus, _bind to, bind_. Adméta, -ae, f., _Admeta_. ad-míror, -mírárí, -mírátus, _wonder at, admire_. ad-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send to, admit; allow_. ad-stó, -stáre, -stití, _stand at_ or _near_. aduléscéns, -entis, m., _youth, young man_. aduléscentia, -ae [aduléscéns], f., _youth_. ad-úró, -úrere, -ússí, -ústus, _set fire to, burn, scorch, sear_. ad-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, _come to_ or _toward, approach, arrive_. adventus, -ús [advenió], m., _approach, arrival_. Aeacus, -í, m., _Aeacus_. aedificó, -áre, -áví, -átus [aedis + fació], _make a building, build_. aedis, -is, f., sing. _temple_, plur. _house_. Aeétés, -ae, m., _Aeetes_. aegré [aeger, _sick_], adv., _ill, with difficulty_. Aegyptií,-órum, m. pl., _Egyptians_. aéneus, -a, -um [aes], _of copper_ or _bronze_. Aeolia, -ae [Aeolus], f., _Aeolia_. Aeolus, -í, m., _Aeolus_. áér, áeris, m., _air_. aes, aeris, n., _copper, bronze_. Aeson, -onis, m., _Aeson_. aestás, -tátis, f., _summer_. aetás, -tátis, f., _age_. Aethiopés, -um, m. plur., _Ethiopians_. Aetna, -ae, f., _Etna_. ager, agri, m., _field, land_. ágmen, -minis [ago], n., _band, column_. ágnóscó, -gnóscere, -gnóví, -gnitus [ad + (g)nóscó, _come to know], recognize_. agó, agere, égí, áctus, _drive; do; pass, lead_; grátiás agere, see grátia. ala, -ae, f., _wing_. albus, -a, -um, _white_. Alcména, -ae, f., _Alcmena_. aliénus, -a, -um [alius], _belonging to another, out of place_. ali-quandó, adv., _at some time or other; finally, at length_. ali-quantum, -quantí, n., _somewhat_. ali-quí, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj., _some, any_. ali-quis, -quid, indef. pron., _someone, any one, something, anything, some, any_. aliter [alius], adv., _in another way, otherwise, differently_. alius, -a, -ud, _another, other_; alií ... alií, _some ... others. aló, -ere, -uí, -tus, _nourish_. Alpés, -ium, f. plur., _Alps_. alter, -era, -erum, _one_ or _the other_ (of two); _another, second_. altus, -a, -um [part, of aló], _high, deep_; altum, -í, n., _the deep_. Amázonés,-um, f. plur.,_Amazons_. ámentia, -ae [á + méns, _mind_], f., _madness_. amícus, -í, m., _friend_. á-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send away, lose_. amó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _love_. amor, -óris [amó], m., _love_. á-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, _move away_. amphora, -ae, f., _jar, bottle_. an, conj., _or_ (in questions). ancora, -ae, f., _anchor_; in ancorís, _at anchor_. Andromeda, -ae, f., _Andromeda_. anguis, -is, m. and f., _serpent, snake_. anima, -ae, f., _breath, soul, life_. animadvertó, -vertere, -vertí, -versus [animus + ad-vertó], _turn the mind to, observe_. animus, -í, m., _mind; heart; spirit, courage_. annus, -í, m., _year_. ante, prep, with acc. and adv., _before_. anteá [ante], adv., _before_. antecelló, -cellere, _surpass, excel_. ante-quam, conj., _before than, sooner than, before_. antíquus, -a, -um, _ancient_. antrum, -í, n., _cave_. ánxius, -a, -um, _anxious_. aper, aprí, m., _wild boar_. aperió, -íre, -uí, -tus, _open_. apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperió], _open_. Apollo, -inis, m., _Apollo_. appelló, -pelláre, -pelláví, -pellátus, _call, name_. appelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus [ad + pelló], _drive to, bring to_; with or without návem, _put in_. appetó, -petere, -petíví, -petítus [ad + petó], _draw near_. appónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [ad + pónó], _put to_ or _near, set before, serve_. appropinquó, -propinquáre, -propinquáví, -propinquátus [ad + propinquó], _approach to, approach_. apud, prep, with acc., _among, with_. aqua, -ae, f., _water_. ára, -ae, f., _altar_. arbitror, -árí, -átus, _consider, think, judge_. arbor, -oris, f., _tree_. arca, -ae, f., _chest, box, ark_. Arcadia,-ae, f., _Arcadia_. arcessó, -ere, -íví, -ítus, _call, summon, fetch_. arcus, -ús, m., _bow_. árdeó, árdére, ársí, ársus, _be on fire, burn_. argentum, -í, n., _silver_. Argó, Argus, f., _the Argo_. Argolicus, -a, -um, _of Argolis_ (the district of Greece in which Tiryns was situated), _Argolic_. Argonautae, -árum [Argó + nauta], m. plur., _Argonauts_. Argus, -í, m., _Argus_. ariés, -etis, m., _ram_. arma, -órum, n. plur., _arms, weapons_. armátus, -a, -um [part, of armó], _armed_. armó, -áre, -ávi, -átus [arma], _arm, equip_. aró, -áre, -áví, -átus, _plow_. ars, artis, f., _art_. ascendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [ad + scandó], _climb to, ascend, mount_. aspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [ad + speció], _look at_ or _on, behold_. at, conj., _but_. Athénae, -árum, f. plur., _Athens_. Atlás, -antis, m., _Atlas_. atque or ac (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or _h_), conj., _and_; after words of comparison, _as, than_. átrium, -í, n., _hall_. attingó, -tingere, -tigí, -táctus [ad + tango], _touch at_. audácia, -ae [audáx, _bold_], f., _boldness, audacity_. audeó, audére, ausus sum, _dare_. audió, -íre, -íví, -ítus, _hear; listen_ or _attend to_. auferó, auferre, abstulí, ablátus [ab + feró], _bear away, carry off_. aufugió, -fugere, -fúgí [ab + fugió], _flee_ or _run away_. Augéás, -ae, m., _Augeas_. aura, -ae, f., _air, breeze_. aureus, -a, -um [aurum], _of gold, golden_. auris, -is, f., _ear_. aurum, -í, n., _gold_. aut, conj., _or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or_. autem, conj., _moreover; but, however; now_. auxilior, -ári, -átus [auxilium], _help_. auxilium, -í, n., _help, aid_. á-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, _carry away_. avis, -is, f., _bird_. á-voló, -voláre, -voláví, -volátúrus, _fly away_. avus, -í, m., _grandfather_.

B

baculum, -í, n., _stick, wand_. balteus, -í, m.., _belt, girdle_. barbarus, -a, -um, _barbarian_. beátus, -a, -um, _happy, blessed_. bellicósus, -a, -um [bellum], _war-like_. bellum, -í, n., _war_. bélua, -ae, f., _beast, monster_. bene [bonus], adv., _well; successfully_. beneficium, -í [bene + fació], n., _well-doing, kindness, service, benefit_. benígné [benígnus, _kind_], adv., _kindly_. benígnitás, -tátis [benígnus, _kind_], f., _kindness_. bibó, bibere, bibí, _drink_. biceps, -cipitis [bi- + caput], adj., _two-headed_. bonus, -a, -um, _good_. bós, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bóbus, m. and f., _ox, bull, cow_. bracchium, -í, n., _arm_. brevis, -e, _short_. Búsíris, -idis, m., _Busiris_.