Chapter XVII: The Stoic Strain in Christianity (2)

[11] Matt. iv 1 to 11; Mark i 13; Luke iv 1 to 14.

[12] Matt. xii 1 to 13; Mark ii 23 to 28; Luke vi 1 to 10.

[13] John iv 21.

[14] Matt. v 5.

[15] Matt. vi 9 to 13; a doxology is first found in the MS of the _Teaching of the Apostles_, and it was probably not specifically connected with the prayer originally.

[16] John xiii 21.

[17] Luke xxii 44.

[18] John viii 6 and 8.

[19] Matt. v 48; Luke vi 40.

[20] Matt. xxvi 41; Mark xiv 38. The author of the _Epistle to the Hebrews_ adopts the technical terms of Stoicism more completely. According to him Christ was touched with all the passions of weak men, but to a degree falling short of sin; οὐ γὰρ ἔχομεν ἀρχιερέα μὴ δυνάμενον συμπαθῆσαι ταῖς ἀσθενείαις ἡμῶν ... χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας Heb. iv 15. Thus the agony in the garden, though accompanied by loud cries and tears, did not pass the limits of the healthy affection of caution (εὐλάβεια), or (as we might say) ‘anxiety’; _ib._ v 7.

[21] John xx 28.

[22] Mark x 15.

[23] Acts xii 15.

[24] This antipathy to the Roman government finds biting expression in the _Apocalypse of John_.

[25] There seems to be no definite reference even to the Lord’s prayer, or to any of the parables, in the books named above.

[26] For instance, that of ‘love’ in 1 Cor. xiii, and of ‘faith’ in Hebrews xi.

[27] For the conflict between St Paul and the church at Jerusalem, see below, § 480; for his tone towards those who differed from him, see Galatians i 8 and 9; Col. ii 4; 1 Tim. i 20, vi 3 to 5; Titus i 10. A gentle expostulation as to this style of controversy is found in the epistle of James, see note 39.

[28] ‘With such zeal do the inhabitants [of Tarsus] study philosophy and literature, that they surpass Athens, Alexandria, and all other schools of learning.... Rome knows well how many men of letters issue from this city, for her streets swarm with them’ Strabo xiv p. 673.

[29] Juv. _Sat._ iii 117 and 118; and see above, § 25, note 65.

[30] Romans viii 20 and 21.

[31] Romans vi 17, 1 Cor. i 10.

[32] 2 Cor. xii 2 to 5.

[33] ‘a knowledge of the conduct which the Law requires is engraven on the hearts [of the Gentiles]’ Rom. ii 15.

[34] _ib._

[35] ‘my conscience adds its testimony to mine’ Rom. ix 1.

[36] _ib._

[37] ‘Faith is a well-grounded assurance of that for which we hope’ Heb. xi 1. Thus whilst sense-knowledge, and especially sight, calls for acceptance because it is ‘objective,’ and detached from personal bias, faith is essentially subjective, and suggests a power by which (in harmony with a divine source) personality dominates fact.

[38] 2 Cor. i 19.

[39] ‘Do not be eager to become teachers; for we often stumble and fall, all of us’ James iii i and 2.

[40] ‘He who does what is honest and right comes to the light’ John iii 21; ‘if any one is willing to do His will, he shall know about the teaching’ _ib._ vii 17.

[41] ‘The cravings of the [flesh] are opposed to those of the spirit, and the cravings of the spirit are opposed to those of the [flesh]’ Gal. v 17; cf. Romans viii 12 and 13.

[42] See above, § 460, note 20.

[43] ‘There are bodies which are celestial and there are bodies which are earthly’ 1 Cor. xv 40; ‘as surely as there is an animal body, so there is also a spiritual body’ _ib._ 44.

[44] 2 Cor. v 16.

[45] 1 Cor. xi 24, 25.

[46] ‘which are a shadow of the things to come, but the body is Christ’s’ Col. ii 17 (Revised Version).

[47] ‘The universe (τὰ πάντα) owes its origin to Him, was created by Him, and has its aim and purpose in Him’ Rom. xi 36 (Weymouth’s translation); ‘of him and through him and unto him are all things’ _ib._ (Revised Version); ‘God, the Father, who is the source of all things’ 1 Cor. viii 6. See further _ib._ xv 24 and 28.

[48] ‘Christ, who is the image of God’ 2 Cor. iv 4; ‘he brightly reflects God’s glory and is the exact representation of His being’ Hebr. i 3.

[49] ‘Christ is the visible representation of the invisible God, the First-born and Lord of all creation’ Col. i 15; ‘it is in Christ that the fulness of God’s nature dwells embodied’ _ib._ ii 9.

[50] ‘in him were all things created ...; all things have been created through him and unto him’ _ib._ i 16 (Revised Version); ‘through whom [God] made the ages’ Hebrews i 2. Compare the discussion on the four causes above, § 179, and the phrase of Marcus Aurelius: ἐκ σοῦ πάντα, εἰς σὲ πάντα, ἐν σοὶ πάντα _To himself_, iv 23.

[51] ‘Those he has also predestined to bear the likeness of his Son’ Rom. viii 29; ‘a man is the image and glory of God’ 1 Cor. xi 7.

[52] ‘woman is the glory of man; woman takes her origin from man’ 1 Cor. xi 7 and 8 (with special reference to Eve); cf. 1 Thess. iv 4 (R. V.), 1 Pet. iii 7.

[53] ‘there were heavens which existed of old, and an earth, the latter arising out of water by the [word] of God’ 2 Pet. iii 5.

[54] ‘the heavens will pass away with a rushing noise, the elements be destroyed in the fierce heat, and the earth and all the works of man be utterly burnt up’ _ib._ 10. But compare 1 Cor. iii 13 to 15.

[55] The omission is due to contempt of dumb creatures, see 1 Cor. ix 9.

[56] ‘It is in closest union with Him that we live and move and have our being’ Acts xvii 28; ‘one God and Father of all ... rules over all, acts through all, and dwells in all’ Eph. iv 6.

[57] ‘God is dealing with you as sons; for what son is there whom his father does not discipline?’ Heb. xii 7.

[58] ‘for those who love God all things are working together for good’ Rom. viii 28.

[59] ‘God was in Christ reconciling the world to Himself’ 2 Cor. v 19; cf. Col. i 20.

[60] ‘these men are without excuse, for ... their senseless minds were darkened ... in accordance with their own depraved cravings’ Romans i 20 to 24. The point is brought out still more plainly by a writer of the opposite party, James i 13 to 15.

