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INDEX

Aberdeen, 267

Adams, Clement, 192

Adams, M. Robert, 216

Admirals, rank of, 248

Admiralty and sheathing, 245;
Admiralty flag, 199

Adriatic Sea, naval battle on the, 216

Africans, East, and the art of navigation, 51

Ailsa, Marquis of, 327

Alderney Race, 251

Alexander the Great, 44

Alfred’s, King, ships, 131

Algiers, bombardment of, 235;
piracy, 233

Althiburus mosaic, 84

Amasis, 48

America, Columbus and, 183;
the Vikings and, 92;
the Phœnicians and, 50

America Cup, 293, 325

America, North, discovery of, 258;
timber, 268

American Civil War, 266, 269;
frigates, 256

American shipbuilding, 266;
the Dutch and, 293

American War of 1812, 256;
wasters, 296;
yachting, 330;
yachts, 325

Amsterdam, Rijks Museum, 241

Anchorena, Señor A. de, 332

Anchors, 72, 147, 154, 156

Anglo-Saxon ships, 131-133

Anne, Queen, navy of, 249

Anson, Lord, 258

Anthony’s, Anthony, “Roll,” 186

Aphlaston, the, 54, 58

Arctic expedition, Dutch, 231;
exploration, 218

Armada, Spanish, 194, 197, 198, 202, 203, 206;
tapestries of, 207;
number of ships and their construction, 211-214

Artemon, or foresail, 79

Arun, River, ancient boat found near, 100

Atlantic emigrant traffic, 272;
steamers, 266;
yacht race across the, 330

Australia, 246, 268, 272

Australian aborigines and stone implements, 99

Babylonia, 20

Bakhuizen, Ludolf, 5

Ballast, 196, 324

Baltic, Phœnicians on the, 112;
ketches, 303;
ships, 10

Banners, 153. _See also_ Flags

Barber, Commander T. M., 37

Barcelona ships, 170

Barton Broad, 307

Baston, T. (engraver), 250

Bayeux Tapestry, the, 17, 134

Beaching, 60

Bedford, John, Duke of, 166

“Before the Mast,” 154

Bentall, Mr. E. H., 328

Bergen law for sailors, 127

Bernoulli, Jean, 243

Bibliography, 335 _et seq._

Bilge water, 249

Bill-hooks, 187, 199

Billingsgate, 235, 285, 303

Binnacles, 179

Black Ball liners, 270

Blackwall, 246, 267

Blake, Admiral, 230, 232, 233

Blankenberg boat, 312

Boar’s head, 60

Bodleian Library MS., 203

Bombay yacht, 309

Bonaventure mast, 175

Bonhomme, —, 209

Bonnets, 153, 178, 195, 275

Booms, 123

Boreas, 129

Boston, 255

Botley, Viking ship discovered at, 115

Bounty system for shipbuilding, 179

Bowlines, 179, 198, 210

Bows, 86;
clipper, 266, 324;
Greek, 61;
overhanging, 329;
Phœnician, 55;
round, 257;
schooner, 276;
Viking double, 94

Bowsprit, 275

Brails, 65, 82, 262, 285

Brassey, Lord, 50, 327

Bremen, ancient boats discovered at, 102

Breydon Water, 307

Brigg prehistoric boat, 95

Brighton, 129, 136, 322

Bristol as port, 138

Britanni, the, 104

British Empire shipping tonnage in 1821, 258

British Museum, models in, 27;
and Brigg prehistoric boat, 96

British Navy, size of, in 1813, 256 (_see also under the names of
monarchs_);
last sailing ship in the, 300

Brixham ketch, 303;
Mumble Bees, 291

Broad arrow as Government mark, 234

Bronze and Iron Age ships, 104

Brooking, Charles, 5, 323

Brosen Viking ship, 117

Bruges, 163

Budge, Dr. E. A. Wallis, 22, 28

Bulkheads, 196

Bullen, Mr. F. T., on the way of the ship, 12;
on the ships of St. Paul’s voyage, 15;
on Elizabethan sea-terms, 210;
on spritsails, 265;
on clipper ships, 271

Bulwarks, 178

Burgess, W., 295

Burmese junks, 7, 31

“Butter-rigged,” 298

Byrne, Mr. St. Clare, 327

Bytharne’s “Book of War,” 188

Cabins, 148

Cables, 276

Cabot, John, 184

Cæsar, ships used by, 87, 93, 103, 106, 107;
and the Northern seas, 107

Calais, siege of, 159

California, 268

Caligula, ships of, 76

Cambyses, 48

Camper and Nicholson, Messrs., 326, 332

Canary Isles, discovery of, 158

Cannon, introduction of, 158, 168

Canterbury Cathedral, picture of a ship formerly in, 185

Cape Horn, 268, 273, 274, 277

Cape La Hogue, 240

Cape Verde Islands, 292

Cappelle, Jan van der, 5, 284

Captain, the, _temp._ James I., 225

“Caravel,” derivation of, 182

Careening, 226

Carpaccio’s pictures of ships, 130, 162

Carrying trade, _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 193

Carter, Captain, 329

Carvel-work, 323

Cary-Elwes, Mr. V., ancient boat belonging to, 96

Castles on ships, 68, 140, 156, 169;
on Armada ships, 211;
absorbed into the hull, 164;
fore and stern, 171

Catteville, 138

Caulking, 178

“Ceols,” 134

Chancellor, Richard, 191

Chapman, F. H. af, 243

Charles I. and his navy, 228

Charles II. and his navy, 234-246;
gift of Dutch yacht for, 289, 321;
introduces yacht-racing, 321

Chatham, 200, 229, 236, 237, 241

China tea trade, 268

Chinese junks, 31, 310

Christiania, 291

Cinque Ports, the, 129, 148, 152, 154

Civil War, the, 232

Claude Lorraine’s “St. Ursula,” 5

Clipper races in China tea trade, 269

Clitherowe, Admiral, seal of, 166

Clowes, Sir W. Laird, 177

Clyde, the, ancient boat found, 100;
five-master built on, 273

Coal-carrying trade, 300

Coasting trade, _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 193

“Cocke,” or _coque_, 200

Coins, ships on, 128, 157

Colbert, Jean B., 249

Cole, Mr. Vicat, 5

Columbus’s Christopher, ship, 176, 180, 183;
model, 182;
replica, 180;
navigation instruments, 184

Commonwealth, the, and war with the Dutch, 232;
construction of ships, 234;
decoration of ships, 233;
and the flying of flags, 241

