Chapter VI: Style

129. Uniformity for its own sake is of very little account; for the sake of intelligibility, to prevent perplexity and misunderstanding, it is worth something. And it is well to be uniform, merely to avoid the question, “Why were you not consistent?” {63}

A. HEADINGS.

130. Print headings in some marked type.

Either heavy-faced (best, if it can be had not too black), small capitals (handsome), or italics (least pleasing); never capitals (ugly and hard to read). Christian names should be in ordinary type; to make them like the heading is confusing, to have a special type for them would be extravagant.

131. Italicize titles of honor and similar distinguishing words.

_Earl_, _Mrs._, _Rev._, _of Paris_, _Alexandrinus_, etc., also the name of a country or state following the name of a town, as Wilton, _N. H._, Cambridge, _Eng._ ☞ These words are to be italicized only in the headings and not in the title. They are italicized in the heading to distinguish the name and bring it out clearly; there is no need of such distinction in titles. Do not print «Badeau», _Gen._ A. Life of _Gen._ Grant. If the heading is italicized, the words _Mrs._, _Earl_, etc., must be distinguished from it in some other way.

132. Print the headings of all the four kinds of entry (author, title, subject, form) in the same kind of type.

In some indexes a distinction is made between persons and places or between authors and subjects, but in a catalogue varieties of type must be reserved for more important distinctions. The Catalogue of the Library of the Interior Department uses a heavy-faced title type for authors and a light-faced antique for other entries, with very satisfactory effect; but such typographical luxuries are not within general reach.

133. Print the whole of an author-, title-, or form-heading in the special type; also an alternative family name and the family name of the second of joint authors, if both authors are put into the heading (§ 240), and the family names of British noblemen.

_Ex._ «Cervantes Saavedra», «Varnhagen von Ense», «Cape of Good Hope», «Bicknell & Goodhue», «American Antiquarian Society», «Comparative anatomy», «Political economy»; «Chasteillon» (_Lat._ «Castalio» _or_ «Castellio»), S.; «Craik», G. L., _and_ «Knight», C.; «Manchester», W. Drogo «Montagu», _7th Duke of_.

134. Print the first word of a title-entry in the special type.

_Ex._ «Rough» diamond. But compound words, whether hyphened or not, should be printed wholly in the heading type; as, «Out of door» amusements. London, 1864. 8º. This is merely for looks; the kind of type has nothing to do with the arrangement.

135. Add _pseud._ to the heading for all sorts of false names of whatever origin.

So much is necessary to prevent mistake on the part of the public; but it is a waste of time for the cataloguer to rack his brains to discover which of the ingenious names invented by Pierquin de Gembloux (cryptonym, geonym, phrenonym, etc.) is applicable to each case; for the only result is that readers are puzzled. A list of these terms may be found in the Notice of Quérard by Olphar Hamst [_i. e._, R. Thomas], London, 1867.

The unauthorized assumption of any name should be indicated by such phrases as _called_, _calling himself_, _dit_, _soi disant_, _se dicente_ or _che si dice_, _que se dice_ or _se dicendiose_, _genannt_, _genoemd_, etc.

136. When an author uses a single pseudonym add it to his name, unless the entry is made under the pseudonym; when the pseudonym is used only in one work, and different ones in other works, include it in that title, followed by [_pseud._].

_Ex._ «Clemens», S. C. (_pseud._ Mark «Twain»).

«Godwin», Wm. The looking-glass; by T. Marcliffe [_pseud._]. {64}

137. Add _ed._ to the heading when it is needed to show that a book is merely put together, not written, by the author in hand.

The title usually shows this fact clearly enough without _ed._ Short would omit to note the fact, and in Full, perhaps even in Medium, it is better to state it in the title than in the heading. The distinction, after all, is rarely of practical value.

138. Repeat the family name for each person.

_Ex._
«Smith», Caleb. Sermon.
«Smith», Charles. Address.
«Smith», Conrad. Narrative.
not
«Smith», Caleb. Sermon.
— , Charles. Address.
— , Conrad. Narrative.