[61] ‘ours is not a conflict with mere flesh and blood, but with the despotisms, the empires, the forces that control and govern this dark world, the spiritual hosts of evil arrayed against us in the heavenly warfare’ Eph. vi 12.

[62] ‘let your thanks to God the Father be presented in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ’ _ib._ v 20.

[63] ‘it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins’ Hebr. x 4.

[64] ‘in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision is of any importance’ Gal. v 6.

[65] ‘if you receive circumcision Christ will avail you nothing’ _ib._ v 2.

[66] ‘you scrupulously observe days and months, special seasons, and years. I am alarmed about you’ _ib._ iv 10 and 11; cf. Col. ii 16 to 19.

[67] παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν θυσίαν ζῶσαν ἁγίαν, τὴν λογικὴν λατρείαν ὑμῶν Rom. xii 1.

[68] 2 Cor. xiii 5.

[69] 1 Cor. xiv 15.

[70] 1 Tim. ii 8.

[71] Rom. xvi 25 to 27; 1 Cor. i 4; 2 Cor. i 3; Eph. i 3 to 14, iii 20 and 21; 1 Tim. i 17. Compare 1 Peter i 3 to 5.

[72] ‘The whole body—its various parts closely fitting and firmly adhering to one another—grows by the aid of every contributory link, with power proportioned to the need of each individual part’ Eph. iv 16; cf. Rom. xii 4 and 5.

[73] 1 Cor. xv 44.

[74] The point is continually emphasized that there is only one spirit. In English translations the double printed form, Spirit and spirit, disguises the real meaning, ‘if there is any common sharing of the spirit’ Philipp. ii 1.

[75] ‘You may, one and all, become sharers in the very nature of God’ 2 Peter i 4.

[76] ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία Rom. i 21.

[77] ‘our mortal bodies cannot inherit the kingdom of God, nor will what is perishable inherit what is imperishable’ 1 Cor. xv 50; ‘if we have known Christ as a man (κατὰ σάρκα), yet now we do so no longer’ 2 Cor. v 16. The Pauline doctrine of the spiritual resurrection, in spite of its place in the sacred canon, has never been recognised by popular Christianity, but it has found notable defenders in Origen in ancient times, and in Bishop Westcott recently. ‘No one of [Origen’s] opinions was more vehemently assailed than his teaching on the Resurrection. Even his early and later apologists were perplexed in their defence of him. Yet there is no point on which his insight was more conspicuous. By keeping strictly to the Apostolic language he anticipated results which we have hardly yet secured. He saw that it is the “spirit” which moulds the frame through which it is manifested; that the body is the same, not by any material continuity, but by the permanence of that which gives the law, the _ratio_ as he calls it, of its constitution (Frag. _de res._ ii 1, p. 34). Our opponents say now that this idea is a late refinement of doctrine, forced upon us by the exigencies of controversy. The answer is that no exigencies of controversy brought Origen to his conclusion. It was, in his judgment, the clear teaching of St Paul’ Westcott, _Religious Thought in the West_, p. 244.

[78] ‘my earnest desire being to depart and to be with Christ’ Philipp. i 23.

[79] ‘We shall be with the Lord for ever’ 1 Thess. iv 17. So another Paulist writer: ‘we see them eager for a better land, that is to say, a heavenly one. For this reason God has now prepared a city for them’ Heb. xi 16.

[80] The term used is κόκκος ‘grain’ in 1 Cor. xv 37, but σπέρμα ‘seed’ _ib._ 38. The Stoic term σπερματικὸς λόγος is found in Justin Martyr _Apol._ ii 8 and 13.

[81] 1 Cor. xv 16, 17.

[82] ‘while we are at home in the body we are banished from the Lord; for we are living a life of faith, and not one of sight’ 2 Cor. v 6; ‘we by our baptism were buried with him in death, in order that we should also live an entirely new life’ Rom. vi 4; ‘surrender your very selves to God as living men who have risen from the dead’ _ib._ 13.

[83] ‘He is not the God of dead, but of living men’ Matt. xxii 32.

[84] Matt. x 39, xvi 25, John xii 25.

[85] John v 24.

[86] ‘the end eternal life’ Rom. vi 22 (Revised version); ‘you have the Life of the ages as the final result’ _ib._ (Weymouth).

[87] ‘the end sought is the love which springs from a pure heart, a clear conscience, and a sincere faith’ 1 Tim. i 5.

[88] ‘it is as the result of faith that a man is held to be righteous, apart from actions done in obedience to Law’ Rom. iii 28.

[89] Titus i 15.

[90] Romans xiv 14.

[91] 1 Cor. xii 23.

[92] 1 Tim. iv 4.

[93] Eph. ii 19.

[94] ‘in Him the distinctions between Jew and Gentile, slave and free man, male and female, disappear’ Gal. iii 28.

[95] See above, § 355.

[96] πρᾳότης καὶ ἐπιείκεια 2 Cor. x 1.

[97] 1 Cor. xiii. For the constancy of Caution see § 460, note 20.

[98] Justice (δικαιοσύνη) 1 Tim. vi 11; Courage (ὑπομονή) 1 Tim. vi 11, (δύναμις) 2 Tim. i 7; Soberness (ἐγκράτεια) Gal. v 23.

[99] Rom. i 26 to 30; Gal. v 19 and 20; Col. iii 5.

[100] 2 Cor. ii 7, vii 10.

[101] ‘I shall go on working to promote your progress’ Philipp. i 25; ‘with my eyes fixed on the goal I push on’ _ib._ iii 14. There is also (paradoxically) progress in wrongdoing; ‘they will proceed from bad to worse in impiety’ 2 Tim. ii 16.

[102] The technical term used is τὰ ἀνήκοντα (Eph. v 4, Philem. 8), once only (in negative form) καθήκοντα (Rom. i 28).

[103] In the sense in which the word ‘political’ is used above, §§ 302-311.

[104] Rom. xiii 1 to 9; Ephes. v and vi; Col. iii 18 to 25; Titus ii 1 to 10; 1 Peter ii and iii.

[105] ‘You are a priesthood of kingly lineage’ 1 Peter ii 9.

[106] ‘as poor, but we bestow wealth on many; as having nothing, and yet we securely possess all things’ 2 Cor. vi 10.

[107] ‘where the spirit of the Lord is, freedom is enjoyed’ 2 Cor. iii 17.

[108] ‘every one who commits sin is the slave of sin’ John viii 34.

