Chapter XXIII: Envoy

Strange has been the rhythm of this man's life, surging again and again in passionate waves against the time, sinking once more into the abyss of disappointment, but never failing to rise on the crest of faith renewed. Once again we see Romain Rolland as prototype of those who are magnificent in defeat. Not one of his ideals, not one of his wishes, not one of his dreams, has been realized. Might has triumphed over right, force over spirit, men over humanity.

Yet never has his struggle been grander, and never has his existence been more indispensable, than during recent years; for it is his apostolate alone which has saved the gospel of crucified Europe; and furthermore he has rescued for us another faith, that of the imaginative writer as the spiritual leader, the moral spokesman of his own nation and of all nations. This man of letters has preserved us from what would have been an imperishable shame, had there been no one in our days to testify against the lunacy of murder and hatred. To him we owe it that even during the fiercest storm in history the sacred fire of brotherhood was never extinguished. The world of the spirit has no concern with the deceptive force of numbers. In that realm, one individual can outweigh a multitude. For an idea never glows so brightly as in the mind of the solitary thinker; and in the darkest hour we were able to draw consolation from the signal example of this poet. One great man who remains human can for ever and for all men rescue our faith in humanity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

WORKS BY ROMAIN ROLLAND

I

CRITICAL STUDIES

Les origines du théâtre lyrique moderne. (Histoire de l'opéra en Europe avant Lully et Scarlatti.) Fontemoing, Paris, 1895.

Cur ars picturae apud Italos XVI saeculi deciderit Fontemoing, Paris, 1895.

Millet. Duckworth, London, 1902 (has appeared in English translation only).

Vie de Beethoven. (Vie des hommes illustres.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, série IV, No. 10, Paris, 1903; Hachette, Paris, 1907; another edition with woodcuts by Perrichon, J. P. Laurens, P. A. Laurens, and Perrichon, published by Edouard Pelletan, Paris, 1909.

Le Théâtre du Peuple. Cahiers de la quinzaine, série V, No. 4, Paris, 1903; Hachette, Paris, 1908; enlarged edition, Hachette, Paris, 1913; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.

Paris als Musikstadt. Marquardt, Berlin, 1905 (has appeared in German translation only).

La vie de Michel-Ange. (Vie des hommes illustres.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, série VII, No. 18; série VIII, No. 2, Paris, 1906; Hachette, Paris, 1907. Another edition in Les maîtres de l'art series, Librairie de l'art, ancien et moderne, Plon, Paris, 1905.

Musiciens d'autrefois, Hachette, Paris, 1908. 1. L'opéra avant l'opéra. 2. Le premier opèra joué à Paris: L'Orféo de Luigi Rossi. 3. Notes sur Lully. 4. Gluck. 5. Grétry. 6. Mozart.

Musiciens d'aujourd'hui, Hachette, Paris, 1908. 1. Berlioz. 2. Wagner: Siegfried; Tristan. 3. Saint-Saëns. 4. Vincent d'Indy. 5. Richard Strauss. 6. Hugo Wolf. 7. Don Lorenzo Perosi 8. Musique française et musique allemande. 9. Pelléas et Mélisande. 10. Le renouveau: esquisse du movement musical à Paris depuis 1870.

Paul Dupin. Mercure musical. S. J. M. 15/12, 1908.

Haendel. (Les maîtres de la musique.) Alcan, Paris, 1910.

Vie de Tolstoi. (Vie des hommes illustres.) Hachette, Paris, 1911.

L'humble vie héroique. Pensées choisies et précédées d'une introduction par Alphonse Séché. Sansot, Paris, 1912.

Empédocle d' Agrigente. Le Carmel, Geneva, 1917; La maison française d'art et edition, Paris, 1918.

Voyage musical aux pays du passe. With woodcuts by D. Glans. Edouard Joseph, Paris, 1919; Hachette, Paris, 1920.

Ecole des Hates Etudes Socials (1900-1910). Alcan, Paris, 1910.

II

POLITICAL STUDIES

Au-dessus de la mêlée. Ollendorff, Paris, 1915.

Les précurseurs. L'Humanité, Paris, 1919.

Aux peuples assassinés. Jeunesses Socialistes Romandes, La Chaux-de-Fonds, 1917; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.

Aux peuples assassinés (under the title: Civilisation). Privately printed, Paris, 1918.

Aux peuples assassinés. As frontispiece a wood-engraving by Frans Masereel. Restricted circulation. Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.

III

NOVELS

Jean-Christophe. 15 parts 1904-1912. Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série V, Nos. 9 and 10; Série VI, No. 8; Série VIII, Nos. 4, 6, 9; Série IX, Nos. 13, 14, 15; Série X, Nos. 9, 10; Série XI, Nos. 7, 8; Série XIII, Nos. 5, 6; Série XIV, Nos. 2, 3; Paris, 1904 et seq.

