Chapter III: Part 3

When the Spanish explorer Coronado passed to the east of the Rincons in 1540, he found the Sobaipuri living there. The Pimas, descendants of the Hohokam, occupied the same basins the Hohokam had. To the west, in drier country, lived the Papago. These tribes, thought to be descendants of the Hohokam, lived much the same sort of life, practicing irrigation where surface water was available, hunting and gathering where it was not.

The period of Spanish rule, implemented by a series of missions, began in the Santa Cruz Valley about 1692, when the energetic Father Kino began his work among the Pima and Papago. The mission system concentrated the Indians in fewer places, brought Spanish and, later, Mexican settlers into southern Arizona, and introduced sheep, cattle, and goats. Although the new culture must have had some environmental effects, there is no evidence of drastic change. Grass was plentiful, and streams, including the Santa Cruz, remained marshy and unchanneled.

After the Gadsden Purchase of 1853-54, however, when the present boundary with Mexico was established and this area came into United States ownership, man’s impact on the land increased. Apache raiding had been a deterrent to settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, but, after the Civil War, American soldiers got the upper hand and settlement increased. Following completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad to Tucson in 1879, a cattle boom began. The disastrous results of the livestock explosion of the eighties—overgrazing, soil erosion, and starvation of cattle—we have already seen in the story of the saguaro cactus. In 1890, a flood cut a deep channel in the Santa Cruz River, transforming it from a meandering, marshy stream to the usually dry incision one sees today. The arroyo cutting of this and many other rivers throughout the Southwest was undoubtedly due partly to increasing aridity, which reduced the plant cover and its water-holding capacity. But the erosion was probably triggered by overgrazing.

In the monument, we have already seen how grazing pressure, hunting, and predator control reduced ground cover and led to an upsurge of certain rodents and a decline in large mammals. But there have been other man-induced changes. For as long as there has been forest on top of the Rincons, there has been fire. Lightning-caused fire is a natural part of ponderosa-pine forest, every few years burning the litter and small trees and shrubs from the forest floor, and thus maintaining open stands of tall trees. But since 1908, when the Rincon Mountains came under protection of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (to be followed in 1933 by National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior protection), fires have been put out as fast as possible. This policy has resulted in a paradox. On the one hand, thickets of scrawny young pines and shrubs such as buckbrush have developed in many places under the tall pines. On the other hand, the accumulation of litter and low-level vegetation has provided fuel over the years for occasional very hot crown fires, which have been hard to control and which have burned large acreages. On top of the Rincons you can see several meadows that resulted from these fires. Only a few scattered trees and stumps remain in them to suggest the forest that once was there.

Ideally, national parks and monuments should be “vignettes of primitive America”—naturally evolved landscapes in much the same condition as when first seen by Europeans. In reality they are compromises—beautiful, wild, but still bearing the marks of human occupation. In Saguaro, as we have seen, fire control has produced a forest different from that known to the Indians who once lived here; grazing has depleted the ground cover; and hunting has removed the desert bighorn from its rocky haunts. In these days of burgeoning population, when human influence is affecting every natural landscape, environmental management becomes necessary to approach the ideal of naturalness. This may mean “prescribed burns” to return forests to their earlier state; elimination of grazing; or reintroduction of animals once native to a park. In the summer of 1971, after 2 inches of rainfall, natural burns (caused by lightning strikes) were allowed to run their courses.

Some or all of these measures may be taken in Saguaro, in order that future generations will know a piece of the Sonoran Desert as it was in Coronado’s time.

The realization of this goal, however diligently we work toward it, seems almost each day to become more difficult of attainment. These desert and mountain environments—which once seemed secure, needing only the continued protection afforded by their status as a national monument—are increasingly imperiled by the works of man. As the city of Tucson sprawls in all directions, the monument’s two divisions, islands in an encroaching sea of civilization, must withstand ever-accelerating hazards. Vandalism takes an increasing toll of the saguaros; housing developments creep toward the monument borders. Smog drifts over the fragile plant communities, threatening to choke them—as the polluted air from Los Angeles is already strangling forests in the distant San Bernardino Mountains.