Compass, variation of the, 193

Concas, Captain D. V., 180

Connolly, Mr. J. B., 294

Cook, Captain, 258

Cooke, E. W., R.A., 261

Cooking galley, Elizabethan, 196

Copper sheathing, 251

Coracle, the, 103

Cork, 322

Corks, 178

Cornwall, men of, 202

Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS., 146, 154

Cotton ships, 266

Cowes, 322, 327, 331

“Crane line,” 178

Crawford, Earl of, 330

Cressets, 181, 190

Crimean War, 268, 323

Cromwell and the Navy, 233

Crowinshield, —, 295

Crusades, ships of the, 17, 138, 139, 141, 146, 153, 172

Cuyp, A., 5

Cypress, 246

Dam, or Damme, seal of, 154, 276, 304

Dampier, William, 246, 258

Danes, the, and British love of ships, 109

Dartmouth, 202, 215, 216

Dassie, Le Sieur, 243

David II. of Scotland, coin of, 157

Davits, 177

Dead-eyes, 178

Deal “galley,” 131;
luggers, 318

Deane, Sir Anthony, 236, 241, 245, 321

Deane, Anthony, the younger, 246

Decks, 148, 171, 196, 205, 246

Decoration of royal yachts, 322

Decoration of ships, _temp._ Henry VIII., 188, 191;
_temp._ Elizabeth, 194;
during the Commonwealth, 233

Deptford, 322

Devon, men of, 202, 291

Devonport, 257

Dhow, the, 44

Digby, Captain, 239

Dilke, Lady E. F. S., 5

Dixon, Mr. Charles, 5, 241, 255

Doldrums, the, 332

Dover, seal of, 152

Drake’s, Sir Francis, voyage round the world, 202

Draught, Elizabethan, 194

“Drift sail,” 225

Dublin, 138

Duemichen, Dr., 40

Dug-outs, ancient, discoveries of, 100

Dumbarton, 274

Dumfries, ancient boat found near, 100

Dungeness, 319

Dunraven, Earl of, 183

Dutch develop fore-and-aft rig, 282, 283

Dutch East India Company, 322

Dutch East Indiamen, sterns of, 243

Dutch exploration of N.-E. Passage, 219

Dutch man-of-war, seventeenth century, model of, 243

Dutch naval rivalry, seventeenth century, 231

Dutch navy in 1675, 236

Dutch schuyts, 303

Dutch ships and English men-of-war, 232

Dutch, war with the, 1667, 237;
invasion of England, 237, 241

East Coast ketch, 303, 304

East India Company, founding of, 221;
under James I., 226;
monopoly, 258

East India Company, Dutch, 322

East Indiamen, 258

Eddystone Lighthouse, 246

Edgar, King, navy of, 132;
as a yachtsman, 320

Edinburgh Museum, ancient boat in, 101

Edward I., ships of the time of, 154

Edward III., navy of, 157;
fleet at the siege of Calais, 158

Edward IV., ships of, 174;
shipping in the reign of, 161

Edward VI., ships of, 191

Edward VII., ships of, 264;
yacht _Britannia_, 329

Egyptians, ancient, history of ships, 20-45;
dynasties, 28;
expedition to Punt, 39;
exploration, 26;
rig of ships, 11, 29, 38;
shape of ships, 9;
model rigged boat discovered, 3

Elizabeth, Queen, maritime affairs under, 193-221

Elm sheathing, 245

England as the “Sovereign of the Seas,” _temp._ John, 148;
_temp._ Elizabeth, 201

English fleet, the, opposed to the Armada, 211

English Navy, the, in 1675, 236

English sailing ships, Viking influence on, 127

English skill, 18

Ensigns. _See_ Flags

Etruscan vase showing naval warfare, 64

Europe, Northern, early ships of, 89-127

Exeter, Thomas Beaufort, Duke of, seal of, 166

Eyes on ships, 11, 65

Fabriano, Gentile da, 161

Fife, Mr. William, 326, 327, 333

Fife & Son, of Fairlie, 333

Fighting-tops, 16, 65, 181

Figureheads, 12, 194, 228

Fireships, 236

FitzGerald, Henry, 146

Flags, banners, ensigns, streamers, &c., 176, 188, 199, 241, 248, 254

Flagships, 157

Florence, Duke of, 246

Forecastle, Greek, 65

Forecastles reduced, 194. _See also_ Castles

France and England, Norman trade between, 137

French models in English naval architecture, 259

French navy in 1675, 236

French ships, fifteenth century, 164;
seventeenth century, 244;
warships, sixteenth century, 184;
eighteenth century, 249

French, ships taken from the, 257

Friesland oarsmen, 131

Froude, Mr. William, 328

Furneaux, Mr. Henry, on “pontibus,” 108

“Galleys” and “ships,” 138

Gallic ship, 88

Gama, Vasco da, 51, 184

Gauckler, M. P., 84

Geestemünde, 275

Genoa, ships of, 170

George III. and yachting, 322

German Emperor’s Cup, 330

German Ocean, 282

German, St., 137

German yacht designers, 331

Germanic craft, 102

Germanicus, ships built by, 108

Germans as sailing-men, 274

Giorgione, 130

Glasgow, ancient canoes found near, 101;
ship built at, 274

Glass, stained, pictures of ships, 130

Gloppen Viking ship, 117

Gloucester, Massachusetts, 293

Gloucester, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of, seal of, 166

Gnomon, 71

Godredus Crovan, 138

Gogstad Viking ship, 117-121;
replica of, crosses Atlantic, 119

Gold rushes and shipping, 268

Gondola, the, 16

Goodwins, the, 319

Gosport, 326

Grapnel, the, 154

Gravesend, 321

Greece, ancient ships of, 55-72;
Phœnician influence, 47, 55;
materials of ships, 62;
galleys, 9;
naval warfare, 64;
navigation, 71

Green, Mr. Richard, 267

Green, Messrs., of Blackwall, 267, 271, 272

Greenock, 267, 326

Greenwich Naval Museum, models in, 5, 255, 256, 257, 260

Greenwich Royal Observatory founded, 235

Greenwich, yacht race in 1661, 321

Guns and gunpowder, 158

Guns, placing of, 168, 173, 253

“Gunwale,” origin of, 168

Gustafson, Professor Gabriel, and the Gogstad Viking ship, 118;
Oseberg Viking ship, 121

Guy, Captain, 239

Hakluyt, Richard, 3, 49, 132, 138, 140, 141, 147, 148, 149, 152, 191,
192, 202, 211