Jean-Christophe. 10 vols. 1. L'aube. 2. Le matin. 3. L'adolescent 4 La révolte. (1904-1907.)

Jean-Christophe à Paris. 1. La foire sur la place. 2. Antoinette. 3. Dans la maison. (1908-1910.)

Jean-Christophe. La fin du voyage. 1. Les amies. 2. Le buisson ardent 3. La nouvelle journée. (1910-1912.) Ollendorff, Paris.

Colas Breugnon. Ollendorff, Paris, 1918.

Pierre et Luce. Le Sablier, Geneva, 1920; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.

Clerambault. Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.

IV

PREFACES

Introduction to Une lettre inédite de Tolstoi, Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série III, No. 9, Paris, 1902.

Haendel et le Messie. (Preface to Le Messie de G. F. Haendel by Félix Raugel.) Dépôt de la Société coöpérative des compositeurs de musique, Paris, 1912.

Stendhal et la musique. (Preface to La vie de Haydn in the complete edition of Stendhal's works.) Champion, Paris, 1913.

Preface to Celles qui travaillent by Simone Bodève, Ollendorff, Paris, 1913.

Preface to Une voix de femme dans la mêlée by Marcelle Capy, Ollendorff, Paris, 1916.

Anthologie des poètes contre la guerre. Le Sablier, Genera, 1920.

V

DRAMAS

Saint Louis. (5 acts.) Revue de Paris, March-April, 1897.

Aërt. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1898.

Les loups. (3 acts.) Georges Bellais, Paris, 1898.

Le triomphe de la raison. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1899.

Danton. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1900; Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série II, No. 6, 1901.

Le quatorze juillet. (3 acts.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série III, No. 11, Paris, 1902.

Le temps viendra. (3 acts.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série IV, No. 14, Paris, 1903; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.

Les trois amoureuses. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1904.

La Montespan. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1904.

Théâtre de la Révolution. Les loups. Danton. Le quatorze juillet. Hachette, Paris, 1909 (now transferred to Ollendorff).

Les tragédies de la foi. Saint Louis. Aërt. Le triomphe de la raison. Hachette, Paris, 1909 (now transferred to Ollendorff).

Liluli (with woodcuts by Frans Masereel). Le Sablier, Geneva, 1919; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.

TRANSLATIONS

ENGLISH

Millet. Translated by Clementina Black. Duckworth, London, 1902.

Beethoven. Translated by F. Rothwell. Drane, London, 1907.

Beethoven. Translated by Constance Hull. With a brief analysis of the sonatas, symphonies, and the quartets, by A. Eaglefield Hull, and 24 musical illustrations and 4 plates and an introduction by Edward Carpenter. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1917.

The Life of Michael Angelo. Translated by Frederic Lees. Heinemann, London, 1912.

Tolstoy. Translated by Bernard Miall. Fisher Unwin, London, 1911.

Some Musicians of former Days. Translated by Mary Blaiklock. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1915.

Handel. Translated by A. Eaglefield Hull. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1916.

Musicians of To-day. Translated by Mary Blaiklock. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1915.

The People's Theater. Translated by Barrett H. Clark. Holt, New York, 1918; C. Allen & Unwin, London, 1919.

Go to the Ant. (Reflections on reading Auguste Sorel.) Translated by De Kay. Atlantic Monthly, May, 1919, New York.

Above the Battlefield. With an introduction by G. Lowes Dickinson, Bowes, Cambridge, 1914.

Above the Battlefield. With an introduction by Rev. Richards Roberts, M. A. Friends' Peace Committee, London, 1915.

Above the Battle. Translated by C. K. Ogden. G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1916.

The Idols. Translated by C. K. Ogden. With a letter by R. Rolland to Dr. van Eeden on the rights of small nations. Bowes, Cambridge, 1915.

The Forerunners. Translated by Eden & Cedar Paul. G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1920; Harcourt, Brace, U. S. A., 1920.

The Fourteenth of July and Danton: two plays of the French Revolution. Translated with a preface by Barrett H. Clarke. Holt, New York, 1918; G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1919.

Liluli. The Nation, London, Sept 20 to Nov. 29, 1919; Boni & Liveright, New York, 1920.

Jean Christophe. Translated by Gilbert Cannan. Heinemann, London, 1910-1913; Holt, New York, 1911-1913.

Colas Breugnon. Translated by K. Miller. Holt, New York, 1919.

Clerambault. Translated by K. Miller. Holt, New York. 1921.

GERMAN

Beethoven. Translated by L. Langnese-Hug. Rascher, Zurich, 1917.

Michelangelo. Translated by W. Herzog. Rütten & Loenig, Frankfort, 1918.

Michelangelo. Rascher, Zurich, 1919.

Tolstoi. Translated by W. Herzog. Rütten & Loenig, Frankfort, 1920.