A new awareness that the best-managed preserve cannot thrive independently of what is happening in the surrounding region only emphasizes the difficulty of the task. Saving the saguaros is inevitably tied to the problem of enhancing the quality of life and reversing the degradation of the environment—not only in Tucson but throughout the Southwest.

There is no time to waste. Only concerted effort by scientists, resource managers, and the community can assure that our grandchildren will be able to visit a Saguaro National Monument where coyotes howl under the moon, peccaries snort through the washes, and giant cactuses lift bristly green arms into a blue sky.

appendix

Suggested Reading

Arnberger, Leslie P. _Flowers of the Southwest Mountains._ Southwestern
Monuments Association, Popular Series No. 7. Globe, Ariz. 1962.

Benson, Lyman D. _The Cacti of Arizona._ University of Arizona Press,
Tucson. 1969.

Burns, William A. (ed.). _The Natural History of the Southwest._
Franklin Watts, Inc., New York. 1960.

Dodge, Natt N. _Flowers of the Southwest Deserts._ Southwestern
Monuments Association. Popular Series No. 4. Globe, Ariz. 1961.

——. _Poisonous Dwellers of the Desert._ Southwestern Monuments
Association. Popular Series No. 3. Globe, Ariz. 1964.

Dodge, Natt N., and Herbert S. Zim. _The Southwest._ Golden Press, New
York. 1962.

Earle, W. Hubert. _Cacti of the Southwest._ Desert Botanical Garden.
Phoenix, Ariz. 1963.

Jaeger, Edmund C. _The North American Deserts._ Stanford University
Press, Stanford, Calif. 1957.

Kearney, Thomas H., Robert H. Peebles, and collaborators. _Arizona
Flora._ University of California Press, Berkeley. 1960.

Krutch, Joseph W. _The Voice of the Desert._ William Sloane Associates,
Inc., New York. 1955.

Milne, Lorus, and Margery Milne. _The Balance of Nature._ Alfred A.
Knopf, Inc., New York. 1960.

Olin, George. _Mammals of the Southwest Deserts._ Southwestern Monuments
Association, Popular Series No. 8. Globe, Ariz. 1965.

——. _Mammals of the Southwest Mountains and Mesas._ Southwestern
Monuments Association, Popular Series No. 9. Globe, Ariz. 1961.

Patraw, Pauline M. _Flowers of the Southwest Mesas._ Southwestern
Monuments Association. Popular Series No. 5. Globe, Ariz. 1959.

Phillips, Allen, Joe Marshall, and Gale Monson. _The Birds of Arizona._
University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1964.

Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. _Desert Animals: Physiological Problems of Heat
and Water._ Oxford University Press, Inc., New York. 1964.

Sears, Paul B. _Deserts on the March._ University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman. 1959.

Stebbins, Robert C. _Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America._
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 1954.

Storer, John H. _The Web of Life._ The Devin-Adair Co., Old Greenwich,
Conn. 1960.

Sutton, Ann, and Myron Sutton. _The Life of the Desert._ McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York. 1966.

Underhill, Ruth. _People of the Crimson Evening._ Publications Service,
Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kans. 1951.