139. Distinguish authors whose family name is the same by giving the forename in full or by initials.

In a card catalogue the names should always be given in full; in printing, initials are often used to save room; but the saving is small, and the advantages of full names are so considerable that any cataloguer who is relieved from the necessity of the greatest possible compression ought to give them. For the more common forenames fullness can be combined with economy by the use of the colon abbreviations (C: = Charles, etc. See Appendix V.) Under subjects it is rare that two persons of even the same family name come together and initials are sufficient; but here also the colon initials should be used. An exception may well be made in the case of men always known by a double name; as, Sydney Smith or Bayard Taylor. Nobody talks of Smith or Taylor. «Taylor», B., conveys no idea whatever to most readers. «Taylor», Bayard, they know. When one name alone is usual, as Gladstone, Shakespeare, and when both forms are used, as Dickens and Charles Dickens, initials will suffice. Of course there can be no uniformity in such practice, but there will be utility, which is better.

Forenames used by the author in a diminutive or otherwise varied form may be given in that form.

_Ex._ «Carleton», Will; «McLean», Sally; «Reuter», Fritz.

140. Mark in some way those forenames which are usually omitted by the author, and neglect them in the arrangement.

_Ex._ «Collins», (Wm.) Wilkie; «Gérard», (Cécile) Jules (Basile). This is of practical use. The consulter running over the Collinses is puzzled by the unusual name unless some generally accepted sign shows him that it is unusual. He does not quickly recognize Charles Dickens in «Dickens», Charles John Huffam; or Leigh Hunt in «Hunt», James Henry Leigh; or Max Müller in «Müller», Friedrich Max. Besides, the eye finds the well-known name more quickly if the others are, as it were, pushed aside. The most common methods of distinction are inclosure in parentheses and spacing: «Guizot», (François Pierre) Guillaume, or «Guizot», F r a n ç o i s P i e r r e Guillaume. The latter is objectionable as unusual, as taking too much room, and as making emphatic the very part of the name which one wants to hide. I prefer the style, «Dickens», Charles (_in full_ C: J: Huffam). _See_ § 221. But in those catalogues in which all Christian names are inclosed in parentheses, some other sign must of course be used to mark the less usual names.

141. Distinguish authors whose family and forenames are the same by the dates of their birth and death, or, if these are not known, by some other label.

_Ex._ _Bp._, _C. E._, _Capt._, _Col._, _D.D._, _F.R.S._, etc., always to be printed in italics.

In a manuscript catalogue, in preparing which of course one never knows how many new names may be added, such titles should be given to every name. In {65} printing, if room is an object, they may be omitted except when needed for the distinction of synonymous authors. Note, however, that many persons are commonly known and spoken of by a title rather than by their first name, and it is a convenience for the man who is looking, for instance, for the life of Gen. Greene, whose Christian name he does not know, to see at once, as he runs his eye over the list of Greenes, which are generals, without having to read all the titles of books written by or about the Greenes in order to identify him. For the same reason _Mrs._ should always be given with the name of a married woman, whether the forename which follows is her own or her husband’s; even when the following form is adopted, “«Hall», _Mrs._ Anna Maria (Fielding), _wife of_ S. C.,” which is always to be done when in her titles she uses her husband’s initials. In this case a reference should be made from «Hall», _Mrs._ S. C., to «Hall», _Mrs._ «A. M.», and so in similar cases. If forenames are represented under subjects by their initials, it is well to give _Miss_ or _Mrs._ with the names of female authors. The reader who would like to read a book by Miss Cobbe on a certain subject may not feel sure that «Cobbe, F. P.», is «Miss» Cobbe.

As late as 1760 unmarried women were usually styled _Mrs._; as, Mrs. Lepel, Mrs. Woffington, Mrs. Blount, and among writers Mrs. Hannah More. There is no objection to following this practice in cataloguing, as the object of the cataloguer is not to furnish biographical information but to identify the people catalogued.

