Chapter XXIX: Appendix: Chinook Vocabulary

One Ight

Two Muxt

Three Thlune

Four Lakat

Five Quinum

Six Tuchum

Seven Sinamuxt

Eight Istought-tekin

Nine Quie-est

Ten Eattathlelum

Eleven Eattathlelum equin ight

Twelve Eattathlelum equin muxt

Thirteen Eattathlelum equin thlune

Fourteen Eattathlelum equin lakat

Fifteen Eattathlelum equin quinum

Sixteen Eattathlelum equin tuchum

Seventeen Eattathlelum equin sinamuxt

Eighteen Eattathlelum equin istought-tekin

Nineteen Eattathlelum equin quie-est

Twenty Muxt-thlalth

Twenty-one Muxt-thlalth equin ight

Twenty-two Muxt-thlalth equin muxt

{343} Twenty-three Muxt-thlalth equin thlune

Twenty-four Muxt-thlalth equin lakat

Twenty-five Muxt-thlalth equin quinum

Twenty-six Muxt-thlalth equin tuchum

Twenty-seven Muxt-thlalth equin sinamuxt

Twenty-eight Muxt-thlalth equin istought-tekin

Twenty-nine Muxt-thlalth equin quie-est

Thirty Thlune-thlalth

Thirty-one Thlune-thlalth equin ight

Thirty-two Thlune-thlalth equin muxt

Thirty-three Thlune-thlalth equin thlune

Forty Lakat-thlalth

Fifty Quinum-thlalth

Sixty Tuchum-thlalth

Seventy Sinamuxt-thlalth

Eighty Istought-tekin-thlalth

Ninety Quie-est-thlalth

One hundred E-tha-ca-munack

Two hundred Muxt e-tha-ca-munack

Three hundred Thlune e-tha-ca-munack

Four hundred Lakat e-tha-ca-munack

Five hundred Quinum e-tha-ca-munack

One thousand Hi-oh

Two thousand Hi-oh hi-oh Three thousand Hi-oh hi-oh
hi-oh

Four thousand Hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh

Five thousand Hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh hi-oh

Head Thlam-eck-took

Hair Chlick-ax

Eyes Etsuck-out

Eyebrows Te-killikits-alepa

Chin Come-ach-ouetts

Nose Emeeats

Mouth Emets-kill

Ears Oak-cutsa

Beard Te-vë-vex

Cheeks Capala-ketanux

{344} Teeth Ots-ats-ach

Neck Oak-quam-ux

Face Sheaaugh-ouest

Arms Etispol-etick

Fingers Te-kux-ach

Ribs Telleman

Shoulders Ok-chak-chalea-quilea-matic

Breasts Emets-aughtick

Back Emeck-kuts-ach

Belly Eats-awanë

Legs Eatsou

Feet Tekick-acock

Grandfather Eock-acka

Grandmother Eye-kecka

Father Mamah

Mother Naha

Uncle Eyat-tessa

Aunt Elkitch-outcha

Brother A-u

Sister Ats

Son Etsicha

Daughter Oquè-cha

Nephew Ack

Husband Tlick-chall

Wife Oquack-ekull

Brother-in-law Ek-keck

Sister-in-law Oquetam

Son-in-law Exs-ech Daughter-in-law Okuste

Relations Cap-whoo

Lad Equal-èsso

Maiden Ulick

Boy Ekass-cass

Girl Ok-thla-pelchech

Fear Quass

Enemies Il-keck-o-why-matick

I _or_ me Nica

{345} Mine Nissika

You _or_ thou Mika

Yours Miss-ika

He Oeach

She Awaugh

It Ek-ek

That E-kech

These Ock-ock

Here Ek-kech

Who Tluxta

They _or_ them Yaugh-ka

And Equin

If Sminich

By-and-by Alkè _or_ quanà

Where Kach-e-walchoo

That Cat-ta

When Tshech

Nothing Onetan

How many? Queen-tshech

Yes Aa

No Next _or_ keyà

That is it Yough-ca

Long ago Ankatè

Be quick I-ake

Just now Alkè

None Canext

More Wought

Little Eanux

Good E-toukety

Bad Mass-atsy

Chief Tye-yea _or_ Ecock-a-mana

Slave Slave, elitè _or_ missche-miss

Indians Tilloch-cum

Man Col-el-acuhm