Common and Scientific Names of Plants

Agave—_See_ Amole
Alligator juniper—_Juniperus deppeana_
Amole—_Agave schottii_
Arizona cypress—_Cupressus arizonica_
Arizona rosewood—_Vauquelinia californica_
Arizona sycamore—_Platanus wrightii_
Arizona white oak—_Quercus arizonica_
Aster—_Aster commutatus_

Barrel cactus—_Ferocactus wislizenii_, _F. lecontii_
Beargrass—_Nolina microcarpa_
Bladder-pod—_Lesquerella gordoni_
Bluedicks—_Dichelostemma pulchellum_
Blue paloverde—_Cercidium floridium_
Bluegrass—_Poa fendleriana_
Boxelder—_Acer negundo_
Bracken—_Pteridium aquilinum_
Brittlebush—_Encelia farinosa_
Buckbrush—_Ceanothus fendleri_
Bullgrass—_Muhlenbergia emersleyi_

Catclaw—_Acacia greggii_
Chain fruit cholla—_Opuntia fulgida_
Chihuahua pine—_Pinus chihuahuana_
Chokecherry—_Prunus virginiana_
Cinquefoil—_Potentilla subviscosa_
Cologania—_Cologania lemmoni_
Creosotebush—_Larrea tridentata_
Curly mesquitegrass—_Hilaria belangeri_

Desert chicory—_Rafinesquia neomexicana_
Desert Christmas cactus—_Opuntia leptocaulis_
Desert-marigold—_Baileya multiradiata_
Dogbane—_Apocynum androsaemifolium_
Douglas-fir—_Pseudotsuga menziesii_

Emory oak—_Quercus emoryi_

Fairy-duster—_Calliandra eriophylla_
Fiddleneck—_Amsinckia intermedia_
Filaree—_Erodium cicutarium_
Fishhook cactus—_Mammillaria sp._
Fleabane—_Erigeron arizonicus_

Gambel’s oak—_Quercus gambelii_
Goldenrod—_Solidago sparsiflora_
Goldfern—_Pityrogramma triangularis_
Gourd—_Cucurbita digitata_
Grama—_Bouteloua sp._
Groundsel—_Senecio neomexicanus_

Hairy grama—_Bouteloua hirsuta_
Hedgehog cactus—_Echinocereus sp._
Houstonia—_Houstonia wrightii_

Indian wheat—_Plantago purschii_
Indigobush—_Dalea sp._
Ironwood—_Olneya tesota_

Jointfir—_Ephedra sp._
Jojoba—_Simmondsia chinensis_

Lupine—_Lupinus sp._

Marigold—_Tagetes lemmoni_
Mesquite—_Prosopis juliflora_
Mexican blue oak—_Quercus oblongifolia_
Mexican pinyon pine—_Pinus cembroides_
Mexican white pine—_Pinus strobiforms_
Mock-pennyroyal—_Hedeoma hyssopifolium_
Mountain-mahogany—_Cercocarpus breviflorus_
Mountain muhly—_Muhlenbergia montana_

Netleaf hackberry—_Celtis reticulata_
New Mexican alder—_Alnus oblongifolia_
New Mexican locust—_Robinia neomexicana_
Nightblooming cereus—_Peniocereus greggii_

Ocotillo—_Fouquieria splendens_
Orange sneezeweed—_Helenium hoopesii_

Palmer oak—_Quercus palmeri_
Paper flower—_Psilostrophe cooperi_
Parry’s penstemon—_Penstemon parryi_
Peavine—_Lathyrus graminifolius_
Pencil cholla—_Opuntia arbuscula_
Phacelia—_Phacelia crenulata_
Pincushion cactus—_Mammillaria sp._
Pine dropseed—_Blepharoneuron tricholepis_
Pointleaf manzanita—_Arctostaphylos pungens_
Ponderosa pine—_Pinus ponderosa_
Pricklypear—_Opuntina engelmannii_ and others
Puccoon—_Lithospermum multiflorum_

Quaking aspen—_Populus tremuloides_

Sacahuista—_See_ Beargrass
Saguaro—_Carnegiea gigantea_
Scorpionweed—_Phacelia crenulata_
Screwleaf muhly—_Muhlenbergia virescens_
Shindagger—_See_ Amole
Shrub live oak—_Quercus turbinella_
Sideoats grama—_Bouteloua curtipendula_
Silktassel—_Garrya wrightii_
Silverleaf oak—_Quercus hypoleucoides_
Skunkbush—_Rhus trilobata_
Snakeweed—_Futierrezia sp._
Snowberry—_Symphoricarpos oreophilus_
Sotol—_Dasylirion wheeleri_
Spanish dagger—_Yucca schottii_
Sprucetop grama—_Bouteloua chondrosioides_
Staghorn cholla—_Opuntia versicolor_