142. Titles of Englishwomen are to be treated by the following rules:[47]

In the matter of titles an Englishwoman in marrying has everything to gain and nothing to lose. If she marries above her own rank she takes her husband’s title in exchange for her own, if below her own rank she keeps her own title.

_Titles of married women._

_a._ The wife of a peer takes her husband’s style.

That is, she is Baroness, Viscountess, Marchioness, etc. In cataloguing, say «Brassey», Annie (Allnutt), Baroness; not «Brassey», Annie (Allnutt), _Lady_.

_b._ The wife of a knight or baronet is Lady. Whether this title precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title before her marriage.

That is, if Lady Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (either knight or baronet), she is Lady Mary Brown, also if Hon. Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet) she is Lady Mary Brown; but if Miss Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet), she becomes Mary, Lady Brown.

_c._ A maid of honor retains her Hon. after marriage, unless, of course, it is merged into a higher title.

Thus, if she marries a baronet she is the Hon^{ble} Lady Brown, if a peer the Lady So and So, in either case as though she had been a peer’s daughter.

_d._ The wife of an earl’s (or higher peer’s) younger son is never the Hon^{ble} Lady; if she used the Lady before marriage in her own right she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is Hon^{ble} Mrs. (not Lady)—the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank. {66}

_e._ If the lady to whom the title Hon. belongs in virtue of her father’s rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming Hon. Lady, if she marries a knight or baronet; and Hon. Mrs., if her husband has no title.

None of these courtesy titles are inherited by the children of those who bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.

_Titles of unmarried women._

_f._ The title Lady belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower than earl.

_g._ The title Hon. belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons; also to an untitled woman who becomes maid of honor to the Queen, and this title is retained after she leaves the service. If a woman who has the title Lady becomes maid of honor she does not acquire the title Hon.

[note] 47. Prepared by Miss May Seymour and Mr. F. Wells Williams (_Lib. jnl._, 13: 321, 361).[/note]

143. Distinctive epithets to be in the same language as the name.

_Ex._ _Kniaz_, _Fürst von_, _Freiherr zu_, _duc de Magenta_, _Bishop of Lincoln_, _évêque de Meaux_; but _Emperor of Germany_, _King of France_, not _Kaiser_ and _roi_, because names of sovereign princes are given in English. Treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a person’s name; as, «Clemens» _Alexandrinus_.

144. Prefixes (_i. e._, titles which in speaking come before the name), as, _Hon._, _Mrs._, _Rev._, etc., should be placed before the Christian name (as «Smith», _Capt._ John), and suffixes as _Jr._, _D.D._, _LL.D._, after it (as «Channing», James Ellery, _D.D._).

Hereditary titles generally follow the Christian name, as «Derby», Thomas «Stanley», 1_st_ _Earl of_; but British courtesy titles (_i. e._, those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as «Wellesley», _Lord_ Charles (2d son of the Duke of Wellington). In other languages than English, French, and German the title usually precedes the forename; as, «Alfieri», _Conte_ Vittorio. Occasionally a French nobleman uniformly places his title before his forenames; as, «Gasparin», _Comte_ Agénor de.

_Lord_ should be replaced by the exact title in the names of English noblemen, _e. g._, Lord Macaulay should be entered as «Macaulay», 1_st_ _Baron_. _Lord_ in the title of Scotch judges follows the family name; as, «Kames», H. «Home», _afterwards Lord_.

The title Baronet is given in the form «Scott», _Sir_ Walter, _Bart_.

Patronymic phrases, as _of Dedham_, follow all the names; but they must immediately follow the family name when they are always used in close connection with it, as «Girault» _de St. Farjeau_, Eusèbe; similarly _aîné_, _fils_, _jeune_, as «Dumas» _fils_, Alexandre; «Didot» _fils_, Ambroise. Latin appellatives should not in general be separated from their nouns by a comma; as, «Cæsar» _Heisterbacensis_.

