Chapter I: Preface

Among the many books about the Polar regions there is none quite like this, dealing with the gradual progress of exploration towards the north along the different areas of advance within the Arctic Circle.

The subject is always interesting, for few regions have been the scene of more persistent effort and exciting adventure and unexpected gains from the unknown, particularly in the earlier days when the endeavour to find the northern passages to the east and west led to the beginning of our foreign trade.

It is often asked, "What is the use of further Arctic discovery?" No one knows. Nor did any one know the use of most discoveries before they were made.

When Eric landed in Greenland he was not in search of cryolite for aluminium. When Cabral sailed to Porto Seguro he knew nothing of the incandescent gas-mantle. When Oersted looped the live wire round the magnetic needle he was not bent on founding electrical engineering. And when Linnæus noticed the sleep of plants he had no intention of providing a substitute for a clock in high latitudes where, though the sunshine is continuous during the summer, the plants within the Circle sleep as in the night time, their sleeping leaves telling the traveller that midnight is at hand.

Men have made up their minds to reach the Pole, and thither they will go. What they will find when they get there may not promise to be much, but what they have found round about it has been enough to influence considerably the history of the world.

W. J. G.

_July, 1907._

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
PAGE

SPITSBERGEN 1

CHAPTER II

SPITSBERGEN (_continued_) 24

CHAPTER III

NOVAYA ZEMLYA 49

CHAPTER IV

FRANZ JOSEF LAND 64

CHAPTER V

CAPE CHELYUSKIN 84

CHAPTER VI

THE LENA DELTA 106

CHAPTER VII

BERING STRAIT 127

CHAPTER VIII

THE AMERICAN MAINLAND 146

CHAPTER IX

THE PARRY ISLANDS 170

CHAPTER X

BOOTHIA 190

CHAPTER XI

BAFFIN BAY 215

CHAPTER XII

SMITH SOUND 235