Tanglehead—_Heteropogon contortus_
Teddy bear cholla—_Opuntia bigelovii_
Texas bluestem—_Andropogon cirratus_
Triangle bursage—_Franseria deltoidea_
Turpentine-bush—_Haplopappus laricifolius_

Vine mesquite grass—_Panicum bulbosum_

Western yarrow—_Achillea lanulosa_
White fir—_Abies concolor_
White tackstem—_Calycoseris wrightii_
Wild carrot—_Daucus pusillus_
Wild-cucumber—_Marah gilensis_
Wild-heliotrope—_Heliotropium curassavicum_
Willow—_Salix sp._
Wolfberry—_Lycium sp._
Wolftail—_Lycurus phleoides_

Yellow paloverde—_Cercidium microphyllum_

Reptiles and Amphibians of the monument.

This checklist names reptiles and amphibians that have been seen, or that should occur, according to range maps and distribution records in important reference works, in the monument. Four of these species are found only in the Tucson Mountain Section; they are: desert iguana, desert horned lizard, western shovel-nosed snake, and sidewinder. An asterisk marks those species most commonly seen in the daytime.

The _desert_ (D) habitat is the rather flat or gently rolling terrain below 3,200 feet in elevation, as seen in the vicinity of the visitor center and the Cactus Forest Drive, and in the north and west portions of the Tucson Mountain Section.

The _foothills_ (F) habitat includes the area above 3,200 feet where the land becomes quite rocky and begins to ascend rather sharply on the Cactus Forest Drive and along Hohokam Road in the Tucson Mountain Section.

The _mountain_ (M) habitat is restricted to the Rincon Mountains above an elevation of 6,500 feet where one finds tall trees.