[109] ‘if I am destitute of love, I am nothing’ 1 Cor. xiii 2.

[110] It is ἱκανότης not αὐτάρκεια (2 Cor. iii 5 and 6), the latter word being used in a different sense, for which see § 480, note 135.

[111] The term (ἁμαρτία, _peccatum_) is Stoic.

[112] Lightfoot, _Philippians_, p. 296. This view has become familiar through Milton’s treatment of the Fall of man in _Paradise Lost_. There the prohibition of the forbidden fruit is nothing but a test of readiness to obey. This point of view seems quite foreign to St Paul, who always speaks of sin as sinful in itself, not in consequence of the Creator’s will.

[113] Eph. v 12 (R. V.).

[114] Rom. i 26.

[115] 1 Cor. v 1.

[116] 1 Cor. vii 1 to 8.

[117] ‘It is well for a man to abstain altogether from marriage. But because there is so much fornication every man should have a wife of his own’ 1 Cor. vii i and 2.

[118] ‘If you marry, you have not sinned’ _ib._ 28.

[119] ‘if a woman will not wear a veil, let her also cut off her hair’ 1 Cor. xi 6. For the savage tabu of women’s hair see Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 78.

[120] 1 Cor. xi 10.

[121] _ib._ xiv 34 and 35.

[122] Rigveda x 10.

[123] See the author’s translation in his _Rigveda_ (London, 1900).

[124] See above, § 307.

[125] ‘just as through Adam all die, so also through Christ all will be made alive again’ 1 Cor. xv 22.

[126] ‘God in his great mercy has begotten us anew’ 1 Peter i 3; ‘you have been begotten again from a germ not of perishable, but of imperishable life’ _ib._ 23.

[127] ‘you are all sons of God through faith’ Gal. iii 26.

[128] Gal. ii 1.

[129] _ib._ 6.

[130] _ib._ 12.

[131] 1 Cor. xiii 11.

[132] _ib._ i 22.

[133] James v 8.

[134] James i 27, ii 15 to 17, v 1 to 3.

[135] 2 Cor. ix 8 (the technical term is αὐτάρκεια); ‘if a man does not choose to work, neither shall he eat’ 2 Thess. iii 10.

[136] ‘worldly (i.e. materialistic) stories, fit only for credulous old women, have nothing to do with’ 1 Tim. iv 7.

[137] Titus i 14.

[138] Galatians ii 9.

[139] ‘[Christ] was put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit’ 1 Peter iii 18.

[140] ‘[Jesus Christ] who, as regards His human descent, belonged to the posterity of David, but as regards the holiness of His Spirit was decisively proved by the Resurrection to be the Son of God’ Romans i 4; ‘God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born subject to Law’ Gal. iv 4.

[141] 1 Peter i 3.

[142] In the account of the transfiguration in the _Gospel to the Hebrews_ (p. 15, 36 Hilgenfeld; Preuschen _Antileg._ 4) Jesus says ‘Lately my mother, the holy spirit, seized me by one of my hairs and carried me away to the great mountain of Thabor.’ Here Origen restores a philosophical interpretation by referring to Matt. xii 50; ‘whoever shall do the will of my Father ... is my mother’ _Comm. in Joh._ ii 12, p. 64 D. Modern writers find an identification of Mary with the Wisdom (σοφία) of God. See Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte_, vol. ii p. 1614.

[143] Matt. i 23.

[144] 1 Cor. i 30.

[145] Philipp. ii 6.

[146] ‘That which was from the beginning ... concerning the Word of life’ 1 John i 1; ‘his name is the Word of God’ Rev. xix 13.

[147] John i 1 to 3.

[148] John i 12 to 14.

[149] ‘apud vestros quoque sapientes λόγον (id est sermonem atque rationem) constat artificem videri universitatis’ Tert. _Apol._ 21; ‘Zeno opificem universitatis λόγον praedicat, quem et fatum et necessitatem et animum Iovis nuncupat’ Lact. _Div. inst._ iv 9. Naturally the Christian writers regard the Stoic doctrine of the Logos as an ‘anticipation’ of their own, exactly as in modern times the Darwinists, having borrowed from Epicurus the doctrine of atoms, regard the original doctrine as a ‘marvellous anticipation’ of modern science. Justin Martyr goes further, and concludes that all believers in the Logos were (by anticipation) Christians: οἱ μετὰ λόγου βιώσαντες Χριστιανοί εἰσι κἂν ἄθεοι ἐνομίσθησαν _Apol._ i 46.

[150] The term is first used by Theophilus (c. 180 A.D.), of God, his Word, and his Wisdom.

[151] In this passage an ‘anticipation’ of the doctrine of the Trinity has many times been discovered; for instance in the 18th century by the Jesuit Huet (Winckler, _der Stoicismus_, p. 9); in our own country by Dr Heberden (see Caesar Morgan, _An investigation of the Trinity of Plato_, Holden’s edition, 1853, p. 155); and again recently by Amédée Fleury and others (Winckler, p. 8).

[152] See above, § 242.

[153] For instance in 1 John v 8, and (in substance) in 1 Cor. xiii 13.

[154] Whatever may be the ecclesiastical or legal sense of the word ‘person,’ in its original philosophical meaning it expresses an aspect of individuality, and not an individual: see Cicero’s use of the term quoted above, § 271, note 42.

[155] See above, § 470, note 77.

[156] This book claims rank as a classic; amongst others of similar purpose may be mentioned R. Garnett’s _Twilight of the gods_ (New edition, London 1903).

[157] Amongst these elements we include all that Christianity has drawn from Persism through Judaism. We have indeed referred to the Persian beliefs embodied in the ‘Lord’s prayer’; but it has lain outside our scope to discuss the Eschatology which figures so largely in popular conceptions of Christianity, but is now thought to be but slightly connected with its characteristic message. On this point see especially Carl Clemen, _Religionsgeschichtliche Erklärung des Neuen Testaments_ (Giessen, 1909), pp. 90-135.

[158] Matthew Arnold, _St Paul and Protestantism_ (Popular edition, p. 80).

[159] The full title of Winckler’s book from which we have often already quoted is _Der Stoicismus eine Wurzel des Christenthums_.

[160] Matt. v 37.

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_Corssen, P._ De Posidonio Rhodio M. Tulli Ciceronis in libro i
Tusc. disp. et in Somnio Scipionis auctore. Rhein. Mus. xxxvi p.
505 sqq. (R. PP. 4980, 1.)

_Zietschmann, G._ De Tusc. disp. fontibus. 1868.