Den hingeschlachteten Völkern, translated by Stefan Zweig. Rascher, Zurich, 1918.

Au-dessus de la mêlée. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort.

Les précurseurs. Rütten & Loeing, Frankfort, 1920.

Johann Christof. Translated by Otto & Erna Grautoff. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort, 1912-1918.

Meister Breugnon. Translated by Otto & Etna Grautoff. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort, 1919.

Clerambault. Translated by Stefan Zweig. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort, 1920.

Die Wölfe. Translated by W. Herzog. Müller, Munich, 1914.

Danton. Translated by Lucy von Jacobi and W. Herzog. Müller, Munich, 1919.

Die Zeit wird kommen. Translated by Stefan Zweig. "Die Zwölf Bücher," Tal, Vienna, 1920.

SPANISH

Vie de Beethoven. Translated by J. R. Jimenez, à la Residentia de Estudiantes de Madrid, 1914.

Au-dessus de la mêlée. Delgado & Santonja, Madrid, 1916.

Jean-Christophe. Translated by Toro y Gomez. Ollendorff, Paris-Madrid, 1905-1910.

Colas Breugnon. Agence de Librairie, Madrid, 1919.

ITALIAN

Au-dessus de la mêlée. Avanti, Milan, 1916.

Aux peuples assassinés. Translated by Monanni with drawings by Frans Masereel. Libreria Internationale, Zurich, 1917.

Jean-Christophe. Translated by Cesare Alessandri. Sonzogno, Milan, 1920.

Vie de Michel-Ange. Translated by Maria Venti Felice le Monnier, Florence. [In the press.]

RUSSIAN

Théâtre de la Révolution. Translated by Joseph Goldenberg, St. Petersburg. 1909.

Théâtre du Peuple. Translated by Joseph Goldenberg. St. Petersburg. 1909.

Empédocle d'Agrigente. [In the press.]

Jean-Christophe. Unauthorized translation in 4 vols. Vetcherni Zvon, Moscow, 1912.

Jean-Christophe. Authorized translation by M. Tchlenoff.

DANISH

Vie de Beethoven. Branner, Copenhagen, 1915.

Tolstoi. Branner, Copenhagen, 1917.

Musiciens d'aujourd'hui. Denmark & Norway, 1917.

Au-dessus de la mêlée. Lios, Copenhagen, 1916.

Jean-Christophe. Hagerup, Copenhagen, 1916.

Colas Breugnon. Denmark & Norway; Norstedt, Stockholm, 1917.

CZECH

Vie de Michel-Ange. Translated by M. Kalassova. Prague, 1912.

Danton. 1920.

POLISH

Vie de Beethoven. Jacewski, Warsaw, 1913.

Jean-Christophe. Translated by Edwige Sienkiewicz. Vols.

I & II, Bibljoteka Sfinska, Warsaw, 1910; the remaining vols., Maski, Cracow, 1917-19--.

SWEDISH

Vie de Beethoven. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1915.

Vie de Michelange. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.

Vie de Tolstoi. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.

Händel. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.

Millet. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.

Musiciens d'aujourd'hui. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1917.

Musiciens d'autrefois. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1917.

Voyage musical au pays du passé. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1920.

Au-dessus de la mêleé. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1915.

Les précurseurs. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1920.

Théâtre de la Révolution. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1917.

Tragédies de la foi. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1917.

Le temps viendra. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm.

Liluli. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1920.

Jean-Christophe. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1913-1917.

Colas Breugnon. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1919.

Clerambault In course of preparation. Bonnier, Stockholm.

DUTCH

Vie de Beethoven, Simon, Amsterdam, 1913.

Jean-Christophe. Brusse, Rotterdam, 1915.

L'aube. Special edition, W. F. J. Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle, 1916.

Colas Breugnon. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, 1919.

JAPANESE

Tolstoi Seichi Naruse, Tokyo, 1916. And many other unauthorized translations.

GREEK

Beethoven. Translated by Niramos. 1920.

WORKS ON ROMAIN ROLLAND

FRENCH

_Jean Bonnerot._ Romain Rolland (Extraits de ses oeuvres avec introduction biographique), Cahiers du Centre, Nevers, 1909.

_Lucien Maury._ Figures littéraires. Perrin, 1911.

_J. H. Retinger._ Histoire de la littérature française du romantisme à nos jours. B. Grasset, 1911.

_Jules Bertaut._ Les romanciers du nouveau siècle. Sansot, 1912.

_Paul Seippel._ Romain Rolland, l'homme et l'oeuvre. Ollendorff, 1913.

_Marc Elder._ Romain Rolland. Paris, 1914

_Robert Dreyfus._ Maîtres contemporains. (Péguy, Claudel, Suarès, Romain Rolland.) Paris, 1914.