common name scientific name habitat
AMPHIBIANS _toads and frogs_
Colorado River Toad _Bufo alvarius_ D F
Great Plains Toad _Bufo cognatus_ D
Red-spotted Toad _Bufo punctatus_ D F
Woodhouse’s Toad _Bufo woodhousei_ D F M
Couch’s Spadefoot _Scaphiopus couchi_ D F
Western Spadefoot _Scaphiopus hammondi_ D F M
Canyon Treefrog _Hyla arenicolor_ F M
Leopard Frog _Rana pipiens_ D F M
REPTILES _turtles_
*Desert Tortoise _Gopherus agassizi_ D F
Western Box Turtle _Terrapene ornata_ D F
Sonora Mud Turtle _Kinosternon sonoriense_ D F M
Spiny Softshell _Trionyx ferox_ D
_lizards_
Banded Gecko _Coleonyx variegatus_ D F
Desert Iguana _Dipsosaurus dorsalis_ D
Lesser Earless Lizard _Holbrookia maculata_ D F
Greater Earless Lizard _Holbrookia texana_ D F
*Zebra-tailed Lizard _Callisaurus draconoides_ D F
*Collared Lizard _Crotaphytus collaris_ D F
Leopard Lizard _Crotaphytus wislizenii_ D F
Short-horned Lizard _Phrynosoma douglassi_ F M
Desert Horned Lizard _Phrynosoma platyrhinos_ D
*Regal Horned Lizard _Phrynosoma solare_ D F
*Side-blotched Lizard _Uta stansburiana_ D F
*Tree Lizard _Uta ornata_ D F M
*Desert Spiny Lizard _Sceloporus magister_ D F
Clark’s Spiny Lizard _Sceloporus clarki_ D F M
Eastern Fence Lizard _Sceloporus undulatus_ F M
*Western Whiptail _Cnemidophorus tigris_ D F
Spotted Whiptail _Cnemidophorus sacki_ D F
Arizona Alligator Lizard _Gerrhonotus kingi_ M
*Great Plains Skink _Eumeces obsoletus_ D F
*Gila Monster _Heloderma suspectum_ D F
_snakes_
Western Blind Snake _Leptotyphlops humilis_ D F
Arizona Coral Snake _Micruroides euryxanthus_ D F M
Regal Ringnecked Snake _Diadophis regalis_ F M
Western Hognose Snake _Heterodon nasicus_ D F
Spotted Leaf-nosed Snake _Phyllorhynchus D F
decurtatus_
Saddled Leaf-nosed Snake _Phyllorhynchus browni_ D F
Coachwhip _Masticophis flagellum_ D F
Sonora Whipsnake _Masticophis bilineatus_ D F M
Western Patch-nosed Snake _Salvadora hexalepis_ D F
Mountain Patch-nosed Snake _Salvadora grahamiae_ M
Glossy Snake _Arizona elegans_ D F
Gopher Snake _Pituophis catenifer_ D F M
Compton Kingsnake _Lampropeltis getulus_ D F
Sonora Mountain Kingsnake _Lampropeltis pyromelana_ M
Long-nosed Snake _Rhinocheilus lecontei_ D F
Black-necked Garter Snake _Thamnophis cyrtopsis_ F M
Mexican Garter Snake _Thamnophis eques_ D
Checkered Garter Snake _Thamnophis marcianus_ D F
Western Ground Snake _Sonora semiannulata_ D F
Western Shovel-nosed Snake _Chionactis occipitalis_ D
Banded Sand Snake _Chilomeniscus cinctus_ D F
Mexican Black-headed Snake _Tantilla atriceps_ D F
Plains Black-headed Snake _Tantilla nigriceps_ D F
Sonora Lyre Snake _Trimorphodon lambda_ D F
Night Snake _Hypsiglena torquata_ D F M
Western Diamondback _Crotalus atrox_ D F
Rattlesnake
Sidewinder _Crotalus cerastes_ D
Black-tailed Rattlesnake _Crotalus molossus_ F M
Tiger Rattlesnake _Crotalus tigris_ F
Mohave Rattlesnake _Crotalus scutulatus_ D F
Arizona Black Rattlesnake _Crotalus viridis F M
cerberus_

Birds of the monument

This checklist is based entirely on written records of observations of birds seen in the monument. Names are in accordance with A.O.U. Checklist of North American Birds, 5th edition, 1957. (See checklist of reptiles and amphibians for description of habitats.)

key to symbols:
D desert habitat
F foothill habitat
M mountain habitat
* species most often seen at lower elevations
s summer resident
w winter visitor
p permanent resident
t transient visitor