Hakluyt Society’s stamp, 236

Hall, Mr. H. R., 22

Hamble (or Hamill), 174, 179

Hamburg, 274

Hanseatic League, 159;
wane of, 191;
English ships purchased from, 190

Harold, ships of, 134

Harrow, seal at, 167

Harwich, 290

Hastings, seal of, 152

Havre, 266

Hawkins, Sir John, 193, 245

Hawse, 178

Hemp, Russian, &c., 234

Hemy, Napier, 5

Henry I. and maritime industry, 138

Henry II., progress of shipping under, 138;
crusade of, 153

Henry III., ships under, 148;
and Norwegian merchants, 145

Henry IV., ships under, 159

Henry V., ships of, 160;
and Genoese ships, 172;
increase of navy, 173

Henry VI., shipbuilding in reign of, 161

Henry VII., ships of, 173

Henry VIII., ships of, 185-191, 204

Heyward, Edward, 241, 242

Hiring ships, 177

Holbein’s “Embarkation of Henry VIII.,” 185

Holland. _See_ Dutch

Holland, English merchants of, seal of, 167

Holyhead, 321

House of Lords tapestries, 207, 208

“Hovelling,” 319

Howard of Effingham, Lord, 200, 201, 207

Howard, Sir Philip, 78, 245

Hoyle, Dr., Manchester Museum, 4

Hubert of Borough, 148

Hudson River, 295

Huguenots, the, 209

Hull, 159

Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of, seal of, 166

India, 272. _See also_ East India Company

Ipswich, manufacture of sail-cloth at, 209

Iron in shipbuilding, 259, 268

Ironworks, _temp._ Charles I., 234

James I., ships of, 222-228;
and English piracy, 222

Jesup Expedition, the, 32, 104

Jochelson, Mr., and Koryak boat, 104

John, King, and the Navy, 148

Keels, 134;
sliding, 255

Kempenfelt, Admiral, 250

Kent, men of, 133

Khorsabad, Palace of, 51

Kiel Museum, boat in, 95

King’s Cup, 331

Kinyras, King of Cyprus, and terra-cotta “fleet,” 69

Kipling, Mr. Rudyard, 12, 294

Knights of Malta, 216

Koryak boats, 32, 104

La Rochelle, seal of, 167

Labour-saving on American schooners, 297

Lancaster, Sir James, and scurvy, 197

Langton, Archbishop, 148

Lapthorn & Ratsey, 326

Latchetes, 178

Lateen sail, 14, 175, 282, 309

Lateran Museum, 43

Layard, Sir Austin, 51

Lead ballast, 324

Lead-covered keels, 192

Lead-line, the, 79

Lead sheathing, 245, 276

Lepanto, battle of, 221

Leslie, Mr. Robert C., 265

Lifeboat, the, 255

Lipton, Sir Thomas, 333

Liverpool, 273

Loch Arthur, Dumfries, ancient boat in, 100

London as port, 138

London Bridge, Dutch schuyts at, 303

Longships, 61

Louis XIV. and the French navy, 236, 249

Louvre, the, 6

Lowestoft, 304, 307, 315

Lowestoft “drifters,” 13

Lug-sail, 312

Lynn, Norfolk, 156, 158

McCunn, Mr. James, 271

Macham’s voyage to Madeira, 158

Mackie & Thomson, Messrs., 274

McMillan, A., & Son, Messrs., 274

Madeira, Island of, 158

Magnet, the, 154

Mainsail, 285

Maldon, 328

Malta, Knights of, 216

Maltese galley, 216

Man, Isle of, 138

Manchester Museum, Egyptian boat in, 3, 33

Manuscripts, pictures of ships on, 129

Manwayring, Sir Henry, 198, 203, 205, 224, 303

Maritime laws under Richard I., 147

Mark, St., mosaic of, 144

Marlin spikes, 179

Marquez, Pero Menendez, 214

Marseilles, 113

Mary, Queen, fishing, &c., traffic in reign of, 193

Mason, Mr. Frank H., models by, 152, 181

Maspero, Professor, 41

Mass, dry, 190

Masts, 172, 242, 243, 274

Mediterranean craft, 56, 139;
galley, 16;
galley and North Sea ship, 91;
warship of thirteenth century, 142

Memling, pictures by, 4, 130, 163

Mercantile marine, progress of the, 257

Mercator’s chart, 193

Merchant ships, Egyptian, 85;
Greek, 61, 85;
Roman, 81;
Anglo-Saxon, 133;
Elizabethan, 201;
Mediterranean, 172

Merchantman and man-of-war, similarity of, in Stuart times, 227

Metallic age, the, and shipbuilding, 105

Middleton, Commissioner, 239

Milesian sea-traders, 48, 55

Mizzen mast, 172

Monson, Sir William, 197

Moore, Henry, 5

Moresby, Admiral, 263, 264

Motors as aids to sailing ships, 2, 277

Museums, models of ships in, 5

Nails, bronze, 276

Napoleon III’s trireme, 70

National Gallery pictures, 259, 284, 285, 323

“Nautical Almanac,” founded, 235

Naval architecture, scientific study of, 243;
progress in seventeenth century, 246;
in nineteenth century, 257

Naval expeditions of the crusades, 146

Naval officers and navigation, 264

Naval warfare, Greek, 64

Navigating methods of the Vikings, 126

Navigation, ancient Greek, 71

Navigation laws, Queen Elizabeth, 193

Naville, Dr. Edouard, 41

Navy Board and sheathing, 245;
rating, 249

Neco (Egyptian king), 49

Nelson, Lord, 251;
his signal, 251;
painting of his ships, 255

Nemi, Lake of, Roman ships in, 76

Nettings, 209

New York, 266, 267, 293, 296

New York Yacht Club, 325

New Zealand, 272

Newcastle hoys, 235

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 159, 258

Newfoundland fisheries, 202, 258, 294

Nicholas de Sigillo, 146

Nicholas of Lynn, 158

Nicholas, St., patron saint of sailors, 3, 129, 136, 161

Nicholson, Mr. C. E., 332

“Nor,” the prefix, 112

Norfolk wherries, 13, 34, 112;
yawls, 315

Norman ships, 134-138

Norris, Admiral Sir John, 186

Norsemen, the, 109-127, 131. _See also_ Vikings

North Pole, Dutch voyage to, 283

North-East Passage, search for, 191, 219

North-West Passage, 291

Norwegian merchants, 145

Norwegian yawl, 13

Norwich, 307

Nottingham, Earl of. _See_ Howard of Effingham

“Nugger,” Egyptian, 43

Nydam, Viking ship discovered at, 115

Oak, English, scarcity of, 268

Octher, voyage of, 132

Oleron, laws of, 147

Oppenheim, Mr., 175, 176, 178, 179, 233

Orwell, the, 302

Oseberg Viking ship, 121

Outriggers, 179

Paddle _v._ screw test, 263

Paddle-wheel steamers, 263

“Painters,” 178

Painting ships, 176;
of men-of-war, 255

Pallion, 271

Panama Canal, 277

Paris, Admiral, 310

Paris, seal of, 141

Paul, St., voyages of, 15, 79, 314

Pavisses, 179, 209

Penn, Sir William, 238

Penzance luggers, 318

Pepys, Samuel, 18, 187, 237-240;
“Register,” 246

Personality of ships, 12

Petrie, Professor Flinders, discovers model Egyptian boat, 3, 27, 33

Pett, Christopher, 321

Pett, Phineas, and family, 227, 229, 236, 246

Pharos, tower of, 71

Phœnician ships, 46-55

Phœnicians, the, influence of the Egyptians, 47;
as traders, 47;
as sailors, 48;
as explorers, 49;
and the North Sea ships, 92;
on the Baltic, 112

Pictures of ships, 5

Pilots, laws for, _temp._ Richard I., 147

Pin Mill, 302

Pine’s, John, engravings of House of Lords tapestries, 207

Pipe Rolls, 146

Piracy, _temp._ ancient Greece, 68, 85;
North Sea, _temp._ Henry IV., 159;
English, _temp._ Elizabeth, 222;
Algerian, 233