=Cleanthes.= The fragments collected by A. C. Pearson, 1891 (2280 aa 3); and by H. von Arnim in ‘Stoic. veterum fragm.’ 1903-5. (8460 k.)

_Mohnike, G. C. F._ Cleanthes der Stoiker. (832 b 14.)

_Wachsmuth, C._ (i) Cleanthis physica; (ii) commentatio de
Cleanthe Assio, 1874.

=Clemens= (of Alexandria, 150-211 A.D., and head of the Catecheten-school there), ed. G. Dindorf, 4 vols. 1869. (3805 bbb 22.) Protreptikos and Paidagogos ed. Otto Stählin, 1905.

_de Faye, E. Clém._ d’Alexandrie. Études sur les rapports du
Christianisme et de la philosophie grecque au IIe siècle, 1906.
(R. Ac. 8929/7.)

=Cornutus, Lucius Annaeus.= De natura deorum 1 ed. Fr. Osann; adj. est J. de Volloison, de theologia physica Stoicorum commentatio. 1844. (1385 g 4.) Ed. G. Lang. 1881. (2048 a.)

_de Martini, G. J._ Disp. de L. A. Cornuto, 1825. (8461 cc 12.)

_Reppe, R._ De L. A. Cornuto. 1906.

=Crates= (of Mallos). De Cr. Mall. adiectis eius reliquiis. C. Wachsmuth, Leipzig, 1860.

=Demetrius= (of Magnesia, 1st cent. B.C.). D. Magnetis fragm. 1858. (11335 f 43.) He wrote a life of Zeno which is quoted by Themistius.

=Dexippus= (Platonist of 4th century A.D.) Ed. A. Busse. (Ac. 855/9.)

=Diocles= (of Magnesia). He wrote lives of the philosophers, from which Diogenes Laertius quotes freely.

=Diogenes= (of Seleucia or Babylon). See H. von Arnim ‘Sto. vet. fragmenta.’ (8460 k.)

=Diogenes Laertius= (‘Laertius’ is a nickname based on a verse of Homer; about 230 A.D.). Lives of the philosophers, in ten volumes, based upon earlier works. Our principal authority for Stoic doctrine. In Bibl. Teub., 2 vols. (10606 a 23.) English trans, by C. D. Yonge, 1848.

=Dion Cassius.= Historia Romana. Ed. J. Melber in Bibl. Teub. (2048 a.)

=Dion= of Prusa (popular philosopher, circ. 50 A.D.). Ed. J. de Arnim. (11391 ee 5.)

_von Arnim, H._ Leben und Werke des Dio von Prusa, mit einer
Einleitung ‘Sophistik, Rhetorik, und Philosophie in ihrem Kampfe
um die Jugendbildung.’ 1898. (8460 g 20.)

=Dionysius= (of Halicarnassus). Ed. H. Usener and L. Radermacher. In Bibl. Teub. (2048 a.) Contains an account of Chrysippus.

=Epictetus.= Ep. diss. libri IV. Gr. et Lat. Ann. ill. J. Schweighäuser, 1799, 1800. (8459 g 4.) Ep. dissertationes, ed. H. Schenkl. In Bibl. Teub. (2278 k 5.) The references to the life of Epictetus are also collected here. A commentary exists dating from the 6th century A.D. See Simplicius. Translation with notes, a life of Epictetus, and a view of his philosophy, by G. Long, 1848. (8460 ccc 30.) Popular edition in 2 vols., 1891.

_Asmus, R._ Quaestiones Epicteteae. Freiburg, 1888. (8463 i 6/2.)

_Bernard, Edw. R._ Great Moral Teachers; Epictetus. (8410 p 29.)

_Bonhöffer, A._ Epictet und die Stoa. 1890. (8460 g 11.) Die
Ethik des Stoïker’s Epictet. 1894.

_Brandis, C. A._ Epictetus (Dict. of Greek and Roman Biography).

_Braune, A._ Epictet und das Christenthum. Zeits. f. kirchl.
Wiss., 1884-9.

_Bruns, Ivo._ De schola Epicteti. Kiel, 1897.

_Crossley, H._ Golden sayings of Epictetus, etc. 1903. (8462 de
8.)

_Farrar, F. W._ Seekers after God: Epictetus. 1876. (3605 bb 3.)

_Grosch, G._ Die Sittenlehre des Epictetus. Wernigerode, 1867.

_Rouse, W. H. D._ Words of the ancient wise, from Epictetus.
1906. (8462 de 14.)

_Schenkl, H._ Die epiktetischen Fragmente. Wien, 1888.

_Schranka, E. M._ Der Stoïker Epictetus und seine Philosophie.
Frankfurt, 1885.

_Stuhrmann, J._ De vocabulis notionum philosophicarum ab Epicteto
adhibitis. Neustadt, 1885.

_Thurot, Charles._ Epictète, Manuel. 1892. (8460 aaa 37.)

_Zahn, Theodor._ Der Stoïker Epiktet und sein Verhältniss zum
Christenthum. Erlangen, 1895.

=Epiphanius= (Bishop of Constantia). Adversus haereses prooemium. (3627 c 19.)

=Eusebius.= Evangelica praeparatio, etc. Berlin, 1897. (2004 f.)

=Fragmenta Herculaniensia.= Ed. by Walter Scott. 1885. (7706 ee 13.)

=Fronto.= M. Cornelii Frontonis et M. Aurelii imperatoris epistulae. Ed. S. A. Naber. 1867. (10905 ccc 19.)

=Galenus, Claudius= (of Pergamus; circ. 131-200 A.D. He was a physician who attended the family of Marcus Aurelius, and he gives large extracts from Chrysippus’ books _de anima_ and _de affectibus_). Ed. C. G. Kuhn, 20 vols., 1821-3. (541 d 1 to 20.) This edition has a good index; its pages are referred to by the letter K. Also edited by Marquardt, Müller, and others in Bibl. Teub. 1884-93. (2048 b.) Also an edition by Iw. Müller of the book _de placitis Hipp. et Plat._, the pages of which are referred to by the letter M.

=Gellius, Aulus= (2nd cent. A.D.). Post M. Hertz ed. C. Hosius in Bibl. Teub. (2048 b.)

=Hecataeus= (a geographer of Miletus, circ. 500 B.C.). Fragm. Gr. et Lat. ed. C. et Th. Müller in ‘Hist. Graec. fragmenta,’ vol. i. Paris, 1878-85. (2053 b.)