occurrence common name
D t White-faced Ibis
D F M s Turkey Vulture
D p Black Vulture
D w Sharp-shinned Hawk
D F M p Cooper’s Hawk
D F M p *Red-tailed Hawk
D F s Swainson’s Hawk
F M s Zone-tailed Hawk
M t Ferruginous Hawk
D F s Harris’ Hawk
D s Black Hawk
F M p Golden Eagle
D w Marsh Hawk
D t Osprey
F M p Prairie Falcon
M p Peregrine Falcon
D F p *Sparrow Hawk
F p Scaled Quail
D p *Gambel’s Quail
F M p Harlequin Quail
M p Turkey
D p Killdeer
D F M t Spotted Sandpiper
D t California Gull
F M s Band-tailed Pigeon
D p Rock Dove
D F s *White-winged Dove
D p *Mourning Dove
D p Ground Dove
D p Inca Dove
D F p Roadrunner
D F M p Screech Owl
M p Whiskered Owl
M p Flammulated Owl
D F M p Great Horned Owl
D s Elf Owl
M p Spotted Owl
M s Whip-poor-will
D F p Poor-will
D F s Lesser Nighthawk
D t Vaux’s Swift
D F M s White-throated Swift
D F M s Black-chinned Hummingbird
D F s Costa’s Hummingbird
D w Anna’s Hummingbird
M s Broad-tailed Hummingbird
M s Rufous Hummingbird
M s Rivoli’s Hummingbird
M s Blue-throated Hummingbird
D F t Broad-billed Hummingbird
M p Red-shafted Flicker
D F p *Gilded Flicker
D p *Gila Woodpecker
F M p Acorn Woodpecker
D F w Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
F M t Williamson’s Sapsucker
M p Hairy Woodpecker
D F p Ladder-backed Woodpecker
F M p Arizona Woodpecker
D s Western Kingbird
D F s Cassin’s Kingbird
D F s Wied’s Crested Flycatcher
D s *Ash-throated Flycatcher
M s Olivaceous Flycatcher
D p Black Phoebe
D p *Say’s Phoebe
M s Western Flycatcher
M s Buff-breasted Flycatcher
M s Coues’ Flycatcher
M s Western Wood Pewee
D F M t Olive-sided Flycatcher
D s Vermilion Flycatcher
M s Violet-green Swallow
D t Barn Swallow
D t Cliff Swallow
D s *Purple Martin
M p Steller’s Jay
F M p Scrub Jay
F M p Mexican Jay
M p Common Raven
D F M p White-necked Raven
M t Clark’s Nutcracker
M p Mountain Chickadee
F M p Bridled Titmouse
D p *Verdin
M p Common Bushtit
M p White-breasted Nuthatch
F t Red-breasted Nuthatch
M p Pigmy Nuthatch
M p Brown Creeper
M p House Wren
F M p Bewick’s Wren
D p *Cactus Wren
D F M p Canyon Wren
D F M p Rock Wren
D p Mockingbird
D t Bendire’s Thrasher
D p *Curve-billed Thrasher
D F p Crissal Thrasher
M p Robin
F M p Hermit Thrush
F M p Western Bluebird
D F M w Mountain Bluebird
F w Townsend’s Solitaire
F M p Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
D p Black-tailed Gnatcatcher
D w *Ruby-crowned Kinglet
D F p *Phainopepla
D F p *Loggerhead Shrike
D p Starling
M s Hutton’s Vireo
D s Bell’s Vireo
M s Solitary Vireo
M s Warbling Vireo
M t Orange-crowned Warbler
M t Nashville Warbler
M s Virginia’s Warbler
D s Lucy’s Warbler
M s Olive Warbler
D t Yellow Warbler
M s *Audubon’s Warbler
M s Black-throated Gray Warbler
F M t Townsend’s Warbler
M t Hermit Warbler
M s Grace’s Warbler
D t MacGillivray’s Warbler
D t Yellowthroat
D t Yellow-breasted Chat
M s Red-faced Warbler
D F M t *Wilson’s Warbler
M s Painted Redstart
D p House Sparrow
D t Meadowlark sp.
D s *Hooded Oriole
D F s Scott’s Oriole
D s Bullock’s Oriole
D w Brewer’s Blackbird
D F s Brown-headed Cowbird
D s Bronzed Cowbird
D F s Western Tanager
M s Hepatic Tanager
D p Cardinal
D p Pyrrhuloxia
M s Black-headed Grosbeak
D w Lazuli Bunting
M p Evening Grosbeak
M t Cassin’s Finch
D F p *House Finch
F M p Pine Siskin
D F M p Lesser Goldfinch
D w Lawrence’s Goldfinch
M p Red Crossbill
D F w Green-tailed Towhee
F M p Rufous-sided Towhee
D p *Brown Towhee
D t Lark Bunting
D F w Savannah Sparrow
D w Vesper Sparrow
D t Lark Sparrow
D F p Rufous-winged Sparrow
F p Rufous-crowned Sparrow
D F p *Black-throated Sparrow
F w Oregon Junco
F w Gray-headed Junco
M p Mexican Junco
F w Clay-colored Sparrow
F w Chipping Sparrow
D F w Brewer’s Sparrow
F p Black-chinned Sparrow
D w White-crowned Sparrow
D F w Fox Sparrow
D F w Lincoln’s Sparrow