Woman Tlack-allè

House Tolth

Horse Keutan

{346} Dog Camux

Cat Piss-piss

Hog Polobax

It is true Na-wetca

Sit down Meth-lite

Rise up Echa-latsa

Come here Essa

Go away Alchoya

Large Eya-quantle

Too small Minich

For what Cat-the-ass

Affection Te-keigh

Barter Killemuck

Idle talk Kaltash wa-wa

Perhaps Thlun-ass

Give it me Thlum-èluta

Falsehood Ettlè-mena chute

Sleep Optètè

Go off Ach-ne-coyea

Go to bed Mahockste

To-day Chau

Yesterday Tanilkey

To-morrow Wo-chè

Elk Moluck

Elk-skin Clemel

Small deer Wow-wich

Canoe Kineve

Ship Ma-ma-tle

White people Pa-she-shi-ooks

River Ick-hol

Land E-lè-hë

Salmon Equanna

Sturgeon Ulchy

Gun Suck-wall-allè

Blanket Pa-chichè-till-cup

Blue cloth Othlal-ough

Red cloth Pill-pill

{347} White Till-cup

Black or blue Othlal-ough

Axe Kits-tan

Knife Opitch-ach

Needle Ke-pa-watt

Beads Cum-us-ack

Kettle Useun

Wood Ecskaun

Chest Ecskaun

Bad weather Ecusach

Rain Is-tau-elch

Sun U-laugh

Moon Ul-chey

Night Polackly

Far off Sciah

Doctor Keel-alley

Good spirit Econè

Bad spirit Ecutoch

Heart Eats-im-oughts

Sick Etsitsa

It’s done Hi-low

Full Pattle

Swan Ou-wucha

Goose Cal-a-cal-ama

Duck Oqueeh-quech

Prophet Etaminua

Priest Etaminua

Sea-otter Elackiè

Land-otter Enanamux

Beaver Enna

Musk-rat Eminticoo

Bear H-whoot

Eat Mack-amack

Hungry Oh-low

I am hungry Nica oh-low

Bread Chap-all-ell

Water Ill-chu

{348} Take it Eskam

Fire Uliptskè

Hat Ohe-a-pool

Powder Te-whoot

To look Nananitch

What’s your name? Cat-the-achal?

Shame Nachamats

Balls Caleitan

Strawberries O’lèlè

Raspberries Amute

Potatoes Wapatoe

Sweet onions Ulalach

A present Patlatch

To make Makouke

Iron Chick-amen

Brass-wire Thack-alle

Medicine Eptl-ach

Buttons Cill-cill

Steal Capshewalla

Understand Each-e-chimley

To speak Kep-all-oulaw

Great many Hi-oh

Capot Capawillaughtè

The same Quack-ick-qua

Game Chal-e-chall

Handsome Etoughtey

Herrings Owl-chaus

Tobacco Cay-nult

How many whites? Queentshech pasheshiooks?

Besides the foregoing language, there is another lingo, or rather mixed dialect, spoken by the Chinook and other neighbouring tribes; which is generally used in their intercourse with the whites. It is much more easily learned, and the pronunciation {349} more agreeable to the ear than the other, as will appear from the annexed specimen.

Great chief Hias tye-yea

Slave Miss-che-miss

Woman Tlutchè-men

Child Tunass

Good Tlòsh

Bad Pishack

No Wake

Trade Mackouk

Canoe Chippots

Very little Ta-an-ass

Balls Poll-alley

Sea-otter Quatluck

It’s true Na-wetkaha

How are you? Thla choea

To speak Wa-wa

What Ick-etta

Might Polackley

Come here Chicko

Go away Thlat-away

By-and-bye Winnippiè

Understand Come-a-tax

Big _or_ large Hi-ass

Rain Snass

Ship Shippo

Good spirit Is-co-com

Come in Meth-lite

I love you Tekeigh

Game Omintick

What are you going to trade? Ick-etta mika mackouk?

By-and-bye I’ll come again Winnippiè nica chicko

{350} A TABLE OF THE WEATHER AT THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, FROM
MARCH 22ND TILL JULY 22ND, 1811.

