Chapter I: Front Matter

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RIVER AND CANAL ENGINEERING

_By the Same Author_

HYDRAULICS WITH WORKING TABLES. Second Edition. 160 illustrations,
xii + 311 pp., 8vo (1911).

=12/-= net.

PUNJAB RIVERS AND WORKS. Second Edition. 47 illustrations, viii +64
pp., folio (1912).

=8/-= net.

IRRIGATION WORKS (in the press). 27 illustrations, vi + 130 pp.,
8vo (1913).

=6/-= net.

THE SUCTION CAUSED BY SHIPS. Explained in Popular Language. 2
plates, 26 pp., 8vo, sewed (1912).

1/- net.

E. & F. N. SPON, LTD., LONDON

RIVER AND CANAL
ENGINEERING

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPEN FLOWING
STREAMS, AND THE PRINCIPLES
AND METHODS TO BE FOLLOWED IN
DEALING WITH THEM

BY

E. S. BELLASIS, M.INST.C.E.

RECENTLY SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER IN THE IRRIGATION BRANCH OF
THE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT OF INDIA

_72 ILLUSTRATIONS_

London
E. & F. N. SPON, LTD., 57 HAYMARKET, S.W.

New York
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET

1913

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

ARTICLE PAGE

1. Preliminary Remarks 1
2. Résumé of the Subject 1
3. Design and Execution of Works 3
4. The Hydraulics of Open Streams 4

CHAPTER II

RAINFALL

1. Rainfall Statistics 6
2. Available Rainfall 9
3. Measurement of Rainfall 13
4. Influence of Forests and Vegetation 14
5. Heavy Falls in Short Periods 15

CHAPTER III

COLLECTION OF INFORMATION CONCERNING STREAMS

1. Preliminary Remarks 18
2. Stream Gauges 19
3. Plan and Sections 21
4. Discharge Observations 21
5. Discharge Curves and Tables 23
6. Small Streams 24
7. Intermittent Streams 25
8. Remarks 26

CHAPTER IV

THE SILTING AND SCOURING ACTION OF STREAMS

1. Preliminary Remarks 27
2. Rolled Material 29
3. Materials carried in Suspension 31
4. Methods of Investigation 33
5. Quantity and Distribution of Silt 35
6. Practical Formulæ and Figures 37
7. Action on the Sides of a Channel 40
8. Action at Bends 42
9. General Tendencies of Streams 45

CHAPTER V

METHODS OF INCREASING OR REDUCING SILTING OR SCOUR

1. Preliminary Remarks 48
2. Increase of Scour or Reduction of Silting 48
3. Production of Silt Deposit 51
4. Arrangements at Bifurcations 53
5. A Canal with Headworks in a River 54
6. Protection of the Bed 58

CHAPTER VI

WORKS FOR THE PROTECTION OF BANKS

1. Preliminary Remarks 60
2. Spurs 61
3. Continuous Lining of the Bank 64
4. Heavy Stone Pitching with Apron 71

CHAPTER VII

DIVERSIONS AND CLOSURES OF STREAMS

1. Diversions 73
2. Closure of a Flowing Stream 75
3. Instances of Closures of Streams 80

CHAPTER VIII

THE TRAINING AND CANALISATION OF RIVERS

1. Preliminary Remarks 84
2. Dredging and Excavating 84
3. Reduction of Width 85
4. Alteration of Depth or Water-Level 88
5. Training and Canalising 89

CHAPTER IX

CANALS AND CONDUITS

1. Banks 92
2. Navigation Canals 93
3. Locks 96
4. Other Artificial Channels 100

CHAPTER X

WEIRS AND SLUICES

1. Preliminary Remarks 102
2. General Design of a Weir 105
3. Weirs on Sandy or Porous Soil 106
4. Various Types of Weirs 111
5. Weirs with Sluices 115
6. Falling Shutters 121
7. Adjustable Weirs 126
8. Remarks on Sluices 128

CHAPTER XI

BRIDGES AND SYPHONS

1. Bridges 132
2. Syphons and Culverts 135
3. Training Works 136

CHAPTER XII

DRAINAGE AND FLOODS

1. Preliminary Remarks 141
2. Small Streams 141
3. Rivers 146
4. Prediction of Floods 150
5. Prevention of Floods 153
6. Lowering the Water-Level 154
7. Flood Embankments 156

CHAPTER XIII

RESERVOIRS AND DAMS

1. Reservoirs 162
2. Capacity of Reservoirs 167
3. Earthen Dams 174
4. Masonry Dams 181

CHAPTER XIV

TIDAL WATERS AND WORKS

1. Tides 190
2. Tidal Rivers 192
3. Works in Tidal Rivers 196
4. Tidal Estuaries 197
5. Works in Tidal Estuaries 198

CHAPTER XV

RIVER BARS

1. Deltaic Rivers 203
2. Other Rivers 205

APPENDIX A. Fallacies in the Hydraulics of Streams 209

” B. Pitching and Bed Protection 212

INDEX 213