=Hecato= (of Rhodes). Panaetii et Hecatonis fr. coll. H. N. Fowler. 1885.

=Heracleides= (of the Pontus; a pupil of Plato, and propounder of the heliocentric system). See Steigmüller, H. in the _Archiv f. d. Geschichte d. Philosophie_ xv, pp. 141 sqq. (PP. 1253 ba.)

=Heracleitus= (of Ephesus). H. Ephesii reliquiae; rec. I. Bywater, 1877. (8460 ee 18.) H. Diels in ‘die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker,’ 1903. (2044 e.) H. von Ephesos, gr. und deutsch, von H. Diels, 1909.

_Bernays, J._ Neue Bruchstücke des H. (4980, 1 and 204 g h); die
Heraklitischen Briefe, 1869. (8461 dd 18.)

_Campbell, Lewis._ Heraclitus and Parmenides, in his edition of
Plato’s _Theaetetus_. 1883. (12204 f 19.)

_Diels, H._ Heraklit: eine Studie. 1904. (8461 ee 41.)

_Drummond, James._ See his _Philo-Judaeus_, 1888. (8485 d f 18.)

_Gladisch, A._ Herakleitos und Zoroaster. 1859. (4504 d 15.)

_Gomperz, Th._ Zu Heraklit’s Lehre. 1887.

_Lassalle, F. J. G._ Die Philosophie H. 2 vols., 1858. (8461 e
22.) Also a new edition by Löwenthal in 4 vols.

_Pfleiderer, Edmund._ Die Philosophie des H. im Lichte der
Mysterienidee. 1886. (8485 e 28.)

_Schäfer, G._ Die Philosophie d. Heraklit von Ephesus u. d.
moderne Heraklitforschung. 1902.

_Schultz, W._ Pythagoras und Heraklit. 1905.

_Wendland, P._ Ein Wort des H. im neuen Testament. 1899.

=Herillus.= _Krug, W. T._ H. de summo bono sententia, 1822.

=Hermias= (perhaps 5th or 6th cent. A.D.). Irrisio gentilium philosophorum. Ed. J. C. Th. von Otto, Jena, 1872. Quoted in Diels’ ‘Doxographi Graeci.’

=Herodotus.= The history transl. into English by G. C. Macaulay. 2 vols. 1890. (2280 aa 2.)

=Hierocles= (Stoic). Ethische Elementarlehre, her. von H. von Arnim und Schubart. 1906.

_Prächter, K._ Hierokles der Stoiker. 1901.

=Hippolytus= (Bishop in 2nd cent. A.D.). Ed. G. N. Bonwetsch and H. Achelis. 1897. (2004 f.)

=Iamblichus= (Neo-platonist philosopher, early in 4th cent. A.D.). Rec. G. Parthey, 1857.

=Iulianus= (the emperor). Ed. F. C. Hertlein, in Bibl. Teub. (2048 d); transl. by C. W. King (2500 f 13.)

_Gardner, Alice._ Julian the Philosopher. 1890. (10601 f 30.)

_Rendall, G. H._ The Emperor Julian, Paganism and Christianity.
1879. (4534 cc 8.)

=Iustinus= (historian, circ. 4th cent. A.D.). Historiarum Philippicarum libri xliv. Ed. C. H. Frotscher. 3 vols., 1827. (9040 cc 12.)

=Iustinus= (the martyr: circ. 105-165 A.D.). Op. Gr. et Lat. ed. J. C. Th. von Otto. 3 vols. 1876-81. (3622 cc 3.)

=Lactantius= (3rd cent. A.D.). Ed. S. Brandt and G. Laubmann in Corpus Script. Eccl. Lat. (2003 d.)

=Lucanus, M. Annaeus.= Pharsalia, ed. C. E. Haskins. 1887. (2045 e.) Scholia in Lucanum. 1869. (11312 g 30.)

_Diels, H._ Seneca und Lucan. Abh. d. Ak. d. Wiss. z. Berlin,
1885. (Ac. 855/6.)

=Lucianus= (of Samosata, 130-200 A.D.). Ed. J. Sommerbrodt. 3 vols. 1886-99. Ed. Nils Nilén in Bibl. Teub. (2048 d.)

_Bernays, J._ Lucian und die Kyniker. 1879. (8462 cc 10.)

=Lucilius, C.= Rec. F. Marx. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1904-6.

=Lucretius, T. Carus.= Ed. H. A. J. Munro. 3 vols. 1893. (2045 h.)

_Masson, J._ Lucretius, Epicurean and Poet; with notes and
comments by J. S. Reid. 2 vols. 1907-9. (2282 c 22.)

=Macrobius.= Ed. F. Eyssenhardt in Bibl. Teub. (2278 c 9.) On the λόγοι σπερματικοί see _Saturnalia_ vii 16.

=Marcellinus, Ammianus= (historian, of 5th cent. A.D.). Ed. V. Gardthausen in Bibl. Teub. (2048 d.) Ed. C. U. Clark, Berlin, 1910.

_Michael, H._ De Amm. Marc. studiis Ciceronianis. Breslau, 1874.

=Maximus= (of Tyre: 2nd cent. A.D.). Ed. F. Dübner, Paris, 1840. (2046 e.) Ed. H. Hobein, 1910. Transl. by T. Taylor. 2 vols. 1804. (1385 g 3.)

=Minucius, M. Felix= (3rd cent. A.D.). Ed. H. Bönig in Bibl. Teub. 1903. (2047 a.)

=Musonius, C. Rufus.= Ed. O. Hense in Bibl. Teub. (2048 e.)

_Baltzer, E._ Musonius’ Charakterbild aus der römischen
Kaiserzeit. 1871.

_Bernhardt, Otto._ Zu Musonius Rufus. Sorau, 1866.

_Pflieger, T._ Musonius bei Stobaeus. Tauberbischofsheim, 1897.

_Wendland, P._ Quaestiones Musonianae. Berlin, 1886. (11312 dd
12/4.)

=Nemesius= (5th cent. A.D..). De natura hominis (in Greek). In Migne’s Patrology. (2001 d.) Nemesius drew largely from Aëtius.

=Origenes= (185-254 A.D.). In Migne’s Patrology. (2004 f.) Commentary on St John, ed. A. E. Brooke. 1896. Philosophumena: revised text with introd. etc., by J. A. Robinson, 1893.

_Fairweather, W._ Origen and Greek Patristic Theology. (10600 eee
7/13.)

_Falconer, J. W._ Origen and the return to Greek theology. Biblia
Sacra liii, pp. 466 sqq.