_Daniel Halévy._ Quelques nouveaux maîtres. Cahiers du Centre. Figuière, 1914.

_G. Dwelshauvers._ Romain Rolland. Vue caractéristique de l'homme et de l'oeuvre. Ed. de la Belgique artistique et littéraire, Brussels, 1913 or 1914.

_Paul Souday._ Les drames philosophiques de Romain Rolland. Emile Paul, Paris, 1914.

_Max Hochstätter._ Essai sur l'oeuvre de Romain Rolland. Fischbacher, Paris; Georg & Co., Geneva, 1914.

_Henri Guilbeaux._ Pour Romain Rolland. Jeheber, Geneva, 1915.

_Massis._ Romain Rolland contre la France. Floury, Paris, 1915.

_P. H. Loyson._ Etes-vous neutre devant le crime? Payot, Paris and Lausanne, 1916.

_Renaitour et Loyson._ Dans la mêlée. Ed. du Bonnet Rouge, 1916.

_Isabelle Debran._ M. Romain Rolland initiateur du défaitisme. (Introduction de Diodore.) Geneva, 1918.

_Jacques Servance._ Réponse à Mme. Isabelle Debran. Comité d'initiative en faveur d'une paix durable, Neuchâtel, 1916.

_Charles Baudouin_, Romain Rolland calomnié. Le Carmel, Geneva, 1918.

_Daniel Halévy._ Charles Péguy et les Cahiers de la Quinzaine. Payot, Paris, 1918 et seq.

_Paul Colin._ Romain Rolland, Bruxelles, 1920.

_P. J. Jouve._ Romain Rolland vivant, Ollendorff, 1920.

OTHER LANGUAGES

_Otto Grautoff._ Romain Rolland, Frankfurt, 1914.

_Winifred Stephens._ French Novelists of To-day. Second series. J. Lane, London and New York, 1915.

_Albert L. Guerard._ Five Masters of French Romance. Scribner, New York, 1916.

_Dr. J. Ziegler._ Romain Rolland in "Johann Christof," über Juden und Judentum. v. Dr. Ziegler, Rabbiner in Karlsbad. Vienna, 1918.

_Agnes Darmesteter._ Twentieth Century French Writers. London, 1919.

_Blumenfeld._ Etude sur Romain Rolland, en langue yiddisch. Cahiers de littérature et d'art. Paris, 1920.

_Albert Schinz._ French Literature of the War. Appleton, New York, 1920.

_Pedro Cesare Dominici._ De Lutecia, Arte y Critica. Ollendorff, Madrid.

_Papini._ Studii di Romain Rolland. Florence, 1916.

_F. F. Curtis._ Die literarischen Wegbereiter des neuen Frankreichs. Kiepenheuer, Potsdam, 1920.

_Walter Küchler._ Vier Vorträge über R. Rolland, Henri Barbusse, Fritz v. Unruh. Würzburg, 1919.

MUSIC CONNECTED WITH ROMAIN ROLLAND'S WRITINGS

_Paul Dupin._ Jean-Christophe. (Trois pièces pour piano.)

1. L'oncle Gottfried (dialogue avec Christophe).

2. Méditation sur un passage du "Matin."

3. Berceuse de Louisa. Chant du Pélerin (piano et chant). Paroles de Paul Gerhardt Ed. Demets, Paris, 1907.

_Paul Dupin._ Jean-Christophe. (Suite pour quatuor à cordes.)

1. La mort de l'oncle Gottfried.

2. Bienvenue au petit Ed. Senart et Roudanez, Paris, 1908.

_Paul Dupin._ Pastorale, Sabine. 1. Dans le Jardinet. Piano et quatuor. Transcription pour piano et violon. Ed. Senart et Roudanez, Paris, 1908.

_Albert Doyen._ Le Triomphe de la Liberté. (Scène finale du Quatorze Juillet). Prix de la ville de Paris, 1913. (Soli, Orchestre et Choeurs.) Ed. A. Leduc, Paris.

INDEX

_Above the Battle_, 266, 290, 291, 293-6, 297, 305, 329.

Abbesse de Jouarre, l', 125.

_Aërt_, 66, 73, 77-8, 83-5, 87, 112.

Aërt, 77-8, 83-5, 121, 125, 161, 198, 244, 260, 347.

Antoinette, in _Jean Christophe_, 4, 165, 175, 212, 224.

Arcos, René, 312, 313.

Art, love of, and love of mankind, 20;
epic quality in Rolland's, 63-66, 67 ff;
moral force in Rolland's, 63 ff;
Tolstoi's views on, 18-20;
universality of, 26.

_Au-dessus de la mêlée, see Above the Battle._

_Aux peuples assassinés_, 332.

Bach, Friedemann, 173.

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 173, 245.

_Ballades françaises_, 250.