145. Distinguish two subject-headings which are spelled alike by italicized phrases in parentheses.

Ex. «Calculus» (_in mathematics_).
«Calculus» (_in medicine_).

146. Medium avoids the repetition of the heading with all titles after the first by using a dash. Short usually employs indention.

Indention takes as much room as the dash and is much less clear. There should always be at least a hair-space between the end of the dash and the next letter; indeed that is the rule of all good printing. Under a subject the repetition of the {67} author’s name is indicated by a second dash.[48] (The repetition of the title is shown by the word _Same_.)

«Cobbett», Wm. Emigrant’s guide.
— A little plain English. London, 1795. 8º.
— _Same_. Phila., 1795. 8º.
— Porcupine’s works.

«Atheism». Beecher, L. Lectures, _etc_.
— Bentley, R. Confutation of A.
— – Folly of A. and deism.
— – Matter and motion.
— – Fotherby, M. Atheomastix.

[note] 48. After trying several experiments I have settled upon the following as producing the best effect:

Put
before the second and following lines of a title 3 em quads.
before and after the em dash that denotes repetition an en quad.
before and after the double dash (an em dash followed
by an en dash) an en quad.
between the parts of the double dash a 5-em space.
before Same, in addition to the regular en quad a 5-em space.
before the first line of _Notes_ and _Contents_ an em quad.
(Do not indent the other lines of Notes and
Contents at all.)
before the place of publication an em quad.
between the date and the size-mark an en quad and
a 5-em space.
[/note]

147. Print in the special type a heading occurring in other parts of the catalogue, when a reference is intended.

After _See_ or _In_, or when in a note some book contained in the catalogue is referred to; as, “For a discussion of the authorship, _see_ «Graesse’s» Lehrbuch.”

B. TITLES.

(a.) ORDER.

148. Preserve the order of words of the title.

Short will depart from the order whenever it can not otherwise abridge the title; Medium and Full will do the same, but they will bracket all words introduced out of their original place as much as if they did not occur in the title at all.

149. When the title-page begins with the indication of the series to which the book belongs, followed by the title of the book, transpose the series name to a parenthesis after the imprint, including the number in the series, when the series is numbered.

_Ex._ American commonwealths. Virginia; a history of the people, by John Esten Cooke, would be entered «Cooke», J: E. Virginia; a history of the people. Boston, 1883. D. (Amer, commonwealths.)

(b.) ABRIDGMENT.

150. The more careful and student-like the probable use of the library the fuller the title should be,—fuller, that is, of information, not of words. Many a title a yard long does not convey as much meaning as two well-chosen words. No precise rule can be given for abridgment. The title must not be so much shortened that the book shall be confounded with any other book of the same author or any other edition of the same book, or that it shall fail to be recognized by those who know it or have been referred to it by title, or that it shall convey a false or insufficient idea of the nature of the work and (under the subject) of its theme and its {68} method of treating its theme.[49] On the other hand, it must not retain anything which could reasonably be inferred from the rest of the title or from its position under a given heading.[50]

[note] 49. This clause must be very differently interpreted according to the character of the catalogue. It expresses rather the object to be aimed at than the point which an ordinary catalogue can expect to reach. To fully describe and characterize every book is impossible for most cataloguers. Still by a little management much may be briefly done. The words drama, play, novel, historical novel, poem, retained from or inserted in the title tell a great deal in a little space.[/note]

[note] 50. It must make these omissions not merely that the catalogue may be short but that consulting it may be easy. Other things being equal, that title is best which can be taken in at a glance. What has been said in defence of full titles may be true, that “it takes longer to abridge a title than to copy it in full,” but it is also true that it takes longer for the printer to set the unabridged title, and longer for the reader to ascertain its meaning, and a long-title catalogue, besides being more expensive, is more bulky and therefore less convenient.[/note]