_Westcott, B. F._ Origen and the beginnings of Christian
philosophy. In his Essays in the history of religious thought in
the West. 1891. (8486 aaa 1.)

=Orphica.= Ed. E. Abel. Prag, 1885.

_Maass, E._ Orpheus; Untersuchungen z. gr. röm. altchristl.
Jenseitsdichtung und Religion. 1895.

=Panaetius= (180-110 A.D.). P. et Hecatonis librorum fragm. coll. H. N. Fowler, 1855. Disputatio hist. de P. Rhodio. F. van Lynden. Leyden, 1802. (8460 cc 16.)

=Papiri Ercolanesi=, ed. D. Comparetti. Turin, 1875. Contains an index to the Stoic philosophers.

=Pausanias.= Ed. H. Hitzig and H. Blümer, 1896-1910. (2044 f.) Transl. with comm. by J. G. Frazer, 1898. (2044 e.)

=Persius, A. Flaccus.= Ed. with transl. and comm. by J. Conington. Third edition by H. Nettleship, 1893.

_Houck, M. E._ De ratione stoica in Persii satiris conspicua.
Daventriae, 1894.

=Philo= (of Alexandria, circ. 20 B.C. to 50 A.D.). Ed. T. Mangey, 1742. (691 k 78.) Ed. L. Cohn et P. Wendland, 1896-1906. (8459 h and 3623 de.)

_Arnim, H. von._ Quellenstudien z. P. von Al. 1888.

_Drummond, James._ Philo Judaeus. 1888.

_Freudenthal. J._ Die Erkenntnisslehre P.’s von Al. 1891.

_Harnack, A._ De Phil. Jud. λόγῳ inquisitio. 1879.

_Heinze, Max._ Die Lehre vom Logos in d. griech. Philosophie.
1872.

_Lake, J. W._ Plato, Philo and Paul; or the pagan conception of a
divine λόγος the basis of the Christian dogma. 1874. (4027 e 7/5.)

_Mills, L. H._ Zarathustra, Philo, the Achaemenids, and Israel.
1905. (4506 ee 26.)

_Wendland, P._ Die philos. Quellen des P. in s. Schrift über die
Vorsehung. 1891. P.’s Schrift über die Vorsehung. 1892. (8460 f
4.)

=Philodemus= (of Gadara, 1st cent. B.C.). In Bibl. Teub. (2048 e.)

_Gomperz, Th._ Zu Philodem’s Büch. v. d. Musik. 1885.

=Philoponus= (Aristotelian commentator, 7th cent. A.D.). Ed. M. Hayduck and others for Royal Prussian Academy. 1887-. (Ac. 855/9.) The _comm. in Aristotelis physica_ is of special value for its account of the Stoic logic.

=Plotinus= (Neo-platonist, 205-270 A.D.). Ed. R. Volkmann in Bibl. Teub. (2048 f.) He criticized specially the Stoic doctrine of categories.

=Plutarchus= (circ. 46-120 A.D.). Moralia, ed. G. N. Bernardakis in Bibl. Teub. (2047 a, etc.)

=Posidonius.= Pos. Rhodii rell. coll. J. Bake. 1810. (91 i 1.)

_Corssen, P._ De Pos. R. Ciceronis in lib. i. Tusc. disp. et in
somn. Scip. auctore. 1878. Rhein. Mus. xxxvi p. 505. (R. PP.
4980, 1 and 2049 h i.)

_Hultsch, F._ Pos. über d. Grösse und Entfernung d. Sonne. 1897.
(Ac. 6770.)

_Scheppig, R._ De Pos. Apamensi. Berlin, 1870. (8367 f 7/12.)

_Schühlein, F._ Zu Posidonius Rhodius. Freising, 1891. Über P.’s
Schrift περὶ ὠκεανοῦ. 1900.

_Töpelmann, V. E. P._ De Pos. Rhodio rerum scriptore. Bonn, 1867.
(8363 b 7/13.)

=Proclus Diadochus= (Platonic commentator, 5th cent. A.D.). In Bibl. Teub.

=Seneca, L. Annaeus.= Opera, ed. by O. Hense and others, in Bibl. Teub. (2048 g 15, 16.) Quaestiones Naturales. Transl, by J. Clarke, with notes by Sir Archibald Geikie. 1910. (08709 c 2.)

_Aubertin, C._ Sénèque et S. Paul. 1869. (4807 dd 3.)

_Badstübner, E._ Beitr. z. Erkl. der philos. Schriften Sen.’s.
Hamburg, 1901. (8460 l 5.)

_Baumgarten, M. L. A._ Seneca u. d. Christenthum. 1895.

_Baur, F. C._ Seneca und Paulus. 1858. In Zeitsch. f. wiss.
Theologie, 1, 2 and 3. (PP. 88 c.)

_Bernhardt, W._ Die Anschauung des Seneca vom Universum 1861.
(8705 ee 15/5.)

_Betzinger._ Weltfrohes u. Weltfreies aus S.’s Schriften. S. u.
d. Christenthum. 1899.

_Bock, F._ Aristoteles Theophrastus Seneca de matrimonio.
Leipzig, 1898.

_Burgmann, Rud._ S.’s Théologie in ihrem Verhältniss zum
Stoicismus und zum Christenthum. 1872.

_Diels, H._ Seneca und Lucan. Abh. d. Ak. d. Wiss. z. Berlin,
1885. (Ac. 855/6.)

_Fleury, Amédée._ Saint Paul et Sénèque. 2 vols. 1853.

_Gercke, Alf._ Seneca-studien. 1895. (R. PP. 4986 Bd. 22, Heft 1.)

_Heikel, J. A._ Seneca’s Charakter und politische Thätigkeit.
Helsingfors, 1888.

_Hense, O. F._ Seneca und Athenodorus. Freiburg, 1893.

_Lightfoot, J. B._ St Paul and Seneca. In his _Philippians_,
1879. (3266 ff 6.)

_Martens, A._ De L. A. Sen. vita, etc. Altona 1871. (10605 ee 6.)

_Martha, C._ Sénèque. C. R. Acad. d. Sci. mor. et pol., cxxxv,
1891.

_Ribbeck, W._ L. A. Sen. der Philosoph, und sein Verhältniss zu
Epikur, Plato, und dem Christenthum. Hannover, 1887. (8464 dd
34/9.)

_Rubin, Sol._ Die Ethik S.’s in ihrem Verhältniss zur älteren und
mittleren Stoa. München, 1901. (8409 m 15.)