Balzac, 64, 65, 169, 177, 250.

Barrès, Maurice, 59, 62.

Baudouin, Charles, 313.

_Beethoven_, 50, 137 ff, 140-3, 150.

Beethoven, 10, 18, 19, 40, 45, 67, 104, 140-143, 144, 145, 147, 148,
151, 161, 163, 172, 174, 175, 182, 245, 252, 325, 328;
festival, 35, influence of, on Rolland's childhood, 5 ff;
Jean Christophe's resemblance to, 173.

_Beginnings of Opera, The_, 34.

_Belgique sanglante, la_, 282.

Berlioz, 10, 150.

Bibliography, 357 ff.

Biographies, heroic, 133-53;
unwritten, 150-3.

Bonn, 35, 140, 141.

Brahms, 174.

Bréal, Michel, 35.

Breugnon, Colas, in _Colas Breugnon_, 241-53, 319;
spiritual kinship of, with Jean Christophe, 244-48;
see _Colas Breugnon_.

Brunetière, 16.

Burckhardt, Jakob, 16.

Byron, 275.

"_Cahiers de la quinzaine_," 20, 40, 43, 50, 143.

_Caligula_, 73.

"_Carmel, le_," 313.

Carnot, 99.

Claes, in _Aërt_, 87.

Clamecy, birthplace of Rolland, 3, 4, 99.

Claudel, Paul, 89, 44, 59.

_Clerambault, l'histoire d'une conscience libre pendant la guerre_, 339-347.

Clerambault, Agenor, in _Clerambault_, 310, 339-347.

Clerambault, Maxime, 343 ff.

Clifford, General, in _A Day Will Come_, 120, 121, 125.

_Colas Breugnon_, 241-253, 337;
as an artistic production, 249-51;
gauloiseries in, 249-51;
origin of, 241-43.

Comédie Française, 71, 74.

Conscience, story of, in Clerambault, 339-47;
_see_ Freedom of conscience.

Corneille, 91, 92.

Couthon, 99.

_Credo quia verum_, 16, 17.

Corinne, in _Jean Christophe_, 211.

Cycles, of Rolland, 67-71.

D'Alembert, 87.

_Danse des morts_, 312.

_Danton_, 41, 101, 106-9, 113, 117.

Danton, 99, 106-9, 113, 126.

Debrit, Jean, 313.

Debussy, 35, 175.

Declaration of the independence of the mind, 351-354.

Decsey, Ernest, 174.

Defeat, significance of, in Rolland's philosophy of life, 61, 62, 83 ff, 110 ff, 134 ff, 139.

"Defeatism," 297-303.

De Maguet, Claude, 313.

"_Demain_," 313.

Deprès, Suzanne, 175.

Desmoulins, 126.

Desprès, Fernand, 312.

_Deutscher Musiker in Paris, Ein_, 174.

"_Deutsche Rundschau, Die_," 305.

_Don Carlos_, 101.

Dostoievsky, 2, 346.

Doyen, 105.

D'Oyron, in _The Wolves_, 114.

Drama, and the masses, _see_ People's Theater;
erotic _vs._ political, 127 ff;
Drama of the Revolution, 69, 70, 86-99, 100-18.

Dramatic writings, of Rolland, 25, 32, 39, 41, 57-130;
craftsmanship of, 127-130;
cycles, 67-71;
Drama of the Revolution, 100-130;
People's Theater, 85-130;
poems, 28;
tragedies of faith, 76-85;
unknown cycle, 71-75.

_Drames philosophiques_, 125.

Dreyfus affair, 38, 39, 106, 115, 119, 133.

Dunois, Amédée, 312.

Duse, Eleanore, 175.

_Empédocle d'Agrigente et l'âge de la haine_, 72, 333 ff.

_Etes-vous neutre devant le crime_, 283.

Faber, in _Le triomphe de la raison_, 111, 114, 309.

Faith, in Rolland's philosophy of life, 77-79, 81 ff, 166-71, 244 ff;
tragedies of, 76-85.

Fellowship, of free spirits, during the war, 273 ff, 311-316: 351, 354.

_Fêtes de Beethoven, les_, 141.

"_Feuille, la_," 313.

Flaubert, 37, 58, 80, 177.

_Forerunners, The_, 290, 339-334

Fort, Paul, 250.

_Fourteenth of July, The_, 101-2, 103-5, 109.

France, after 1870, 57;
picture of, in _Jean Christophe_, 211-216

France, Anatole, 58, 84, 169.

Frank, César, 175.

Frank, Ludwig, 321.

Freedom, of conscience, 287 ff, 257-9, 119, 274, 285-8, 298 ff, 320 ff, 339-47; _vs._ the fatherland, _see The Triumph of Reason_.

French literature, state of, after 1870, 37, 58 ff.