151. Omit the preliminary article when it can be done without altering the sense or too much offending the ear.

It will not do even for Short to catalogue “On the true, the beautiful, and the good” thus:

«Cousin, V.» True, beautiful, good;

but a list of Buckstone’s plays may as well be printed

— Breach of promise, comedy. — Christening, farce. — Dead shot, farce. — Dream at sea. — Kiss in the dark, farce. — Lesson for ladies, com.,

though the meaning of “Christening” and “The christening” is slightly different, and “Kiss in the dark” might be taken for an injunction, whereas “A kiss in the dark” is evidently only a title. Still neither Short nor Medium should hesitate to omit even in these cases. Besides the economy, the alphabetical order is brought out more clearly by this omission. That can also be done awkwardly by transposing the article; as,

— Breach of promise, The; com. — Christening, The; farce. — Dead shot, The; farce. — Dream at sea, The.

152. Short omits articles in the title.

_Ex._ “Observations upon an alteration of the charter of the Bank of England” is abridged: “Alteration of charter of Bank of England,” which is certainly not euphonious, but is as intelligible as if it were. Medium usually indulges in the luxury of good English. Perhaps in time a catalogue style will be adopted in which these elisions shall be not merely allowed, but required. It may be possible to increase the number of cataloguing signs. We have now 8º where we once had octavo, then 8vo. Why not insist upon N. Y. for New York, L. for London, P. for Paris, etc., as a few adventurous libraries have done? Why not make free substitution of commas for words, and leave out articles and prepositions in titles wherever the sense will still remain gleanable?

153. Omit puffs[51] and many descriptive words which are implied either by the rest of the title[52] or by the custom of books of the class {69} under treatment,[53] and those descriptive phrases which, though they add to the significance of the title, do not give enough information to pay for their retention.[54]

[note] 51. _Ex._ A (plain) treatise on; an (exact and full) account.[/note]

[note] 52. In “Compendious pocket dictionary,” either compendious or pocket is superfluous.[/note]

[note] 53. _Ex._ Nekrolog, 1790–1800 (enthaltend Nachrichten von dem Leben merkwürdiger in diesem Jahre verstorbener Personen).[/note]

[note] 54. “by an American not by birth but by the love of liberty.”[/note]

153½. Omit all other unnecessary words.

In the following examples I use the double (( )) to indicate what every catalogue ought to omit, the single ( ) to indicate what may well be omitted.

Ed. alt. (priore emendatior). 2^e éd. (augmentée). 2d ed. (with additions and improvements). with ((an appendix containing)) problems. ((a collection of)) papers relating to the war in India. ((a series of)) letters. ((On the)) brick architecture of the north of Italy. (debate) on ((the subject of)) the impressment bill. on ((the question of)) a financial agent. ((being some)) account of his travels. in ((the year)) 1875. Sermons ((on various subjects)). _N. B._ Must occasionally be retained to distinguish different collections of sermons by the same author. The grounds of infant damnation ((considered in)) (a) sermon ((preached)) Nov. 5, (1717). Boston, 1717. O. Sermon (the Lord’s day after the) interment of. Opera ((quæ extant)) (omnia). Geology ((of the State)) of Maine. Tables for ((the use of)) civil engineers. Reflections ((suggested by a perusal of))[55] J. H. Palmer’s ((pamphlet on the)) “Causes (and consequences) of the war.” Occasioned by his ((book entitled)) “True narrative.” defended against ((the cavils of)) G. Martin. Howe during his command (of the King’s troops) in North America. So a “Discourse in Albany, Feb. 27, 1848, occasioned by the death of John Quincy Adams, etc. Albany, 1848. O.,” would become Disc., Albany, Feb. 27, death of J. Q. Adams. Albany, 1848. O., in Medium; and Short would probably omit “Albany, Feb. 27.”