───────────────┬───────┬────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────
Month and Year │ Winds │ State of the Weather │Wet Days │Dry Days
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
1811. │ │ │ │
March 22│ S.W. │Snow and hail │ 1 │
23│ W. │Snow and rain │ 1 │
24│ S.W. │Rain │ 1 │
25│ S.W. │Moderate │ │ 1
26│ S.W. │Fog and rain │ 1 │
27│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
28│ S.W. │Rain │ 1 │
29│ E. │Rain │ 1 │
30│ W. │Some snow │ 1 │
31│ S.W. │Clear weather │ │ 1
April 1│ W. │Rain │ 1 │
2│ W. │Rain │ 1 │
3│ S.W. │Clear and dry │ │ 1
4│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
5│ E. │Clear │ │ 1
6│ S.W. │Rain │ 1 │
7│ N. │Rain │ 1 │
8│ S.W. │Foggy │ 1 │
9│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
10│ S.W. │Rain │ 1 │
11│ W. │Rain │ 1 │
12│ N. │Rain │ 1 │
13│ N. │Heavy fog │ 1 │
14│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
15│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
16│ S.W. │Rain │ 1 │
17│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
18│ W. │Foggy │ 1 │
19│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
20│ S.W. │Some rain │ 1 │
21│ E. │Mist and rain │ 1 │
22│ E. │Clear │ │ 1
23│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
24│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
25│ S.W. │Rain │ 1 │
26│ E. │Rain │ 1 │
{351} 27│ N. │Mist and rain │ 1 │
28│ N. │Clear │ │ 1
29│ E. │Clear │ │ 1
30│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
May 1│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
2│ S.E. │Cloudy │ 1 │
3│ S.E. │Rain │ 1 │
4│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
5│ W. │Heavy Fog │ 1 │
6│ N. │Mist and rain │ 1 │
7│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
8│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
9│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
10│ E. │Foggy and rain │ 1 │
11│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
12│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
13│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
14│ N. │Rain │ 1 │
15│ N.W. │Clear and warm │ │ 1
16│ S.W. │Clear and dry │ │ 1
17│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
18│ S.W. │Fog and rain │ 1 │
19│ W. │Heavy mist │ 1 │
20│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
21│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
22│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
23│ N.E. │Rain │ 1 │
24│ N.E. │Clear │ │ 1
25│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
26│ S.W. │Rain │ 1 │
27│ S.W. │Foggy and clear │ │ 1
28│ E. │Rain │ 1 │
29│ N. │Rain │ 1 │
30│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
31│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
June 1│ W. │Clear and dry │ │ 1
2│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
3│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
4│ S.W. │Clear, S. wind │ │ 1
5│ E. │Clear │ │ 1
6│ N. │Rain │ 1 │
7│ S.W. │Foggy │ 1 │
8│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
9│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
10│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
11│ S.W. │Mist │ 1 │
{352} 12│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
13│ N.W. │Foggy │ 1 │
14│ N. │Rain │ 1 │
15│ E. │Rainy │ 1 │
16│ N.W. │Clear │ │ 1
17│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
18│ W. │Very sultry │ 1 │
19│ S.W. │Strong heat │ │ 1
20│ S.W. │Sultry │ │ 1
21│ S.W. │Sultry │ │ 1
22│ S.W. │Dull weather │ │ 1
23│ W. │Rain │ 1 │
24│ N.W. │Rain │ 1 │
25│ W. │Cloudy │ │ 1
26│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
27│ S.W. │Clear │ │ 1
28│ W. │Clear │ │ 1
29│ N.E. │Very sultry │ │ 1
30│ E. │Cloudy │ │ 1
July 1│ S.W. │Clear and dry │ │ 1
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
2│ S.W. │Thermometer stood 93° │ │ 3
3│ „ │ „ │ │ „
4│ „ │ „ │ │ „
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
5│ W. │Windy and rain │ 1 │
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
6│ S.W. │Clear and warm │ │ 4
7│ „ │ „ │ │ „
8│ „ │ „ │ │ „
9│ „ │ „ │ │ „
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
10│ W. │Sultry, thermometer 92° │ │ 2
11│ „ │ „ │ │ „
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
12│ S.W. │Sultry and calm │ │ 3
13│ „ │ „ │ │ „
14│ „ │ „ │ │ „
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
15│ W. │Cloudy and rain │ 1 │
16│ N. │Cloudy, some rain │ 1 │
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
17│ W. │Clear and dry │ │ 4
18│ „ │ „ │ │ „
19│ „ │ „ │ │ „
20│ „ │ „ │ │ „
───────────────┼───────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────
21│ S.W. │Thermometer ab. Zero 95 │ │ 2
22│ „ │ „ │ │ „
───────────────┴───────┴────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────

-----

Footnote 1:

Gabriel Franchère, _Voyage_ (French original, published at Montreal in
1820; English translation published in New York, 1854); Ross Cox,
_Adventures on the Columbia River_ (London, 1831); and Alexander Ross,
_Adventures_ (London, 1849). We reprint the first and third of these.

Footnote 2:

For a brief account of the discoveries of the North-west Coast, see
Thwaites, _Rocky Mountain Exploration_ (New York, 1904), chap. i. For
notes on Vancouver and Drake, see Franchère’s _Narrative_, volume vi
of our series, notes 2, 66. Further references to this _Narrative_, in
the following notes, will be to that reprint.—ED.

Footnote 3:

For brief sketch of John Jacob Astor, see Franchère’s _Narrative_,
volume vi. of our series, note 8.—ED.

Footnote 4:

For the history of the great fur-trade companies, see Turner,
“Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin
Historical Society _Proceedings_, 1889; Chittenden, _History of
American Fur Trade in Far West_ (New York, 1902); J. Long’s _Voyages_,
volume ii of our series, preface. The Mackinac Company, composed of
British subjects, was formed before the surrender of the Upper Lakes
posts to the Americans (1796). It operated chiefly in the West and
South-west; and in 1807, Americans on Lake Ontario fired upon its
brigade. See Michigan _Pioneer and Historical Collections_, xxv, pp.
250–257. This company was a source of dispute between Canada and the
United States until Astor purchased its stock. At the time of sale,
the North West Company’s partners held a controlling interest.—ED.

Footnote 5:

The word “Oregon” was not an appellation of the Spaniards, but appears
to have first been employed in 1778 by the English traveller, Captain
Jonathan Carver (concerning whom see J. Long’s _Voyages_, volume ii of
our series, note 5). On the meaning thereof, see Oregon Historical
Society _Quarterly_, June, 1900; also H. H. Bancroft, _History of
Oregon_ (San Francisco, 1886), i, pp. 17–25.—ED.

Footnote 6:

For brief biography of these partners of the Pacific Fur Company, see
Bradbury’s _Travels_, volume v of our series, note 4; Franchère’s
_Narrative_, notes 9, 10.—ED.

Footnote 7:

Concerning Mackenzie’s discoveries, see Franchère, note 4. McKay
accompanied Mackenzie upon his second voyage to the Pacific, not upon
his first expedition to the Arctic.—ED.

Footnote 8:

Relative to Hunt, Crooks, McClellan, and Miller, see Bradbury’s
_Travels_, volume v of our series, notes 2, 3, 72; for Clarke, see
Franchère, note 81.—ED.