French Revolution, 68, 98 ff, 100-120, 121, 122;
_see_ Drama of the
Revolution;
_also_ People's Theater. French stage, after 1870, 86-89.

_Galeries des femmes de Shakespeare_, 6.

Gamache, in _Jean Christophe_, 175.

"Gauloiseries," 250.

Generations, conflicting ideas of the 229-234.

Geneva, during the Great War, 268 ff.

Germany, picture of, in _Jean Christophe_, 217-220.

Girondists, in _The Triumph of Reason_, 110 ff, 121, 129, 169, 260.

_Gli Baglioni_, 73, 74.

Gluck, 173, 175, 212.

Goethe, 64, 72, 97, 118, 150, 155, 169, 175, 177, 180, 211, 184, 193, 219, 230, 263, 275, 278, 305, 330, 332.

Gottfried, in _Jean Christophe_, 204.

Grautoff, 166, 168.

Grazia, in _Jean Christophe_, 175, 200-202, 205.

Greatness, will to, in Rolland's philosophy, 63.

Great War, The, 1, 65, 257-355, 253, 264 ff, 339-347.

Greek tragedy, method of, 128 ff

_Grüne Heinrich, Der_, 169.

Guilbeaux, Henri, 281, 313.

_Haendel_, 34.

Handel, 150, 173, 175, 245.

Hatred Holland's campaign against, 297-304;
Verhaeren's attitude of, during the war, 281-4.

Hauptmann, 92, 276;
Rolland's controversy with, 277-280.

Hardy, Thomas, 64.

Hassler in _Jean Christophe_, 174, 204.

Hebbel, 73, 123.

Hecht, in _Jean Christophe_, 175.

Heroes of suffering, 133-153.

Heroic biographies, 133-153.

Herzen, 26.

Historical drama, _see_ People's Theater.

History, and the People's Theater, 95 ff;
Rolland's conception of, 95 ff;
sense of, in early writings, 32.

Hoche, General, 150.

Hölderlin, 73.

Hugot, in _The Triumph of Reason_, 63, 111, 114.

Hugo, Victor, 37, 64, 92, 121.

_Idoles les_, 299.

"Iliad of the French People," _see_ People's Theater.

_Illusions perdues, les_, 65.

_Inter Arma Caritas_, 297.

_Iphigenia_, 118.

Italy, picture of, in _Jean Christophe_, 221-3.

Idealism, in Rolland's philosophy, 60 ff, 85, 123, 166-71;
characterization of Germany, 211-216;
of Italy, 222.

Internationalism, 207-10, 255, 285-8, 351-4;
_see Above the Battle_;
Fellowship, of free spirits;
Hatred, Rolland's campaign against

Ibsen, 126 ff.

Italy, Rolland's sojourn in, 23-28, 71.

Jaurès, 13, 41, 109, 346.

_Jean Christophe_, 18, 30, 36, 49, 65, 70, 130, 143, 157-237, 165, 257,
300, 305, 311, 318, 339, 340;
as an educational romance, 166-71;
characters of, 172-5;
enigma of creative work, 181-7;
France, picture of, in, 211-16;
generations, conflicting ideas of, in 229-34;
Germany, picture of, in, 217-220;
Italy, picture of, in 221-3;
Jews, the, in, 224-8;
message of, 157-159;
music, form and content of, 177-80;
origin of 162-5;
writing of, 43-44, 162-5.

Jean Christophe, 26, 31, 38, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 65, 68, 76, 97, 153,
157-237, 241, 246, 257, 258, 260, 317, 336, 340, 342;
and Grazia, 200-1;
and his fellow men, 203-6;
and his generation, 229-36;
and the nations, 207-10;
apostle of force, 189 ff;
as the artist and creator, 188-94;
character of, 172-75;
contrast to Olivier, 195 ff.

Jouve, 287, 312, 313.

Justice, problem of, considered by Rolland in Dreyfus case, 39;
_vs._ the fatherland, _see The Wolves_.

Kaufmann, Emil, 174.

Keller, Gottfried, 169, 177.

Kleist, 73, 92.

Kohn, Sylvain, in _Jean Christophe_, 212, 224.

Krafft, Jean Christophe, _see_ Jean Christophe.

Language, as obstacle to internationalism, 229 ff.

Lazare, Bernard, 39, 143.

_Lebens Abend einer Idealistin, Der_, 27, 73.

_Légende de Saint Julien l'Hospitalier_, 80.

Letters, of Rolland, during war, 317-19.

Lévy-Coeur, in _Jean Christophe_, 175, 205, 224.

_Le 14 Juillet_, _see Fourteenth of July, The_.

Liberty, characterization of France, 211-16.

_Life of Michael Angelo, The_, 40, 144-46.

_Life of Timolien_, 131.

_Liluli_, 300, 335-338, 339.