_Summers, W. C._ Select letters. 1910. (010910 e 35.)

_Thomas, P._ Morceaux choisis. Extrait des lettres à Lucilius et
des traités de morale. 1896.

=Servius.= Comm. ad Verg. Aen. (11312 i 35.)

=Sextus Empiricus= (3rd cent. A.D.). Ed. I. Bekker, 1842. (1385 i 3.)

=Simplicius= (Aristotelian commentator, 6th cent. A.D.). Ed. Heiberg and others for Royal Prussian Academy. (Ac. 855/9.)

=Stobaeus, Johannes= (4th or 5th cent. A.D.). A collector of extracts. His works were formerly divided into _Eclogae_ and _Florilegium_. In the current edition by C. Wachsmuth and O. Hense, 4 vols., Berlin, 1884- (8462 ee), this distinction is dropped. This edition is not yet complete, and occasionally reference has to be made to A. Meineke’s edition of the Florilegium, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1855-7. (2047 a.)

=Strabo= (geographer, circ. 54 B.C. to 24 A.D.). Ed. A. Meineke. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1877. Also in Didot’s Script. Gr. Bibl. (2046 c.)

=Suidas= (lexicographer). Lexicon, ed. I. Bekker. 1854. (12923 ee 14.)

=Tertullianus= (160-220 A.D.). Ed. A. Reifferscheid et G. Wissowa, in the Corpus Script. Eccl. 1890-. (2003 d.)

=Themistius= (Aristotelian commentator, circ. 350 A.D.). Ed. R. Heinze and others for Royal Prussian Academy. (Ac. 855/9.)

=Theodoretus= (bishop of Cyrus, circ. 425 A.D.). Graecorum affectionum curatio, ed. J. Raeder in Bibl. Teub. (2049 a.) He has preserved long extracts from Aëtius.

=Theophilus= (bishop). Ed. J. G. Wolf, 1724. (3622 cc 3.)

=Varro, M. Terentius.= De lingua Latina quae supersunt ed. G. Goetz et Fr. Schöll. (12933 v 2.) Antiquitates divinae, ed. R. Agahd. In Bibl. Teub.

=Xenocrates.= Darstellung d. Lehre und Sammlung d. Fragmente, von R. Heinze. 1892.

=Zeno.= The fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes, by A. C. Pearson. 1891. (2280 aa 3.) Also in von Arnim’s Stoicorum veterum fragmenta, 1903 to 1905. (8460 k.)

_Meuleman._ Commentatio literaria de Zenone Stoico. Groningen,
1858.

_Troost, K._ Z. Citiensis de rebus physicis doctrina. 1891. (PP.
4991 e.)

_Wachsmuth, C._ Commentatio de Zenone Citiensi. 1874.

_Wellmann, E._ Die Philosophie des Stoïker’s Z. 1873.

=Zoroaster.= See article by Karl F. Geldner in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Zoroaster the prophet of ancient Iran, by A. V. Williams-Jackson. New York, 1899. (4505 eee 9.) See also Philo (Mills).

II. MODERN WRITERS.

=Aall, Anathon.= Der Logos. Geschichte seiner Entwicklung in d. griech. Philosophie und in d. christlichen Literatur. 2 vols. 1896, 9. (08461 h 8.)

=Adam, James.= The religious teachers of Greece. 1908. (4506 i 7.)

=Allard, P.= Le Christianisme et l’Empire romain de Néron à Théodose. 2nd ed., 1897. (2208 a.)

=Alston, L.= Stoic and Christian in the second century. 1906. (4532 de 6.)

=Apelt, O.= Beiträge zur Geschichte d. gr. Philosophie. 1891. (8486 e 3.)

=Archiv= für Geschichte der Philosophie. Herausg. von Ludwig Stein. Berlin, 1888-. (PP. 1253 ba.)

=Arnim, Hans von.= Stoicorum veterum fragmenta. 3 vols., 1903-5. (8460 k.) See also Aristo and Philo.

=Arnold, Matthew.= Essay attached to an edition of Long’s Marcus Aurelius, 1904. (12204 p 3/15.) St Paul and Protestantism. Popular edition, 1887. (3266 bb 1.)

=Aubertin, C.= De sapientiae doctoribus, qui a Ciceronis morte ad Neronis principatum Romae viguerunt. Paris, 1857. (8461 bb 8.) See also Seneca.

=Aust, E.= Die Religion der Römer. Münster i. W., 1899. (4506 f 29.)

=Avenel, J. d’.= Le Stoïcisme et les Stoïciens. 1886.

=Baldensperger, W.= Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu’s im Lichte der messianischen Hoffnungen seiner Zeit. 2nd ed., 1892. (4226 h 2.)

=Barth, Paul.= Die Stoa. Stuttgart, 1908. (08464 f.)

=Baumhauer, J. C. M. von.= Veterum philosophorum, praecipue Stoicorum, doctrina de morte voluntaria. Bonn, 1842. (8460 e 13.)

=Bäumker, Cl.= Das Problem d. Materie in d. griech. Philosophie. Münster, 1890.

=Baur, F. Ch.= Zur Geschichte d. alten Philosophie und ihres Verhältnisses zum Christenthum. 1876.

=Benn, A. W.= The Greek Philosophers. 2 vols. 1882. (8461 dd 14.)

=Bergson, Henri L.= L’évolution créatrice. 1907. (7006 g 29.)

=Bernays, J.= Lucian und die Kyniker. 1879. (8462 cc 10.)

=Bois, Henri.= Essai sur les origines de la philosophie judéo-alexandrine. 1890. (8486 bbb 28.)

=Boissier, Gaston.= La fin du paganisme. 1891. (4530 Le 1.) L’opposition sous les Césars. 5th ed., 1905. (09039 bb 9.) La religion romaine d’Auguste jusqu’aux Antonins. 2 vols. 2nd ed., 1878. (2212 g.)

=Bonhöffer, Adolf.= Zur stoischen Psychologie. Philologus liv, 1895, pp. 4023-4429. (R. PP. 5043.) See also Epictetus.

=Borchert, L.= Num Antistius Labeo ... Stoicae philosophiae fuerit addictus? Breslau, 1869. (6006 e 11/2.)

=Brandis, Christian August.= Handbuch d. Gesch. d. gr-röm. Philosophie. 3 vols. 1835-66. (1386 d 20.) Gesch. d. Entwicklungen d. gr. Philosophie und ihrer Nachwirkungen im römischen Reiche. 2 vols. 1862-4. (2236 e 2.)