Footnote 9:

For what is known of these clerks, see Franchère, notes 76, 84. For
Robert Stuart, see Bradbury’s _Travels_, in our volume v, note 117.—
ED.

Footnote 10:

Compare the following description of the voyage of the “Tonquin” with
that of Franchère; on the “Constitution,” Captain Thorn, and the
Hawaiian Islands, see _ibid._, notes 18, 19, 21.—ED.

Footnote 11:

Compare Ross’s account of the Hawaiian Islands with that of Franchère,
especially notes 22–34.—ED.

Footnote 12:

Compare the following account with that of Franchère, particularly
notes 36, 37, 40, 41.—ED.

Footnote 13:

Compare Ross’s description of the building of Astoria with that of
Franchère, particularly notes 42, 44, 61.—ED.

Footnote 14:

The tribes of the Pacific coast were numerous, and their
classification varies. For the Chinook, Clatsop, Wakiacum, Cathlapotle
(Cattleputles), Tillamook (Killamux), Multnomah, and Chehalis
(Chickelis), see Franchère, notes 39, 40, 45, 52, 53, 65, 67. The
other tribes cannot positively be identified, except the Katlamat
(Cathlamux), who were a branch of the Upper Chinook, giving name to
the town of Cathlamet, Washington. On the subject of the native races
of this section, see Thwaites, _Original Journals of Lewis and Clark
Expedition_ (New York, 1904), under Scientific Data: Ethnology.—ED.

Footnote 15:

For information concerning the wood-rat, sea-otter, and chepool, see
Franchère, notes 128–130.—ED.

Footnote 16:

For the characteristic fish of this coast, see Franchère, notes 88,
124–126. The _ulichan_ is the candlefish, so named because it is fat
enough to burn for illuminating purposes.—ED.

Footnote 17:

For the wappato root see Franchère, note 87.—ED.

Footnote 18:

Captain John Meares, born about 1756, served in the British navy,
where he attained the rank of lieutenant. After the Peace of Paris
(1783) he entered the merchant service, and founded a commercial house
in Macao, China, to trade with the North-west Coast of North America.
In 1786 he made his first voyage thither. Two years later, he formed
an establishment at Nootka Sound, and explored the coast to the south—
failing, however, to recognize the outlet of the Columbia as the mouth
of a great river. In 1789, Meares’s establishment at Nootka was
demolished by the Spaniards, which led to the diplomatic incident
known as the Nootka Sound episode. His book appeared during this
controversy—_Voyages made in the years 1788 and 1789 to the N. W.
Coast of America_ (London, 1791). Meares finally returned to the navy,
became commander in 1795, and died in 1809.—ED.

Footnote 19:

For brief account of Vancouver, see Franchère, note 2. Port Discovery,
on the northern coast of Washington, was named for Vancouver’s ship.
Desolation Sound was farther north in the Gulf of Georgia.—ED.

Footnote 20:

For the appearance of these flattened heads, see Clark’s drawings of
the Chinook, in _Original Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition_.—ED.

Footnote 21:

For the promontory known as Tongue Point, see Franchère, note 44.
Gray’s Bay was named for Captain Robert Gray, _op. cit._, note 1.
“Oathlamuck” Point is that now known as Cathlamet Point, in Clatsop
County, Oregon. This does not bound Gray’s Bay, except as it is the
point below which the river widens into great inlets.—ED.

Footnote 22:

Puget’s Island, in the Columbia opposite Cathlamet, Washington, was
named when Broughton explored the Columbia (1792), for Peter Puget,
lieutenant of Vancouver’s vessel, the “Discovery.” For Oak Point, see
Franchère, note 74. Ross is the only contemporary writer who mentions
this Indian village by name.—ED.

Footnote 23:

Ross confuses the names of two landmarks; the first should be Mount
Coffin (see Franchère, note 48), the second Coffin Rock. The first is
an isolated cliff on the Washington bank of the river, the second a
rocky islet toward the Oregon side—both used as places of Indian
sepulture. For Deer Island, see Franchère, note 75.—ED.

Footnote 24:

For this chief, see Franchère, note 51.—ED.

Footnote 25:

The “Namowit” Indians were one tribe of those designated by Lewis and
Clark as the “Wappato” Indians; see _Original Journals of Lewis and
Clark Expedition_, under Scientific Data: Estimate of Western Indians.
For Bellevue Point, see Franchère, note 55. Johnson’s Island was named
by Broughton (1792) for the lieutenant of his vessel, the “Chatham;”
Lewis and Clark called it Diamond Island; it is now known as
Government Island, in Multnomah County, Oregon. Wasougal
(Wasough-ally) is a small stream entering the Columbia from the north,
in Clark County, Washington. Quicksand River, so named by Lewis and
Clark, is the present Sandy, a considerable stream draining the
western slope of Mount Hood, and flowing into the Columbia through
Multnomah County, Oregon.—ED.

Footnote 26:

For the location of Point Vancouver, see Franchère, note 55.—ED.

Footnote 27:

The rock that Ross and the Scotch Canadians of his party named
“Inshoach Castle,” was probably the well-known landmark now called
Beacon Rock, which marks the extent of tidal influence, and may be
seen for twenty miles down the river.—ED.