_Loups, les, see The Wolves._

Lux, Adams, 101, 111, 112, 309.

Lyceum of Louis the Great, 8.

Madame Bovary, 64.

Mahler, Gustave, 35, 175.

Mannheim, Judith, in _Jean Christophe_, 226.

Marat, 101.

Martinet, Marcel, 312.

Masereel, Franz, 313.

Maupassant, 13, 37, 58, 64, 91.

Mazzini, 26, 150, 151, 222.

_Meistersinger, Die_, 92.

Mesnil, Jacques, 312.

Meunier, 87.

_Meutre des élites, le_, 297.

Meyerbeer, 212.

Michelangelo, 67, 71, 144-6, 147, 148, 151, 161, 182, 245.

Michelet, 13.

Millet, 87, 50.

Mirbeau, 85.

Molière, 92.

Monod Gabriel, 13, 16, 26, 73.

_Mon Oncle Benjamin_, 3.

_Montespan, la_, 73, 119.

Mooch, in _Jean Christophe_, 224.

Moreas, 175.

Mornet, Lieutenant, 306.

Mounet-Sully, 74.

Mozart, 5, 173.

Music, early influence of, on Rolland, 4;
form and content in _Jean Christophe_, 177-80;
part of Rolland's drama, 104 ff;
Rolland's love of, 47;
Rolland's philosophy of, 132-3;
Tolstoi's stigmatization of 19.

_Musiciens d'autrefois_, 34, 35, 183.

Nationalistic school of writers 59, 60, 62.

Nationalism, 208 ff; 217-20, 225, 226.

Naturalism, 15.

"Neues Vaterland," 306.

Nietzsche, 2, 26, 37, 162, 174, 177, 217-20, 255, 332.

_Niobé_, 73, 74.

Nobel peace prize, 270.

Normal School, 10, 11, 12-17, 13, 14, 23, 29, 32, 162.

_Notre prochain l'ennemi_, 297.

Novalis, 169.

Offenbach, 212.

Olivier, in _Jean Christophe_, 61, 68, 76, 78, 84, 176, 179, 195-9, 200, 201, 205, 214 ff, 220, 224, 225, 233, 244, 246, 257, 260, 264, 267, 283, 309, 318, 336 340.

Olivier, Georges, in _Jean Christophe_, 233.

_Offiziere, Die_, 85.

_Oration on Shakespeare_, 72.

_Orfeo_, 33.

_Origines du théâtre lyrique moderne, les_, 32, 183.

_Orsino_, 72, 74.

Oudon, Françoise, in _Jean Christophe_, 75.

Pacifism, 262 ff.

Paine, Thomas 9, 7, 150.

Parsifal, 30, 31, 62, 191.

Péguy, Charles, 14, 20, 38, 39, 59, 115, 143.

People's Theater, The, 41, 65, 133, 68, 88, 94-97.

Philippe, Charles Louis, 44, 91.

Philosophy of life, of Rolland, _see_ Art of Rolland;
Conscience;
Defeat, significance of;
Faith;
Freedom of Conscience;
Greatness will to;
Hatred, campaign against;
Idealism;
Internationalism;
Justice;
Struggle, element of;
Suffering, significance of.

Picquart, 39, 115.

Perrotin, in _Clerambault_, 344.

Pioch, Georges, 312.

Polichinelle, in _Liluli_, 337.

_Précurseurs, les, see The Forerunners._

_Prêtre de Nemi, le_, 125.

_Prinz von Homburg, Der_, 92.

Provenzale, Francesco, 34.

Quesnel, in _Les Loups_, 114.

Racine, 91, 92.

_Räuber, Die_, 92.

Red Cross, in Switzerland, 268 ff, 269 ff.

Renaissance, 24, 25, 68, 71.

Renaitour, 312.

Renan, 12, 13, 25, 37, 125 ff, 176, 196, 214, 309.

"_Revue de l'art dramatique_," 35, 88.

"_Revue de Paris_," 25, 141.

Robespierre, 99, 101, 108, 113, 117, 126.

Rolland, Madeleine, 3.