“Plimsoll” marks, early, 215

Pliny, the elder, 102

Plymouth hooker, 291

Pompei, tomb at, 60

Poole, 326;
seal of, 156

Poop, the, 16, 181

Portholes, 173

Portsmouth, 138, 209, 241, 245, 321

Portsmouth Dockyard, founded, 179

Portugal, maritime progress in sixteenth century, 180

Portuguese fishing boats, eyes on, 65

Potter, Messrs. W. H. & Co., 273

Prussia, 159

Pytheas’s _gnomon_, 71

“Quant,” 67

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 194, 197

Rams, Greek, 58, 63;
galleons, 213

Ramsgate, 303, 304

Rating rules, yachts, 332

Ratings, 237, 249

Red ensign, 254

Reefing gear, 276. _See also_ Brails

Reefing in Elizabethan times, 195

Revenue cutters, 323

Richard I. in the Mediterranean, 17;
his navy, 138, 141, 146, 147

Richard II., reign of, 159

Richard III., shipping in reign of, 161

Rifeh, Egypt, early boat found at, 3, 27, 33

Rigging, ancient Egyptian, 11, 29, 38;
ancient Greek, 59;
_Ark Royal_, 198;
brigs, 300;
caravel of sixteenth century, 181;
Columbus’s ship, 182;
corvettes, 252;
development and progress, 81, 275-277;
East Indiamen, 264-265;
eighteenth century, 247-248;
Elizabethan, 210;
fore-and-aft, 220, 244, 281-334;
four-masted barques, 273, 274;
_Henri Grâce à Dieu_, 186;
lateen, 14;
Mediterranean warship, 143;
Phœnician, 48;
Roman, 74;
_Royal Charles_, 241;
ship of British Navy of 1815 (details), 278-279;
ship painted by Gentile da Fabriano, 161;
sloop, 220;
Spanish galleon, 213;
Spanish treasure-frigate, 214;
squaresail, 11;
three-decker, 230;
Victorian, early, 260-262, (model) 1;
warship of Henry VII., 174. _See also_ Ships (types)

Rock carvings, Scandinavian, 110

Roman galleys, 9;
ships, 73-88, 106

Ropes, ancient Greek, 67

Roses, the Wars of the, 161, 173, 180

Rother, the, Kent, ancient boat found, 100

Rouen, 166

Roundships, 61

Royal ships hired to merchants, 177

Royal United Service Museum, models, &c., in, 5, 181, 216, 235, 243,
250

Royal Victoria Yacht Club, 325

Royal Yacht Squadron, 324

Royals, 230

Rudder-bands, 80

Rudders, 144, 150, 156

Ruisdael (artist), 5

Rutherglen, seal of, 167

Rye, seal of, 167

Sagas, the, 89

Sail-making, 326

Sailcloth manufacture, 209

Sailing power, revival of, 277

Sailors under King John, 148;
_temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 197;
_temp._ James I., 225;
present-day “sailors,” 2

Sails, of the _Ark Royal_, 200;
colours of, 67;
cutting, 201;
decorated, 83, 209;
development of, 276, 284;
scientific treatment of, 243;
Viking sails, 122, 123, 124

St. Andrew’s flag, 241

St. George’s flag, 241, 242

San Francisco, 267, 291

San Sebastian, Spain, seal of, 156

Sandefjord, 272

Sandwich, seal of, 141, 149

Saracen ship and Crusaders, 140

Saxons, vessels of the, 109

Scandinavian coin, ship on, 133

Scandinavian rigs, 12

Scandinavians. _See_ Norsemen

Scarborough Bay, 317

Schank, Admiral, 255

Schooner, origin of the name, 293

Scotch fishing boat, Norwegian influence on, 317

Scott, Messrs., 267, 268

Screw propeller, 257

Screw steamer, advent of, 263

Sea, the call of the, 19

Sea-terms in Elizabethan English, 210

Seals, mediæval, ships on, 128

Seamanship, early European, 137;
“marlin-spike seamanship,” 275

Sennacherib, palace of, 51

Seppings, Sir Robert, 257, 259

Shakespeare, sea-terms used by, 210

Sheathing, 245, 250, 251, 276

Sheer, 277

Sheerness, 237, 245, 277

Shetland Isles boats, 13

Shields, 179

Shields, North and South, 258

Shipbuilding, origins of, 90, 94;
Norse, 125;
Norman, 135;
_temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 193;
progress of, 218;
in England in 1841-47, 266

Shipbuilding terms, ancient, still extant, 103

Ships, cost of building, seventeenth century, 246

Ships, history:
Sources for history, 3-4
Reconstruction and development, 6-8
Primitive man, 23
Early Egyptian, 20-45
Phœnician, 46-55
Greek, 55-72
Roman, 73-88, 106
Northern Europe, 89-127
Mediæval, eighth century to 1485, 128-169
Anglo-Saxon, 131-133
Norman, 134-138
Henry VII. to Elizabeth (1485-1603), 170-222
Spain and Portugal, 180
James I. to eighteenth century, 222-253
Nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 254-280