Footnote 28:

For Strawberry Island and the portage of the Cascades, see Franchère,
note 112.—ED.

Footnote 29:

Lewis and Clark called these natives at the Cascades, Clahclellahs,
and included them among the generic name of Shahalas, a branch of the
Upper Chinook. The tribesmen were a thieving, troublesome lot, as
Ross’s subsequent narrative will show.—ED.

Footnote 30:

Wind River, in Skamania County, Washington.—ED.

Footnote 31:

Michel Boulard had since 1800 been a voyageur with Thompson. In
1806–07 he wintered at Rocky Mountain House, and the following spring
crossed the range to Kootenay. The next four winters were spent in the
mountains, and he was one of the seven canoe men who brought Thompson
to Astoria in July, 1811. For his later connection with the Astorians,
see _post_.—ED.

Footnote 32:

Ross’s designations of Indian tribes differ from those of other
travellers in this region. Lewis and Clark called the permanent
dwellers at the narrows, Echelutes. Wyampam must be another name for
the same tribe—a branch of the Upper Chinooks.—ED.

Footnote 33:

The river which Ross calls “Lowhum,” had several designations among
early travellers. Lewis and Clark call it “Towarnahiooks.” All
evidently endeavored to give it the Indian name, which was an
imitation of the sound made by the falls at its mouth. It is at
present known as Des Chutes River.—ED.

Footnote 34:

Ross later relates the adventures of the pioneer John Day, from whom
this river takes its name.—ED.

Footnote 35:

The identification of “Suppa” River is uncertain. The largest affluent
of the Columbia between John Day and Umatilla River is that Oregon
stream now known as Willow Creek.—ED.

Footnote 36:

For the Umatilla River, see Franchère, note 141. A large isolated
cliff, just below the mouth of the Umatilla, is still called Castle
Rock.—ED.

Footnote 37:

The rapid here described, is now known as the Umatilla Rapid; Lewis
and Clark designated it as “The Musselshell,” from the heaps of those
shells spread out upon the banks. The brigade had just passed the
present boundary of Oregon, 46° of north latitude.—ED.

Footnote 38:

The Wallawalla Indians are of the Shahaptian stock—one of the great
families of the inland Columbians, to which the Nez Percés and
Umatilla belong. Usually they were hospitable and well-affected
towards the whites. Lewis and Clark especially mention their friendly
disposition. Many years later, they became disaffected and joined the
Cayuse in acts of hostility. A treaty was made with the Wallawallas in
1855, whereby they surrendered their lands, and retired to the
Umatilla reservation, where at the last report (1902) five hundred and
sixty-nine were still residing. The “Shaw Haptens” were a kindred race
speaking the Shahaptian language.

This appears to be the first mention of the Cayuse tribe, later so
prominent in Oregon history. Their language was unlike that of the
Wallawalla, so that they are classified as Waülatpuans. Their habitat
was the Wallawalla Valley, and south and east of the great bend of the
Columbia. Their herds of horses were so numerous that “cayuse” has
become a generic term for Indian ponies. These Indians constituted the
largest and most powerful tribe of Eastern Oregon. Among them the
American Board founded a mission, and it was this tribe that
perpetrated the Whitman massacre of 1847. Broken in spirit and numbers
by the settlers’ avenging warfare, five chiefs were in 1850
surrendered for trial and executed. Five years later, the Cayuse
formally ceded their lands and retired to the Umatilla reservation,
where three hundred and ninety-one are now (1902) reported. They have
abandoned their language for that of the Wallawalla.—ED.

Footnote 39:

Thompson records (July 9, 1811) “½ a mile to the Junction of the
Shawpatin [Snake] River with this the Columbia, here I erected a small
Pole, with a half Sheet of Paper well tied about it, with these words
on it—Know hereby that this country is claimed by Great Britain as
part of its Territories, & that the N W Company of Merchants from
Canada, finding the Factory for this People inconvenient for them, do
intend to erect a Factory in this Place for the Commerce of the
Country around. D. Thompson.”—_Henry-Thompson Journals_, p. 748.—ED.

Footnote 40:

Ross is here inaccurate. The Snake River was called the Lewis; but to
the Columbia above the fork, the explorers never applied the name of
Clark—that was given to the large northern branch still called Clark’s
Fork of the Columbia, upon whose upper waters the explorers rested
when crossing the mountains.—ED.

Footnote 41:

The Yakima (Eyakema) River enters the Columbia from the east, about
ten miles above the Snake. It is a large tributary, draining the
eastern slope of the Cascade Range. Lewis and Clark called it the
Tapteet. The Northern Pacific Railway follows the valley of the Yakima
for some distance.—ED.

Footnote 42:

It was on the return journey (May 1, 1806) that three Wallawalla
overtook Lewis and Clark, with a steel trap which they had travelled a
day’s journey to restore.—ED.

Footnote 43:

This is the Gualquil Rapid, one hundred and ten miles above the mouth
of Snake River. The Kewaughtohenemachs are mentioned only by Ross;
they were probably a Pisquow tribe. For a description of the Columbia
above the entrance of the Snake, see Symons, _Upper Columbia River_
(Washington, 1882.)—ED.