Rolland, Romain, academic life of, in Paris, 32-35, 42;
adolescence
of, 3-11;
ancestry of, 3;
and his epoch, 57-62;
and the European spirit, 52, 53;
appeal to President Wilson, 348-50;
as embodiment of European spirit, 52-3;
art of, 63-6;
at Paris, 32-5, 36;
attitude of, during the war, 257-355;
campaign of, against hatred 297-303;
childhood of, 3-7;
controversy of, with Hauptmann, 277-80;
correspondence of, with Verhaeren 281-4;
cycles of 67-75;
diary of, during the war, 327-28;
drama of the revolution, 100-30;
dramatic writings, 25, 28, 57, 130;
Dreyfus case, 38-47;
fame, 49, 50, 51, 48;
father of, 6;
friendships, 13-15, 25, 26-28, 311-316;
heroic biographies, 133-153;
humanitarianism of, 307 ff;
idealism of, 60 ff;
influence of, during the war, 320-326, 355-6;
influence of Tolstoi on, 19-22;
Jean Christophe, 157-237;
letters of, during the war, 317-319;
marriage of, 35, 41, 73, 134;
mass suggestion in writings of, 261, 266, 329-47;
mother of, 3, 27;
newspaper writing of 289-292;
opponents of, during the war, 304-10;
portrait of, 46, 47;
rôle of, in fellowship of free spirits during the war, 273 ff;
Rome, 23, 28;
schooling of 5-17;
seclusion, 43, 44, 45-7, 48-49, 324;
significance of life work, 2;
tragedies of faith, 76-85;
unwritten biographies, 150-153.

Rossi, Ernesto, 24.

Rossi, Luigi, 33.

Rostand, 117.

Rouanet, 312.

Rousseau, 275.

Roussin, in _Jean Christophe_, 176.

_Route en lacets qui monte, la_, 330.

St. Christophe, 157.

Saint-Just, _pseud._, 39, 84, 101, 108, 113, 126.

_Saint Louis_, 77-8, 80-82, 83, 125, 244.

Salviati, 24.

Suarès, André, 14, 15, 39.

Scarlatti, Alessandro, 34.

Schermann, 330.

Scheurer, Kestner, 39, 115.

Schiller, 73, 86, 87, 90, 92, 95, 97, 100-1, 123, 155, 193, 196.

Schubert, 175, 180.

Schulz, Prof. in _Jean Christophe_, 174, 204.

Seippel, Paul, 50, 165, 172.

Sévérine, 312.

Shakespeare, 5, 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 23, 24, 15, 64, 69, 72, 92, 100, 123, 125, 150.

Sidonie, in _Jean Christophe_, 213.

_Siege de Mantoue, le_, 73.

Sorbonne, 32, 33.

_Souvenirs d'enfance et de jeunesse_, 12.

Spinoza, 10, 13, 18.

Stendhal, 169, 177.

Strauss, Hugo, 35.

Strindberg, 2, 126 ff.

Struggle, element of, in Rolland's philosophy, 222, 246 ff.

Suffering, significance of, in Rolland's philosophy, 133-136, 181-7, 188-94; 204 ff; heroes of 133-53.

Switzerland, refuge of Rolland during the war, 264-7.

_"Tablettes, les,"_ 313.

_Tasso_, 118.

Teulier, in _The Wolves_, 114, 115, 121, 310.

_Théâtre du peuple, le, see_ People's Theatre.

Thiesson, Gaston, 312.

Tillier, Claude, 3.

Tolstoi, 18, 20, 21, 23, 15, 24, 53, 60, 64, 67, 82, 86, 87, 90, 92, 94, 135, 138, 147-149, 151, 161, 165, 170, 175, 176, 182, 204, 245, 255, 265, 300, 317, 320, 333.

_To the Undying Antigone_, 27.

_Tragédies de la foi, les, see Tragedies of Faith._

_Tragedies of Faith_, 69, 76-83, 76.

"Tribunal of the spirit," _see_ Fellowship.

_Triumph of Reason, The_, 63, 101, 102, 113, 114, 119.

_Trois Amoureuses, les_, 173.

Truth, in _Liluli_, 337.

Unknown dramatic cycle, 71-75.

Verhaeren, 44, 77, 175, 276, 311;
Rolland's correspondence with, 281-84.

_Vie de Beethoven, see Beethoven._

_Vie de Tolstoi, see Tolstoi._

_Vie de Michel-Ange, la, see Life of Michael Angelo, The._

_Vie des hommes illustres_, 301.

Von Kerich, Frau, in _Jean Christophe_, 173, 204.

Von Meysenbug, Malwida, 26, 27, 28, 29, 29-31, 73, 150, 162.

Von Unruh, Fritz, 85.

_Vorreden Material im Nachlass_, 255.

_Vous êtes des hommes_, 312.

Wagner, 2, 9, 10, 14, 26, 29, 30, 31, 37, 64, 92, 162, 174, 212.

_Wahrheit und Dichtung_, 175.

_War and Peace_, 64, 170.

War, dominant theme in Rolland's plays, 28;
of the generations, 229-234;
in Rolland's writings, 260 ff.

_Weber, Die_, 92, 277.

Weil, in _Jean Christophe_, 224.

_What is to be Done?_ 18.

_Wilhelm Meister_, 155, 168.

William the Silent, 66.

Wilson, President, 348-50.

Wolf, Hugo, 35, 150, 174.

Wolff's news agency, 277.

_Wolves, The_, 39, 101, 102, 113, 114.

Zola, 15, 58, 85, 87, 39, 91, 115, 177.

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