Ships, named:
_Alarm_, 251, 324, 325
_Alecto_, 263
_Alexandria_, 323
_Aline_, 326
_Alnwick Castle_, 271
_America_, 293, 324, 325
_Ann Gallant_, 190
_Anne_, 321
_Ariel_, 270
_Ark Royal_, _Ark Raleigh_, or _Anne Royal_, 194, 197-201, 226, 228
_Arrow_, 323, 324, 325
_Ascension_, 221
_Atlantic_, 327
_Bear_, 228
_Bellerophon_, 176
_Bezan_, 321
_Black Adder_, 270
_Bloodhound_, 327
_Bona Confidentia_, 192
_Bona Esperanza_, 192
_Bonaventure_, 245
_Britannia_, 329, 330
_Buss of Zeland_, 160
_Busship_, 160
_Caledonia_, 255
_Challenge_, 267, 269
_Challenger_, 267
_Charles_, 246
_Christopher Spayne_, 160
_Chrysolite_, 269
_Cogge_, 159
_Columbia_, 331
_Columbia II._, 50
_Commerce de Marseilles_, 252, 255
_Constant Warwick_, 232
_Constitution_, 331
_Cordelière_, 173, 179, 184, 188
_Cutty Sark_, 270
_Cymba_, 326
_Cynthia_, 256
_Defender_, 331
_Desdemona_, 272
_Dogger_, 160
_Doggership_, 160
_Dreadnought_, 16, 176;
(Charles II.), 245
_Dunkerque_, 273
_Edward Bonaventure_, 192
_Egeria_, 326
_Elizabeth_, 331, 332
_Fantôme_, 299
_Fiery Cross_, 270
_Florencia_, 212
_Flying Cloud_, 266, 270
_Fortuna_, 272
_France_, 273
_Fredonia_, 295
_Friday_, 159
_Gainsborough_, 233
_Germania_, 331
_Gjöa_, 291
_Godezere_, 159
_Golden Lion_, 240
_Governor_, 174
_Grâce à Dieu_, 174, 177, 178, 179
_Grand Louise_, 184
_Great Republic_, 267
_Harry Grâce à Dieu_, 177
_Hawkin Derlin of Dantzik_, 159
_Hector_, 221
_Helena_, 160
_Henri Grâce à Dieu_, 185, 186, 196
_Henrietta_, 245
_Holigost_, 160
_Hotspur_, 271
_Isabel_, 160
_Isle of Wight_, 321
_James_, 246
_James of London_, 185
_Jemmy_, 321
_Jesus_, 160
_Jesus of Lubeck_, 187, 197
_Jullanar_, 305, 328
_Katherine_, 321
_Katherine Pomegranate_, 185
_Kestrel_, 323
_Keying_, 311, 312
_La Blanche Nef_, 138
_La Félipe_, 156
_Las Cinque Llagas_, 216
_Leicester_, 204, 211
_L’Esperance_, 327
_Liverpool_, 273
_Lord of the Isles_, 268
_Louisa_, 324
_Lulworth_, 324
_Macquarie_, 272
_Madre de Dios_, 215
_Mahratta_, 319
_Margaret_, 159
_Marie Rose_, 195
_Martin_, 299
_Martin Garsia_, 174
_Mary_, 289, 321
_Mary Fortune_, 177
_Mary of the Tower_, 174
_Mary Rose_, 185
_Mauretania_, 75, 189, 274
_Merchant Royal_, 204, 211
_Merhonour_, 228
_Meteor_, 331
_Michael of Yarmouth_, 159
_Minion_, 321
_Mora_, 137
_Murrian_, 187, 188
_Newcastle_, 258
_Nicholas_, 160
_Nina_, 180, 183
_Northampton_, 271
_Nyria_, 333
_Oimara_, 326
_Olive Bank_, 273
_Pampas_, 331
_Peter_, 160
_Peter of Wiveton_, 160
_Peter Pomegranate_, 185
_Phœnix_, 245
_Pinkie_, 294
_Pinta_, 180, 183
_Potosi_, 274
_Preussen_, 275
_Prince Royal_, 197, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242
_Prince, The_, 240, 242
_Queen_, 260, 261, 262
_Queen Margaret_, 274
_Rattler_, 263
_Red Dragon_, 221
_Regent_, 174, 180, 184
_Reliance_, 331
_Resolution_, 242, 244
_Royal Charles_, 240, 241
_Royal Frederick_, 260
_Royal George_, 10, 195, 250, 251, 322
_Royal Louis_, 239, 243
_Royal Prince_, 242
_Royal Sovereign_, 229
_Royal Sovereign_ (yacht), 322
_Rupert_, 244
_Sans Pareil_, 257
_Santa Maria_, 53, 176, 180, 181, 183;
modern replica, 180;
model, 182
_Sappho_, 326
_Satanita_, 329
_Scomberg_, 270
_Sea Witch_, 269
_Serica_, 270
_Shamrock_, 10, 282
_Shamrock III._, 331, 332
_Shamrock IV._, 333
_Shipper Berline of Prussia_, 159
_Sir Lancelot_, 270, 271
_Soll Royal_ (_Le Soleil Royal_), 239, 243
_Sovereign_, 175, 179, 180, 184, 185, 242
_Sovereign of the Seas_, 7, 229, 230, 267
_Stonehouse_, 271
_Struse of Dawske_, 187, 188
_Sunbeam_, 297, 327, 330
_Susan_, 221
_Sweepstake_, 177
_Taeping_, 270
_Taitsing_, 270
_Tartarus_, 263
_Terrible_, 250
_Thermopylæ_, 270, 271
_Thistle_, 328
_Thomas W. Lawson_, 296
_Thyatera_, 270
_Tiger_, 190
_Tillikum_, 302
_Trade’s Increase_, 226
_Trinitie_, 159
_Trinity of Wight_, 185
_Trinity Royal_, 160
_Triumph_, 197, 204
_Valhalla_, 327, 330
_Valkyrie_, 330
_Valkyrie I._, 330
_Vanguard_, 201
_Vernon_, 260
_Victoria and Albert_, 322
_Victory_ (Elizabethan), 242
_Victory_ (Nelson’s), 140, 251, 262
_Whang-Ho_, 312
_White Elephant, The_, 240
_White Heather II._, 10, 332
_Xarifa_, 324

Ships, naming of, 125

Ships, sizes, Phœnician, 54;
Roman, 75, 81

Ships, types:
Reconstruction of former types, 6
Actuaria, 86, 107
American clippers, 266
American frigates, 256
American schooner, 296
Ballingers, 160
Barges, 145, 154, 160, 305, 306
Barks, or barques, 139, 208, 272, 273, 300, 301
Barquentine, 298
Bastard galleasses, 206
Bawley, 290
Billy-boy, 303
Bireme, 48
Bomb ketch, 235, 249, 302
Bombay yacht, 309
Brigantine, 208, 300
Brigs, 249, 258, 299, 300
British clippers, 267
Brixham Mumble Bees, 291
Bucca, buss, or buzzo, 124, 139, 145
Burmese junk, 31
Caracks, 139, 140, 160, 170, 173, 215
Caravels, 139, 171, 180
Carra-muzzal, 218
Carvel-built, 166, 190
Catascopiscus, 86
Chasse-Marée, 314
Chinese junk, 31
Cladivata, 88
Clippers, 256, 267
Coasters, 258, 277
Cogs, 145
Collier, steam, 258
Coracle, 103
Corbita, 86
Cornish lugger, 317
Corvettes, 252
Crayers, 185
Cutters, 289
Deal “galley,” 131
Deal luggers, 318
Dhow, 44
Dragon, 124
Dromons, 139, 143
Dug-out, 25, 90, 95
Dutch fly-boat, 294
Dutch galleon, 219
Dutch schuyt, 220, 285
East Indiamen, 258, 264
Egyptian “nugger,” 43
Esnecca, 124, 133, 146
Felucca, 309
Fore-and-aft schooner, 277
Frigate, 205, 208, 232, 252
Galleasses, 69, 204, 205, 206, 212
Galleons, 203, 205, 206, 213, 219
Galleys, 57, 139, 216, 246
Galleys as war-vessels, 171, 204, 206
Galliots, 204, 208, 303
Gloucester schooner, 294
Great ships, 139, 204
Gun-brigs, 249
Hailam junk, 310
Hermaphrodite brig, 300
Hippago, 85, 145
Hoys, 235
Iron barque, 272
Iron ships, 259, 268
Italian merchantman, 206
Jackass barque, 301
Junks, 31, 310
Ketch, 235, 302
Koryak craft, 32
Large sailing ship, 254
Lifeboat, 255
Long serpent, 124, 133, 146
Longship, 124
Lowestoft drifter, 304
Luggers, 312 _et seq._
Merchant vessels, 172, 205, 206
Monoxylon, 95
Motor barges, 280
Motor-propelled ships, 291
Musculus, or mydion, 85
Nave, 218
Norfolk wherry, 307
Paddle-sloop, 263
Paddle-steamers, 263
Paro, 85
Penzance lugger, 318
Pink, 236
Pinnace, 205, 208, 229
Plymouth hooker, 291
Ponto, 87
Portuguese carack, 215
Prosumia, 87
Quadrireme, 65
Schedia, 85
Schooners, 277, 292 _et seq._
Schuyt, Dutch, 220, 285
Scotch “Zulus,” 317
Screw ship, 263
Shallops, 208
Sibbick rater, 309
Skin boats, 102-105
Skuta, 120, 124
Sloops, 220, 249, 292
Snekkja, 124, 133, 146
Spanish treasure-frigates, 214
Square-rigged, 192
Steam collier, 258
“Stumpies,” 305
Tartana, 218
Tesseraria, 85
Thames barge, 305
Three-decker, 227, 229
Topsail schooner, 298
Trireme, 48, 69
Victualling ships, 185
Viking, or double-ended, 90, 106
Viking-like, 171
Visser, 145
Warships, Tudor, 178, 188, 203
Wherry, Norfolk, 307
Yachts, 289, 320 _et seq._
Yarmouth yawl, 315
Yawls, 314
Yorkshire cobble, 60
“Zulus,” 317