Footnote 44:

Column Bluffs is the usual designation of this point on the river,
about ten miles above Gualquil Rapid. According to an Indian legend,
two wicked women who lived here were accustomed to kill those who
passed. The Indians begged the Great Spirit to destroy them, and he,
answering their prayer, sent an immense bird which picked out their
brains and turned them into stone.—ED.

Footnote 45:

Lewis and Clark called this river Wahnaacha, after the tribe of
Pisquow Indians of that name who dwelt along its banks. Wenatchee and
Pischous are both used to designate the stream at the present time. It
takes its rise in the Wenatchee Mountains and flows south-eastward,
emptying into the Columbia one hundred and forty-eight miles from the
mouth of the Snake. The Great Northern Railway follows its course.—ED.

Footnote 46:

Oak Point, mentioned so frequently in accounts of Columbian
exploration, was near Astoria—Franchère, note 74. The one here
referred to must be near the mouth of the Entiatqua (Entiyatecoom)
River, known to the Canadian voyageurs as Point de Bois. The
Entiatqua, which Ross calls Intyclook, is a small stream about a
hundred feet wide, flowing into the Columbia from the west, fifteen
miles above the Pischous.—ED.

Footnote 47:

Between Oak Point and White Hill Rapid the west bank is a continuous
volcanic bluff about two thousand feet high and striped with
different-colored strata—white, gray, black, and dark brown. The rapid
was doubtless named from the white hills on the eastern side.—ED.

Footnote 48:

Concerning these animals, see Franchère, note 172.—ED.

Footnote 49:

This is the Chelan River, which empties into the Columbia from the
north-west, about one hundred and eighty-five miles above the Snake.
It is but two and a half miles long, is the outlet of a considerable
lake of the same name, and has a fall of two hundred and fifty feet.
Just above its mouth was the principal village of the Chelan tribe, a
branch of the Salish. A military post was established on this lake
(1880), but not long after was removed to Spokane.—ED.

Footnote 50:

Ross also calls this the Meathow River, and Methow is at present the
usual appellation. The rapids just below the mouth have been named
Ross Rapids, probably in honor of our author.—ED.

Footnote 51:

The distance is really about one hundred and twenty-five miles. For a
brief history of Okanagan post, see Franchère, note 71.—ED.

Footnote 52:

This river was discovered by the explorer Thompson (for whom see
Franchère, note 61). It has two large branches, a northern and an
eastern, which unite at Lake Kamloops, one hundred and fifty miles
directly north of the Okanagan post; the united stream then flows
south-west for about ninety miles and unites with the Fraser.
Thompson, thinking that he was upon the Columbia, descended its
northern branch to the forks.—ED.

Footnote 53:

The Shushwaps (She Whaps) are a branch of the Salishan family and
closely allied in language and habits to the tribes about Okanagan
post. They were also called Atnahs (strangers), a name given them by
the Carrier Indians, farther to the north-west. They formerly occupied
the country along the Thompson and its branches, but by 1900 they were
reduced to fifty-four persons.—ED.

Footnote 54:

For an account of this Indian, see Franchère, note 46.—ED.

Footnote 55:

Compare Franchère’s account of the destruction of the “Tonquin” with
this of Ross. The village was Newity or New Whitty. Nootka Sound is on
the west coast of Vancouver Island, in latitude 49° 50′ north.—ED.

Footnote 56:

For notes on the following persons and places mentioned in this
chapter, see Bradbury’s _Travels_, volume v of our series: Hunt, note
2; McKenzie, note 4; Crooks, note 3; Missouri Fur Company, note 149;
Miller, note 72; Nadowa, note 5; McClellan, note 72.—ED.

Footnote 57:

This route, travelled by Marquette and Jolliet in 1673 was from a
well-established Indian and French waterway between the Great Lakes
and the Mississippi. The Fox River (of Wisconsin) was ascended from
Green Bay to the present site of Portage, Wisconsin; a portage path of
a mile and a half in length was followed (in floods, the intervening
swamp was overflowed, and Wisconsin River waters emptied into the
Fox), and the Wisconsin was descended to its junction with the
Mississippi, at Prairie du Chien.—ED.

Footnote 58:

The Three Tetons are the most noted historic peaks in the Rocky
Mountains. The topography of the country is such that the highest
peak, Grand Teton (13,691 feet) can be seen from a great distance and
has long served as a landmark to trappers and pioneers. Unlike the
mountains of that region, the Tetons are not hemmed in by foothills,
but rise in bold relief from the surrounding plateau—the Grand Teton
towering seven thousand feet above Jackson Lake, at its base. The
range is but sixty miles long and lies some twenty-five miles
south-west of Yellowstone Lake. It is crossed by Teton Pass, about
twenty miles south of Grand Teton.—ED.

Footnote 59:

For a sketch of Stuart, see Bradbury’s _Travels_, volume v of our
series, note 119.

Russell Farnham of Massachusetts came to Astoria on the “Tonquin.” He
left with Captain Hunt on the brig “Pedlar,” was landed at Kamchatka,
journeyed overland to Hamburg, and sailed thence to New York. When the
American Fur Company resumed operations after the War of 1812–15, he
was foremost in endeavoring to establish posts on the Missouri River.
In 1831 he had charge of the trade in the country of the Sauk and Fox
Indians, and died at St. Louis, October 30, 1832.—ED.