=Bréheir, Émile.= La théorie des incorporels dans l’ancien stoïcisme. Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Philosophie xxi, pp. 115-125. (PP. 1253 ba.)

=Brochard, Victor.= Sur la logique des stoïciens. Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Philosophie v, p. 449. (PP. 1253 ba.)

=Bryant, J. H.= The mutual influence of Christianity and the Stoic school. 1866. (8461 bbb 27.)

=Burnet, J.= Early Greek Philosophy. 1908. (2023 c.)

=Caird, Edward.= The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers. 2 vols., 1904. [On Stoicism see vol. ii, chs. xvi to xx.]

=Caldecott, Alfred.= The philosophy of religion. 1901. (4372 cc 29.)

=Campbell, Lewis.= Religion in Greek literature. See also Heracleitus. 1898. (4503 g 15.)

=Capes, William Wolfe.= Stoicism. 1882. (4421 f 64.)

=Caspari, E.= De Cynicis, qui fuerunt aetate imperatorum Romanorum. Chemnitz, 1896.

=Cheyne, T. K.= Zoroastrianism and Primitive Christianity. Hibbert Journal, 1903, 4. (R. PP. 324 ga.)

=Clemen, Carl.= Die religionsgeschichtliche Bedeutung des stoisch-christlichen Eudämonismus in Justin’s Apologie. 1891. Religionsgeschichtliche Erklärung des neuen Testaments. 1909.

=Collins, J. Churton.= Studies in Shakespeare. 1904. [Gives parallels between Seneca’s tragedies and Shakespeare.] (2300 b 9.)

=Cruttwell, C. H.= A literary history of early Christianity. 2 vols., 1893. (2208 b 3.)

=Cumont, Fr.= Textes et monum. fig. relatifs aux mystères de Mithra. 2 vols., 1899. La théologie solaire du paganisme romain. 1909. Les Religions Orientales dans le paganisme romain. 2nd ed., 1909.

=Dähne, A. F.= Geschichtliche Darstellung der jüdisch-alexandrinischen Religionsphilosophie. 2 vols. 1834. (1363 d 8.)

=Davids, T. W. Rhys.= Buddhism. 1901. (4505 cc 26.) Hibbert Lectures on some points in the history of Buddhism. 1881. (2217 aa 11.)

=Davidson, William Leslie.= The Stoic creed. 1907. (3605 i.)

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=Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology=, ed. by J. M. Baldwin. 3 vols., 1905. (2023 h.)

=Diderot, Denis.= Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron, et sur les mœurs et les écrits de Sénèque. 2 vols., 1782.

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=Eisler, Rudolf.= Geschichte der Philosophie im Grundriss. 1895. Wörterbuch der phil. Begriffe und Ausdrücke. 3rd ed., 1910. (2236 c 18.)

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=Ewald, P.= Der Einfluss d. stoïsch-ciceronianischen Moral a. d. Darstellung d. Ethik bei Ambrosius. 1881. (8463 df 25/6.)

=Fairweather, W.= The Background of the Gospels; or Judaism in the period between the Old and New Testaments. 1908. (03225 h 15.)

=Favre, Mme Jules.= La morale stoïcienne. 1888. (8460 bb 27.)

=Feine=, ——. Stoïcismus und Christenthum. Theol. Lit.-Blatt 1905, pp. 73 sqq.

=Ferraz=, ——. De Stoica disciplina apud poetas Romanos. Paris, 1863.

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=Friedländer, L.= Darstellungen aus d. Sittengeschichte Roms. 8th ed. 1910. (2258 b 2.) Authorized translation of 7th ed. by L. A. Magnus. 1908. (09039 dd.)

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=Glover, T. R.= The conflict of religions in the Early Roman Empire. 3rd ed., 1909.

=Gomperz, Theodor.= Griechische Denker. 3 vols. 1903-8. (8486 dd.) English translation by Laurie Magnus and G. G. Berrie. 1905.

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=Haeckel, E.= Die Welträthsel. 1899. English transl., ‘The Riddle of the Universe,’ by J. McCabe. 1908.

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=Kaerst, J.= Geschichte des hellenistischen Zeitalters. 1909.

=Knauer, Vincenz.= Die Hauptprobleme der Philosophie. 1892. (8462 g 2.)

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=Laferrière, L. F. J.= Mémoire concernant l’influence du Stoicisme sur la doctrine des Jurisconsultes romains. Mém. de l’acad. d. sciences morales, x, 1860, pp. 579-685. (5254 aaa 11.)

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=Nettleship, Henry.= Jus Gentium. Journal of Philology xiii (1885), p. 26.

=Neumann, C. J.= Der römische Staat und die allg. Kirche bis auf Diocletian. 1890. (4534 d 16.)

=Ogereau, F.= Essai sur le système philosophique des stoïciens. 1885. (8460 ee 20.)

=Oldenberg, H.= Buddha; his life, his doctrine, his order. Transl. by W. Hoey. 1882. (759 d 4.)

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=Pauly, A. F. von.= Realencyclopädie d. klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Neue Bearbeitung, herausg. von G. Wissowa. 1893-. (2046 f.)

=Poussin, L. de la Vallée.= Bouddhisme: opinions sur l’histoire de la Dogmatique. 1909.

=Prächter, Karl.= Hierocles der Stoïker. 1901. (8460 h 23.)

=Prosopographia Imperii Romani Saec. I, II, III.= Ed. E. Klebs and others. 1897-. [Gives the authorities for biographies of this period.]

=Ramsay=, Sir =W. M.= The Church in the Roman empire before A.D. 170. 7th ed. 1903. (2208 b 2.)

=Rauch, G.= Der Einfluss d. stoïschen Philosophie an d. Lehrbildung Tertullianus.

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=Réville, Jean.= La religion à Rome sous les Sévères. 1886. (4505 ee 19.)

=Richter, D.= Die Überlieferung der stoïschen Definitionen über die Affekte. 1873.

=Sachau, C. E.= Drei aramaïsche Papyrus-Urkunden aus Elephantine. 1907. Royal Prussian Society. (Ac. 855/6.)

=Saussaye, P. D. C. de la.= Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte. 3rd ed., 2 vols., 1905. (3554 i.)

=Schiller, Hermann.= Die stoïsche Opposition unter Nero. 1867, 8. (8485 bbb 28.)

=Schmekel, August.= Die Philosophie der mittleren Stoa in ihrem geschichtlichen Zusammenhange dargestellt. 1892. (8485 df 19.)