Shotover, 234

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 247

Sidon, coins of, 52

Signals, code of, 188, 249

Sigurdson, Harald, 122

Skins for boats, 102-105

Sluys, battle of, 157

Smith’s, Captain John, description of taking a prize, 223-225

Smyth, Mr. Warington, 307, 310

Snape, Suffolk, Viking ship discovered at, 115

Soames & Co., Messrs., 271

Solent, the, 322

Somerscales, Mr. T., 5

South Kensington Museum, models in, 5, 181, 216, 241, 271, 299, 309,
311, 328

Southampton Water, 174

Southend, 290

Spanish Armada. _See_ Armada

Spanish maritime progress, sixteenth century, 180

Spanish seamen, time of Armada, 204

Spanish treasure-frigates, 214

Spars, interchangeable, 260

Speiring’s, Francis, tapestries of Spanish Armada, 207

Spithead, 250

Spritsail, 265, 283

Squaresail, 11, 244, 281

Stanfield, Clarkson, 5

Staysail, 283

Steamships, supersede sailing vessels, 2, 272;
introduction into the Navy, 263

Steele & Co., Messrs., Greenock, 267, 271, 326

Steele, Mr. William, 326

Steering paddles, 146

Sterns, 12, 16, 244, 289;
“canoe,” 276;
circular, 257;
overhanging, 329

Stone age, the, and shipbuilding, 94, 99

Stone implements in modern use, 99

Stow Wood, 234

Stuart, Mr. Villiers, 33

Suez Canal, 272

Suiones, the, 110

Summercastle, 175

Sunderland, 266

Sydney, Sir Philip, 209

Symonds, Sir William, 259, 299

Tacitus, 108, 109

Tacking, the ancients and, 44

Tallow for bottoms of ships, 232

Tapestries, ships on, 130;
Bayeux Tapestry, 17, 134;
Spanish Armada, House of Lords, 207

Tea trade, the China, 268

Teak, 257

Tecklenborg, Messrs. J. C., 275

Telescopes, 193

Terry’s, Captain C. E., model of the _Santa Maria_, 182

Thompson, Messrs. J., & Co., 267, 271

Timbers, diagonal, 257

Tonnage measurement, 231

Topgallant sail, 175

Topmasts, 173, 195

Topsails, 83, 284

Trading vessels. _See_ Merchant ships

Trafalgar, 254, 262;
mistake in signals, 252

Trinity House Corporation, 193;
pictures, 227

Tromp, Admiral van, 285

Trondhjem Fjord, ships found on shores of, 114

Trumpeting on ancient ships, 149

Tudor colours, the, 191

Tudor period, development of ships during the, 221

Tuke, Mr. H. S., 5

“Tumblehome,” 168, 244

Tune Viking ship, 117

Tunis, excavations near, 84

Turkish pirates, vessels of, 218

Turner, J. M. W., R.A., pictures by, 5, 259, 285, 289, 300, 323

Tyre and Sidon, kings of, 49

Union flag, the, 241, 242

Union Jack, the, 254

United Service Museum. _See_ Royal United Service Museum

United States coasting trade, 296

Ursula, St., the pilgrimage of, 4, 162

Valdermoor Marsh, Schleswig-Holstein, boat found at, 95

Vasco da Gama, 51, 184

Velde, Willem Van der, 5, 229, 285, 287, 289

Velleius Paterculus, 102

Veneti, ships of the, 90, 93, 105, 106

Venetian warship (thirteenth century), 142

Venetians, English ships purchased from, 190

Venice, St. Mark’s, mosaics in, 130, 144

Venice, ships of, 153, 170

Victoria and Albert Museum. _See_ South Kensington Museum

Victoria, Queen, 260

Viking ships, 10, 13, 14, 90, 110;
arrangements of, 122, 125, 127;
sails, 122-124;
steering, 156;
navigation, 126;
the Phœnicians and, 92;
connection between and the Mediterranean galleys, 91;
discovery of remains of ships, 115-122

Vikings, the, influence of on ships, 156, 285;
harass England and France, 130;
burial in ship-shape graves, 113-115

Virginia, 246

Voss, Captain J. C., 302

Vroom, Hendrik C., pictures by, 207, 220

Wanhill, Thomas, of Poole, 324, 326

War-galleys, Greek, 60

Warships and warfare, Norse, 124-125

Watson, Mr. G. L., 328

Waymouth, Mr., 271

West Countrymen, _temp._ Elizabeth, 202

West Indiaman, 259

West Indies, 214, 258, 259

Whale-boats, 14

Whitby, 303

White Brothers, Messrs., 331

White Ensign, the, 254, 255

White, Mr. H. W., 331

Whitstable, 290

William the Conqueror, 17, 134

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 191

Wilton, Earl of, 324

Winchelsea, seal of, 149

Winches, 179

Winchester Cathedral, font, 129, 136

Wool trade, Flemish, 154

Woolwich, 227, 246, 250, 321

Wyllie, Mr. W. L., R.A., 5

Wynter, Sir William, 201

Xerxes, 48, 56

Yacht, first, in England, 289;
modification of yacht design, 328;
sterns of Dutch yachts, 243;
the word “yacht,” 320

Yachting, 244, 321 _et seq._;
international yachting rules, 332

Yarborough, Earl of, 323

Yards, 181

Yarmouth, 129, 304, 307, 315

Yonkers, 225

York Museum, ancient boat in, 100

Yorkshire cobble, 60

Zarebas, 22

Zuyder Zee, 282

PLANS

FOOTNOTES:

[1] “Gizeh and Rifeh,” by W. M. Flinders Petrie, London, 1907. (Double volume.)

[2] “A Guide to the Third and Fourth Egyptian Rooms, British Museum,” London, 1904.