Footnote 60:

For a brief description of the Snake Indians, see Bradbury’s
_Travels_, note 123.—ED.

Footnote 61:

Lewis and Clark state that the Indians designated the great falls of
the Columbia by the words “Timm,” so pronounced as to represent the
fall of a distant cataract.—ED.

Footnote 62:

Simon Fraser, on his first expedition west of the Rocky Mountains
(1805), gave the name “New Caledonia” to the region of Stuart and
upper Fraser rivers, whose numerous lakes, lying among the bold and
craggy mountains, reminded him of the Scotch highlands. The following
year, accompanied by John Stuart, he farther explored the country and
established St. James post, on Stuart River. For some time the
boundaries of New Caledonia were indefinite, but its southern limit
was always over two hundred miles north of Okanagan post. After it was
erected into a district of the Hudson’s Bay Company, it extended from
51° 30′ to 56° north latitude and from 124° 10′ west longitude to the
Rocky Mountains. Fort Alexandria (established 1821), on Fraser River,
one hundred and seventy miles north of Fort Okanagan, became the
principal trading post of the district.—ED.

Footnote 63:

Concerning John Clarke, see Franchère, note 81.—ED.

Footnote 64:

For further information regarding the St. Louis party, see Bradbury’s
_Travels_, note 119.—ED.

Footnote 65:

This is Fort Kamloops, also known as Fort Thompson. It was built by
David Thompson (1810) at the junction of the northern and the eastern
branches of Thompson River, a few miles from Lake Kamloops and one
hundred and fifty miles north of Okanagan post. It became the centre
of the Thompson River district of the Hudson’s Bay Company. In 1841
the agent, Black, was murdered in the fort by some Indians, and his
successor had the stockade removed across the river to the south side.
It is now a town on the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and in 1890 had a
population of fifteen hundred.—ED.

Footnote 66:

An account of Spokane Fort is given in Franchère, note 85.—ED.

Footnote 67:

For a brief biography of Larocque, see Franchère, note 90.—ED.

Footnote 68:

Similkameen is the present name of this river. It rises in the Cascade
Mountains not far from the boundary line, and flows south-east into
the Okanagan.—ED.

Footnote 69:

The Palouse River—Drewyer’s River of Lewis and Clark. Palouse is
probably an Indian word, although it has been connected with the
French word “pelouse,” in that it flows through a rolling, bunch-grass
country, the most fertile in eastern Washington. It empties into the
Snake eighty-five miles from the Columbia, and is its only important
tributary on the northern side.—ED.

Footnote 70:

Concerning the Nez Percés, see Franchère, note 145.—ED.

Footnote 71:

For an account of Cox, see Franchère, note 84.—ED.

Footnote 72:

The original Kootenay post was established by Thompson in July, 1807,
on the Columbia River (called by him Kootenay) just below lower
Columbia Lake. He wintered here in 1808–09 and 1809–10.

In 1808, Finan McDonald, a member of Thompson’s party, built a post at
the southern end of the loop in the Kootenay River, in the north-west
corner of the present state of Montana, five miles south of the
boundary line. This became an important North West fort. McDonald
remained until late in 1811, when Montour was placed in charge.

Nicholas Montour was in 1804 a clerk in the employ of the North West
Company at Fort de Prairie. From 1811 to 1816 he was active on the
Columbia, moving about between Fort Kootenay, Spokane, and Okanagan,
with headquarters at Spokane after 1814. See Coues, _Henry-Thompson
Journals_, ii, pp. 606, 672–675, 757.—ED.

Footnote 73:

For a description of the Salishan Indians, see Franchère, note 145.—
ED.

Footnote 74:

The Kootenai or Flatbows wandered between the northern forks of the
Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. Possibly they were the Tushepaws of
Lewis and Clark. They were unrelated to any of the surrounding
peoples, and resembled more the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains.—
ED.

Footnote 75:

The Blackfeet Indians are treated in Bradbury’s _Travels_, note 120.—
ED.

Footnote 76:

Lake Cœur d’Alêne (Pointed Heart) is at the head of Spokane River,
about twenty-five miles south-east of Spokane Falls. It is a small
lake fed by the Cœur d’Alêne and St. Joseph rivers, flowing from the
Bitter Root Mountains. There are two theories regarding the origin of
the name—one, that the Indians living there were so sharp at
bargaining that the fur traders named them Cœur d’Alênes,
“Awl-Hearts,” or “Pointed Hearts;” the other, that among the first
traders was a Canadian of so close and niggardly a disposition that
the Indians applied an epithet to him which the interpreter translated
“Cœur d’Alêne,” and the name became fixed upon the Indians.—ED.

Footnote 77:

On his map, Ross located McKenzie’s post on the Snake at the mouth of
Reed’s River, the present Boisé River. Fort Boisé, a Hudson’s Bay
post, was afterwards established there.—ED.

Footnote 78:

A biography of M‘Tavish will be found in Franchère, note 90.—ED.

Footnote 79:

Concerning Seton, see Franchère, note 81.—ED.

Footnote 80:

For notes on the following persons and places mentioned in this
chapter, see Bradbury’s _Travels_, volume v of our series: Hoback,
Rezner, and Robinson, note 65; Crow Indians, note 121; Arapaho
Indians, note 120; Oto Indians, note 42.—ED.