[note] 55. Substitute [on].[/note]

154. For chronological phrases use dates.

_Ex._ For “from the accession of Edward III. to the death of Henry VIII.,” say [1327–1547].

155. In Short and Medium use initials for all Christian names introduced in titles, notes, and contents, and omit the initials altogether for famous men unless there are two of the same name.

_Ex._ Write “Life of L. V. Bell,” “ed. by F. J. Furnivall,” but “Lives of Cicero, Milton, Tell, Washington;” and distinguish by initials the Bachs, Grimms, Humboldts, Schlegels. Short may as well omit the initials of editors, translators, etc.

_E. g._, «Dante.» Divine comedy; tr. by Cayley. London, 1851–54. 4 v. S.
— _Same._ Tr. by Wright. London, _Bohn_, 1854. O.
— _Same._ Tr. by Longfellow. Boston, 1867. 3 v. O. {70}

156. Abbreviate certain common words always, and less common words in a long title which can not be shortened in any other way.

Abbreviations should suggest the word for which they are used, and should not, if it can be avoided, suggest any other. When one abbreviation is used for two words, if the context does not determine the sense the abbreviation must be lengthened. The most common and useful are Abp. (Archbishop), a. d. Lat. (aus dem Lateinischen), add. (additions), Amer. or Am. (American), anon. (anonymous), app. (appendix), Aufl., Ausg., or even A. (Auflage, Ausgabe), bibl. (biblical, bibliographical, bibliotheca, etc.), biog. (biographical, biography), Bp. (Bishop), B. S. L., etc. (Bohn’s scientific library, etc.), Chr. (Christian), class. (classical), col. or coll. (collections, college), com. (commerce, committee), comp. (compiled, compiler), conc. (concerning), dept. (department), dom. (domestic), ed. (edited, edition, editor), encyc. (encyclopædia), ff. (folios or leaves), geog., geol., geom. (geology, geography, geometry), ges. (gesammelte), Ges. or Gesch. (Geschichte), Gr. (Great, Greek), H. F. L. (Harper’s family library), hrsg. (herausgegeben), imp. (imperfect), incl. (including), int. (intorno), lib. (library), mem. (memoir), mis. or miscel. (miscellaneous), nat. (natural), n. d. (no date of publication), n. p. (no place), n. s. (new series), n. t.-p. (no title-page), nouv. (nouvelle), obl. (oblong), p. pp. (page, pages), pseud. (pseudonym, pseudonymous), pt. (part), pub. (published), rec. (recensuit), rel. (relating, relative), rept. (report), rev. (review, revised), s. or ser. (series), sämm. (sämmtlich), sm. (small), soc. (society), t.-p. mut., t.-p. w. (title-page mutilated, wanting), tr. (translated, traduit, tradotto, etc.), trans. (transactions), u. (und), übers. (übersetzt), v. (volume), v. (von, but give van in full), w. (wanting). For others see Appendix V., pp. 119–126.

157. Express numbers by Arabic figures instead of words.

_Ex._ With 30,000 (not thirty thousand) men; but Charles II., in place of King Charles the Second.

158. In Short omit all that can be expressed by position.

_Ex._ In a title-entry

«How» to observe. H. Martineau 9287

and in a subject-entry

«Horse.» CARVER, J. Age of the. Phila., 1818. 12º 9077
MURRAY, W. H. The perfect. Bost., 1873. 8º 1694

If this is thought too disagreeable, use an initial for the heading when it is repeated in the title; as:

«Horse.» CARVER, J. Age of the H. Phila., 1818. 12º 9077
MURRAY, W. H. The perfect H. Bost., 1873. 8º 1694
SIMPSON, H. H. portraiture. N. Y., 1868. 12º 7407

159. In cataloguing different editions of a book avoid the repetition of the title by using “_Same_.”

_Ex._ «Chaucer», G. Canterbury tales; [ed.] by T. Tyrwhitt. London,
1822. 5 v. 8º.
— _Same._ Ed. by T. Wright. London, 1847–51. 3 v. 8º.