[3] “The Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” vol. vi. part ii., “The Koryak”; see pp. 534-538. By W. Jochelson, New York, 1908.

[4] See “The Egypt Exploration Fund: Archæological Report, 1906-1907.”

[5] “The Tomb of Hatshopsitu,” p. 30, by Edouard Naville, London, 1906.

[6] “Egypt Exploration Fund: The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari,” by Edouard Naville.

[7] “The Fleet of an Egyptian Queen,” by Dr. Johannes Duemichen. Leipzig, 1868.

[8] “Egypt Exploration Fund: The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari,” p. 16.

[9] “The Dawn of Civilisation—Egypt,” by Professor Maspero, London, 1894.

[10] For some valuable matter regarding Greek and Roman ships I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the following, especially the first two of these:

“Ancient Ships,” by Cecil Torr, Cambridge, 1894.

“Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romanes,” by Ch. Daremberg (article under “Navis,” by Cecil Torr), Paris, 1905.

“A Companion to Greek Studies,” by L. Whibley, Cambridge, 1905. (See article on “Ships,” by A. B. Cook, p. 475 _et seq._)

[11] “The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation,” by Richard Hakluyt. Preface to the second edition.

[12] Even still more wonderful and more to the point, as having sailed to the entrance of the Mediterranean, is the passage of the _Columbia II._, a tiny ship only 19 feet long with 6 feet beam. Navigated solely by Capt. Eisenbram, she sailed from Boston, U.S.A., to Gibraltar, encountering severe weather on the way, in 100 days. (See the _Times_ newspaper of November 21, 1903.)

[13] An illustration of this will be found in “Pompeji in Leben und Kunst,” by August Mau, Leipzig, 1908.

[14] A model of this ship is to be seen in the Louvre. See “Musée Rétrospectif de la Classe 33. Matériel de la Navigation de Commerce à l’Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900, à Paris. Rapport du Comité d’Installation.”

[15] “Ancient Ships,” by Cecil Torr, Cambridge, 1894.

[16] “Lazari Bayfii annotationes ... de re navali.” Paris, 1536.

[17] See “Caligula’s Galleys in the Lake of Nemi,” by St. Clair Baddeley, article in the _Nineteenth Century and After_, March, 1909; also “Le Navi Romane del Lago di Nemi,” by V. Malfatti, Rome, 1905, which gives an interesting account, with illustrations, of the finding of these galleys, as well as an excellent plan of one of the ships of Caligula as far as she has been explored. She has a rounded stern and pointed bow. An ingenious pictorial effort is made to reconstruct the galley afresh. The book contains photographs of the floats, showing the shape of the boat, and of some of the chief relics recovered in 1895.

[18] “Life of Caligula,” xxxvii.

[19] See p. 245.

[20] Acts xxvii.

[21] “Un Catalogue Figuré de la Batellerie Gréco-Romaine—La Mosaïque d’Althiburus,” par P. Gauckler, in “Monuments et Mémoires.” Tome douzième, Paris, 1905.

[22] “De Bello Civili,” iii. 29.

[23] Sagas—or “says,” narratives—are records of the leading events of the lives of great Norsemen and their families. Hundreds of these records exist, though many of them are purely mythical. They date from a period not earlier than the sixth century of our era, but the downward limit cannot be exactly fixed. Not unnaturally, in such national epics as centre round the kings of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, we find references to sailing ships both frequent and detailed.

[24] “This northern civilisation,” says Du Chaillu, in his account of these people (“The Viking Age,” vol. i. p. 4, London, 1889) “was peculiar to itself, having nothing in common with the Roman world, Rome knew nothing of these people till they began to frequent the coasts of her North Sea provinces, in the days of Tacitus, and after his time, the Mediterranean.... The manly civilisation the Northmen possessed was their own ... it seems to have advanced north from about the shores of the Black Sea, and ... many northern customs were like those of the ancient Greeks.”

[25] Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” iii. chap. 13: “Pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum, illis essent aptiora et accommodatoria.”

[26] “Notes on Shipbuilding and Nautical Terms of Old in the North,” a paper read before the Viking Society for Northern Research by Eiríkr Magnússon. London, 1906.

[27] It was presented to the Hull Museum while this book was in the press, June 1909.

[28] “A Prehistoric Boat,” a lecture by Rev. D. Cary-Elwes. Northampton, 1903.

[29] Tacitus, “Hist.” v. 23.

[30] “Annual Report of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: Prehistoric Naval Architecture of the North of Europe,” by George H. Boehmer. Washington, 1892. (See p. 527.)

[31] Cæsar, “De Bello Civili,” book i. chap. 54: “Imperat militibus Cæsar, ut naves faciant, cujus generis eum superioribus annis usus Britanniæ docuerat. Carinæ primum ac statumina ex levi materia fiebant: reliquum corpus navium viminibus contextum, coriis integebatur.”

[32] Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” III. xiii.: “Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factæ armatæque erant: carinæ aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium, quo facilius vada ac decessum æstus excipere possent: proræ admodum erectæ atque item puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatæ; naves totæ factæ ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam: transtra pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus confixa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis crassitudine; ancoræ pro funibus ferreis catenis revinctæ; pelles pro velis alutæque tenuiter confectæ, [hæc] sive propter lini inopiam atque ejus usus inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis verisimile, quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi velis non satis commode posse arbitrabantur.”

Mr. St. George Stock in his edition (Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” books i.-vii., edited by St. George Stock, Oxford, 1898) understands “transtra” not to mean the rowing benches but crossbeams or decks.

[33] The Veneti lived in the extreme north-west corner of France, and have left behind the name of the town Vannes, facing the Bay of Biscay, and opposite Belle Isle.

The Greeks and Romans having learned their seamanship on the practically tideless waters of the Mediterranean must have been appalled by the ebb and flow of the Northern Seas. Cæsar was ignorant of the moon’s relation to tides until taught by bitter experience. He was taught only by the damage done to his ships in Britain. (“De Bello Gallico,” iv. 29). The Veneti, however, understood all these things, for Cæsar remarks, “quod et naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antecedunt.” Further on he refers to the Bay of Biscay as the great, boisterous, open sea, “in magno impetu maris atque aperto.” (“De Bello Gallico,” book iii. chap. 8). It is to Pytheas (referred to previously) that Plutarch gives the credit of having detected the influence of the moon on tides.

The reader wishing to pursue the subject is referred to “Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul,” by T. Rice Holmes. London, 1899.

[34] Tacitus’ “Annals,” ii. 23 and 6. “Mille naves sufficere visæ properatæque, aliæ breves, angusta puppi proraque et lato utero, quo facilius fluctus tolerarent, quædam planæ carinis ut sine noxa siderent: plures adpositis utrimque gubernaculis, converso ut repente remigio hinc vel illinc adpellerent: multæ pontibus stratæ, super quas tormenta veherentur ... velis habiles, citæ remis augebantur alacritate militum in speciem ac terrorem” (ii. 6).

Mr. Henry Furneaux in his edition of the “Annals” (Oxford 1896), commenting on “pontibus,” thinks these formed a partial deck across the midships which would have the appearance of a bridge when viewed from bow or stern.