Footnote 81:

The Kalapuya, an isolated family, were once a numerous people dwelling
at the falls of the Willamette. In 1841 they numbered less than five
hundred, and by the middle of the century were practically extinct. In
civilization they occupied a middle position between the wandering
tribes of the interior and the debased Indians of the coast. It is
impossible to reconcile the names of the Kalapuya tribes given by Ross
with other lists of lower Willamette Indians. He alone extends the
Kalapuya to its mouth, while Lewis and Clark, Morse (_Report to the
Secretary of War_, Washington, 1822), and Hale (_United States
Exploring Expedition_, Philadelphia, 1846, vol. vi) confine them to
the falls, and place Chinook tribes below that point.—ED.

Footnote 82:

For an account of this chief, see Franchère, note 51.—ED.

Footnote 83:

This is the Umpqua, the largest river between the Sacramento and the
Columbia. It rises in the Cascade Range and empties into the Pacific
Ocean about two hundred and twenty-five miles south of the Columbia.
The fur-trading post Fort Umpqua, was on the southern bank about forty
miles from the ocean.—ED.

Footnote 84:

Joseph Gervais, a French Canadian, came to Astoria with Captain Hunt
in 1811. After the abandonment of that post, he became a “free
trapper,” and married the daughter of a Clatsop chief. Desiring a more
settled life, in 1828 he selected a place on the Willamette, a short
distance below the present Salem, and raised wheat. A few years later
other French Canadians, retired Hudson’s Bay clerks, became farmers
along the Willamette and the district became known as French Prairie.
Gervais took an active part in establishing the provisional government
of Oregon in 1843. He became prosperous, and lived on French Prairie
until his death (1861) at the age of eighty-four years.—ED.

Footnote 85:

For further information regarding Baranoff and the Russian
settlements, see Franchère, note 93.—ED.

Footnote 86:

A brief account of Sitka will be found in Franchère, note 68. Sitka
and New Archangel were identical. Sitka was destroyed by the Indians
in 1802 and in 1804 a post called New Archangel, was built at the same
place. It is situated on Sitka Sound, Baranoff Island, in latitude 57°
north. St. Paul is on the north-east shore of Kadiak Island, off the
coast of Alaska, in latitude 58°.—ED.

Footnote 87:

Astor felt that he had been cheated in the transfer of Astoria, and
charged McDougal with betraying his interests. See his letter to John
Quincy Adams, January, 1823, in Lyman, _History of Oregon_, ii, pp.
298–301; also Irving, _Astoria_, chap. 29. Astor stated that McDougal
sold the entire property for about $58,000, less the wages due the
men; that beaver was sold for two dollars and otter for fifty cents a
skin, both of which were at the time worth five or six dollars each in
Canton, China. Altogether he considered the property worth nearly
$200,000 above the sum received. Bancroft defends McDougal at length—
_History of North-west Coast_, ii, pp. 221–230. Admitting that the
property was sold at a loss, he contends McDougal was justified in
thinking Astoria could not be maintained, and that it was better to
get what he could for Astor, before fort and furs were captured by a
British ship of war.—ED.

Footnote 88:

For a brief discussion of Franchère’s attitude toward the North West
Company, see the preface to volume vi of our series.—ED.

Footnote 89:

Michel Laframboise came to Oregon on the “Tonquin.” When Astoria was
transferred to the British, he entered the service of the North West
Company, and throughout the remainder of his life was with them and
the Hudson’s Bay Company. He obtained a small piece of property on
French Prairie, but his restless disposition was unsuited to farming.
In his later years he conducted exploring parties through the country
between the Columbia and California, serving as Captain Wilkes’s guide
in 1841.—ED.

Footnote 90:

A brief sketch of John McDonald is given in Franchère, note 104.—ED.

Footnote 91:

For an account of David Porter, see Franchère, note 105.—ED.

Footnote 92:

This is the island of Maui, north-west of Hawaii. There are two high
volcanic islands, east Maui and west Maui, connected by a low
isthmus.—ED.

Footnote 93:

Concerning James Keith and Alexander Stuart, see Franchère, notes 108,
102.—ED.

Footnote 94:

For a sketch of Pierre Dorion, see Bradbury’s _Travels_, note 7.—ED.

Footnote 95:

Ross is here enumerating all the Salishan tribes living on the
Columbia between the Yakima and Spokane rivers, and on the lower
Okanagan. For the first seven, see notes 42, 44, 45, 48, _ante_. The
Inspellum were east of Okanagan. The Sinpohellechach were the San
Poils at the mouth of San Poil River, forty-five miles west of Spokane
River. They were closely related to the Spokane Indians. Samilkamigh
is, of course, Similkameen, a tribe on the river of the same name.—ED.

Footnote 96:

The Conconully River is an affluent of the Okanagan, entering a short
distance above its mouth.—ED.

Footnote 97:

From his residence among the Okanagan and his marriage to the daughter
of a chief of this tribe, Ross had ample opportunity to learn their
customs; he seems to speak wholly from observation. Ross Cox, who in
1816 was stationed at Okanagan, also gives a description of these
Indians, which in the main agrees with Ross’s account, although
differing in some important details.—ED.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.