The word following _Same_ should generally begin with a capital.

160. Retain under the author only what is necessary to distinguish the work from other works of the same writer, but under the subject what is needed to state the subject and show how it is treated.

The preface of an excellent catalogue remarks that “the primary object of subject-entries is to inform the reader _who_ have written upon a given topic rather than _what_ has been written.” This is a mistake. The inquirer wishes to know both; in fact he wants to know who have written about it because their character will suggest to him what they have written. {71}

161. Retain both of alternative titles.

_Ex._ Knights and sea-kings; or, The Middle Ages.

The reason is that the book may be referred to by either title.

162. Retain in the author entry the first words of the title; let the abridgement be made farther on.

Because (1) it facilitates library work, by rendering the identification of the book quicker and surer; (2) if there is no part of the title which must be given, two persons may abridge so differently that not a single word shall be the same in the two abridged titles, so that two works will be made out of one (I have often known this to happen); (3) books are frequently referred to by the first word of the title (Grassi’s “Notizie sullo stato presente degli Stati Uniti” may be quoted as Grassi: Notizie). Short, however, can probably not afford to retain first words in all cases. Half the phrases used at the beginning of titles add little or nothing to the meaning, such as “Treatise on,” “System of,” “Series of lectures on,” “Practical hints on the quantitative pronunciation of Latin” (here “Practical hints” belongs in the preface, not in the title, to which it really adds nothing whatever). “History of” must often be retained under the subject. One can say

YOUNG, _Sir_ W. Athens. 3d ed. London, 1804;

but under _Athens_ that would not be enough; it would be necessary to write

YOUNG, _Sir_ W. History of Athens,

to distinguish it from such works as Stuart’s “Antiquities of Athens,” and Leake’s “Topography of Athens.” But if there are enough titles under Athens to admit of the subheadings _Art_, _Antiquities_, _History_, the words “History of” again become unnecessary. Medium ought always to retain first words under author, and _may_ omit them under subject; but such phrases as “Manual of,” “Lectures on,” do much to explain the character of the book, and for that reason ought often to be retained.

Mottoes, however, at the top of the title-page (often separated by a line from the real title) may be neglected. Sometimes such superscriptions are important, generally not.

When the author’s name alone or his name and titles are first on the title-page, as is frequently the case in old Latin and modern French books, omit them. _Example_: Jani Jacobi Boissardi Vesuntini de divinatione.

A custom has grown up of late, particularly in French publications, of putting at the top of the title-page, before the title proper, the name of the series to which the work belongs or else what might be called the classification of the book. The name of the series should be given in parentheses after the imprint. The cataloguer may retain or omit the classification at his discretion. To avoid all possibility of mistake Full will mark the omission of these words by ...

163. Do not by abridgment render the words retained false or meaningless or ungrammatical.

(c.) MISCELLANEOUS RULES AND REMARKS.

164. In analyticals, if there are several entries under the author referred to, give the first word or words of the title referred to, so that the entry can easily be found; if there are few entries take one or two words which unmistakably identify the book.

A word or two is enough[56] and those abbreviated if possible;[57] but sometimes, when the article has an insufficient or no title it is well to give more of the title of the book in which it is contained, if that is more communicative; _e. g._, «Wordsworth, J.» Grammatical introduction. (_In his_ Fragments of early Latin. 1874.), where “of early Latin” explains “grammatical introduction.” The date should always be given to show in what edition of the work the passage is contained and also to what period the ideas belong. Giving the pages facilitates reference. {72}

[note] 56. (_In_ «Mueller», F. M. Chips, v. 1. 1867.) _not_ (_In_ «Mueller», F. M. Chips from a German workshop, v. 1. 1867.)[/note]

[note] 57. (_In_ «Grævius.» Thes. Rom. antiq., v. 10. 1699.)[/note]