Mammals of the monument

This checklist names mammals that have been observed, and those that, mainly according to collection records and distribution maps in _The Recent Mammals of Arizona_, by E. Lendell Cockrum, 1960, may occur in the monument. One species, the desert kangaroo rat, probably occurs only in the Tucson Mountain Section. (See checklist of reptiles and amphibians for description of habitats.)

key to symbols:
D desert habitat
F foothill habitat
M mountain habitat
* species most often seen by visitors

habitat common name
M Vagrant Shrew
D F Gray Shrew
D F Leafnose Bat
D F Hognose Bat
D F Longnose Bat
D F Yuma Myotis
D F Cave Myotis
M Long-eared Myotis
F M Fringed Myotis
F M Long-legged Myotis
D F M California Myotis
F M Small-footed Myotis
F M Silver-haired Bat
D F M Western Pipistrel
D F M Big Brown Bat
D F Red Bat
D F M Hoary Bat
D F Western Yellow Bat
D Spotted Bat
D F M Western Big-eared Bat
D F Pallid Bat
D F M Mexican Freetail Bat
D F Pocketed Freetail Bat
D F Big Freetail Bat
D F Western Mastiff Bat
D Antelope Jackrabbit
D F *Blacktail Jackrabbit
M Eastern Cottontail
D F *Desert Cottontail
D F M Rock Squirrel
D F *Yuma Antelope Ground Squirrel
D *Roundtail Ground Squirrel
F M Cliff Chipmunk
M Tassel-eared Squirrel
M Arizona Gray Squirrel
D F M Valley Pocket Gopher
D F Silky Pocket Mouse
D F Arizona Pocket Mouse
D F Hispid Pocket Mouse
D Desert Pocket Mouse
D F Rock Pocket Mouse
D Bannertail Kangaroo Rat
D Merriam Kangaroo Rat
D Ord Kangaroo Rat
D Desert Kangaroo Rat
D F Western Harvest Mouse
D F Fulvous Harvest Mouse
D Cactus Mouse
D Merriam Mouse
D F Deer Mouse
D F White-footed Mouse
F M Brush Mouse
D F Southern Grasshopper Mouse
D F Hispid Cotton Rat
D F Whitethroat Woodrat
M Mexican Woodrat
D F M Porcupine
D F M *Coyote
D F Gray Wolf
D Kit Fox
D F M Gray Fox
M Black Bear
D F Ringtail
D F M Raccoon
M Coati
D F Badger
D F M Spotted Skunk
F Striped Skunk
D F Hooded Skunk
D F Hognose Skunk
F M Jaguar
D Jaguarundi
F M Cougar
D F M Bobcat
D F *Peccary (Javelina)
D F *Mule Deer
M Whitetail Deer
D F Bighorn

Photograph Credits

Carrico, J.: 46
Coss, Harold T., Jr.: Frontispiece, 2, 6, 8, 26, 28 right, 29 left,
31, 34 left, 37 all except bottom left, 38, 40, 41, 54, 56,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78.
Dodge, Natt N.: 32
Hoy, William: 44
Mang, Fred E., Jr.: 24, 28 left, 34 right, 37 bottom left, 39, 67, 77.
Manley, Ray: 12
Olin, George: 10, 69, 82
Steenbergh, Warren: 35, 57
Unknown: 29 right

_“As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America’s Department of Natural Resources.” The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States—now and in the future._

National Park Service
U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR

★ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O-456-399

Transcriber’s Notes

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.

—Relocated all image captions to be immediately under the corresponding
images, removing redundant references like ”preceding page”.

—Silently corrected a few palpable typos.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.