165. The title is to be copied, so far as it is copied, exactly. Omissions may be made without giving notice to the reader, unless by _etc._ when the sentence is manifestly unfinished.[58] Additions made to a title are to be marked by inclosing the words in brackets [ ].[59] All additions to be in the same language as the title; if this can not be done, put the addition into a note.[60] After a word spelled wrongly or unusually insert [_sic_].[61]

[note] 58. The use of ... is suited only to bibliographies. I do not see why even Full should use this sign, except for very rare or typographically-important books. The title in a catalogue is not intended to be a substitute for the book itself and must leave some questions to be answered by the latter. But if the ... are used they should be printed as a group, separated from the word or punctuation mark which they follow or precede by a slight space, as . ... or ... .[/note]

[note] 59. The use of [ ] is important, both as a check on indiscriminate addition and as an aid to identification. It will not often be of use in the latter respect, but as one can never tell when it will be needed it must be employed always.[/note]

[note] 60. The intercalation of English words in a foreign title is extremely awkward.[/note]

[note] 61. _Ex._ The beginning end [_sic_] end of drinking.[/note]

166. If the title-page is lost and the title can not be ascertained, use the half-title or the running title, stating that fact; if the book has neither, manufacture a title, putting it in brackets.

167. State in what language the book is written unless it is evident from the title.

_Ex._ «Aelianus.» De natura animalium [Gr. et Lat.].

«Aeschines.» Orations on the crown [Gr.], with Eng. notes.

168. Retain in or add to the title of a translation words stating from what language it was made, unless that is evident from the author’s name or is shown by its position after the original title.

_Ex._ «Beckford», Wm. Vathek; [tr. fr. the French].

«Lessing», Gotthold Ephraim. Laocoon; tr. by E. Frothingham.

«Euripides.» Ἱππόλυτος στεφανηφόρος.

— _Eng._ The crowned Hippolytus; tr. by M. P. Fitz-Gerald.

169. In the entry of translations after the original give the translated title, preceded by the name of the language of the version.

This is for the good of persons unacquainted with the original language, who would not know the book by the foreign title, and also to identify the book, different translations not always having the same title.

«Sand», George. Le château des désertes.

— _Eng._ The castle in the wilderness.

— L’homme de neige.

— _Eng._ The snow man.

«Dante.» Divina commedia.

— _Eng._ Vision of hell, purgatory, and paradise; tr. by Cary.

— – Divine comedy; tr. by Cayley.

170. In anonymous titles entered under the first word put the transposed article after the first phrase.

_Ex._ «Ame» en peine, Une, _not_ «Ame», Une, en peine. {73}

171. Under the author distinguish the titles of anonymous books.

Enclosing the dash in brackets is ugly [ — ]; enclosing the title in brackets is misleading, as if the title were false. Stars (*) or daggers (†) are sometimes prefixed to the title, but they are often used for other purposes and they throw the titles out of line. [_Anon._] may be used between the title and the imprint; † in the same position would take less room and as soon as accepted would be equally intelligible; it has occasionally been used.

172. In the preliminary card catalogue enclose in brackets the name of the author of an anonymous or pseudonymous work. This may be extended to cases where the name is only implied.

_Ex._ “By the Bishop of Ripon,” “M. Tullii oratio;” meaning M. Tullii Ciceronis oratio, or Cat. used in old editions for Catullus.

173. In the title-entry of an anonymous work insert the author’s name in brackets.

_Ex._ «Colloquies» of Edw. Osborne; [by M. A. Manning]. London, 1860. S.

174. Words like Lord, Gen., Rev., King, ed., tr., occurring in the title are not to be italicized.

175. When the title is in an alphabet which differs from the English, transliterate the first few words and add a translation.

_Ex._ [Pisni Russkaho naroda; Songs of the Russian people.]

When the title is in Greek, followed by a Latin translation, it is customary to use the latter alone, and the same may be done in the case of other languages. But for identification it is necessary that some part of the book’s own title should be printed. It is not enough to give merely a made title or a translation.