[35] Roman ships were sometimes built in 60 days, while there is a record of 220 having been built in 45 days.

[36] Du Chaillu points out the interesting fact that it was not until after the Danes and Norwegians had succeeded in planting themselves in this country that the inhabitants of our land exhibited that love of the sea and ships which has been our greatest national characteristic for so many centuries. Certainly when the Romans invaded Britain our forefathers had no fleet with which to oppose them.

[37] Tacitus, “De situ, moribus et populis Germaniæ libellus,” chap. 44: “Suionum hinc civitates, ipsæ in Oceano, præter viros armaque classibus valent. Forma navium eo differt quod utrinque prora paratam semper appulsui frontem agit: nec velis ministrantur, nec remos in ordinem lateribus adjungunt: solutum, ut in quibusdam fluminum, et mutabile, ut res poscit, hinc vel illinc remigium.”

[38] “Norges Oldtid,” by Gabriel Gustafson. Kristiania, 1906.

[39] “Notes on Shipbuilding and Nautical Terms of Old in the North,” by Eiríkr Magnússon. A paper read before the Viking Club for Northern Research. London, 1906.

[40] Du Chaillu (“The Viking Age,” _vide supra_) attributes these ship-form graves to the Iron Age, and remarks that similar monuments have been found in England and Scotland. “One of the most interesting,” he adds, “is that where the rowers’ seats are marked, and even a stone placed in the position of the mast” (p. 309, vol. i.). This is reproduced in Fig. 27.

[41] For further details as to the Viking mode of burial, the reader is referred to vol. i. chap. xix. of Du Chaillu’s “The Viking Age.”

[42] See “The Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England,” vol. i., by George Stephens, F.S.A., London, 1866.

[43] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” part i., “Wooden Sailing Ships,” p. 60, by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B., London, 1900.

[44] Magnússon’s “Notes on Shipbuilding,” &c., _ut supra_, p. 50.

[45] Reproduced on p. 126, fig. 536, of Prof. Gustafson’s “Norges Oldtid.”

[46] Evidently the early Europeans did not merely make rash voyages, trusting entirely to good luck to reach their port. It is quite clear that they had given serious study to seamanship by the early part of the fifth century, for when Lupus and German, two Gallic prelates, crossed the Channel to Britain in the year 429 A.D., they encountered very bad weather, and Constantius adds that St. German poured oil on the waves. The latter’s earlier days having been spent in Gaul, in Rome and as duke over a wide district, he had evidently picked up this item of seamanship from the mariners of the southern shores. (See Canon Bright’s “Chapters of Early English Church History,” Oxford, 1897, p. 19 and notes.)

[47] “Navi Venete da codici Marini e dipinti,” by Cesare Augusto Levi, Venice, 1892.

[48] See the ship in the seal of Dam, Fig. 40.

[49] “Social England,” edited by H. D. Traill, D.C.L., and J. S. Mann, M.A., London, 1901. See article by W. Laird Clowes, vol. i. p. 589.

[50] See “Handbook to the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British Museum,” London, 1899.

The Edward III. coin will be found to be reproduced on all the publications of the Navy Records Society.

[51] Ballingers were long, low vessels for oars and sails, introduced in the fourteenth century by Biscayan builders.

[52] See “Gentile da Fabriano,” p. 134, by Arduino Colasanti, Bergamo 1909.

[53] See Fig. 37 in “Navi Venete.”

[54] See “The Life and Works of Vittorio Carpaccio,” by Pompeo Molmenti and Gustav Ludwig, London, 1907.

[55] “Hans Memling,” p. 46, by W. H. James Weale, London, 1901.

[56] Reproduced in “Navi Venete,” Fig. 96.

[57] See “Musée Rétrospectif de la Classe 33,” &c.

[58] This MS. has been carefully reproduced in “Monuments et Mémoires,” par Georges Perrot and Robert de la Steyrie. Tome onzième. See article on “Un Manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de Philippe le bon à Saint-Pétersbourg,” Paris, 1904.

[59] See “Ancient and Modern Ships,” p. 74, by Sir G. C. V. Holmes, London, 1900.

[60] “Naval Accounts and Inventories of the Reign of Henry VII.,” edited by M. Oppenheim, Navy Records Society, 1896. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to this valuable volume for much information in connection with Henry VII.’s ships.

[61] In the Middle Ages it was the custom to refer to the masts of a ship possessing four in the manner as above. The aftermost was the bonaventure.

[62] “On the Spanish Main,” by John Masefield, London, 1906. See chap, xvi., on “Ships and Rigs.”

[63] See article by W. Laird Clowes in vol. ii. of Traill and Mann’s “Social England,” London, 1901.

[64] See “Christopher Columbus and the New World of his Discovery,” by Filson Young, London, 1906. The reader is especially advised to study an admirable article in vol. ii. of this work on “The Navigation of Columbus’s First Voyage,” by the Earl of Dunraven.

[65] See “Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes.

[66] London, 1830.

[67] “Navi Venete.”

[68] See “Letters and Papers relating to the War with France, 1512-1513,” by Alfred Spont, Navy Records Society, 1897.

[69] “A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,” vol. i., 1509-1660, by M. Oppenheim, London, 1896.

[70] “On the Spanish Main,” by John Masefield, chap. xvi., on “Ships and Rigs.”

[71] Reprinted in “The Naval Miscellany,” edited by Professor Sir J. K. Laughton, M.A., R.N., vol. i., Navy Records Society, 1902.

[72] This was the Missa Sicca (Messe Sèche), the “Messe Navale,” or “Missa Nautica,” in which no consecration took place.

[73] See “Companion to English History (Middle Ages),” edited by F. P. Barnard, M.A., F.S.A., Oxford, 1902; article on “Shipping,” by M. Oppenheim.

[74] Manwayring, who fought in the English Fleet against the Armada, states that a “cross-sail” (square-rigged) ship in a sea cannot sail nearer than six points, unless there be tide or current setting her to windward.

[75] See chap. iii. p. 78. This revival in Edward VI.’s time of lead sheathing was copied from the contemporary custom among Spanish ships.

[76] P. 16.

[77] “Judicious and Select Essayes,” p. 33.

[78] See article on “Public Health,” by Charles Creighton, on p. 763, vol. i., of Traill and Mann’s “Social England.”

[79] “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” edited by M. Oppenheim, Navy Records Society. See vol. ii. p. 235.

[80] Edited by Professor Sir J. K. Laughton, M.A., R.N., Navy Records Society, 1894.

[81] Given on p. 274 of “State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada,” _vide supra_.

[82] _Ibid._ p. 82.

[83] See “The British Mercantile Marine: a Short Historical Review,” by Edward Blackmore, London, 1897.

[84] “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” edited by M. Oppenheim, Navy Records Society, 1902. See vol. ii. p. 328.

[85] “Papers relating to the Navy during the Spanish War, 1585-1587,” edited by J. S. Corbett, LL.M., Navy Records Society, 1898. I wish to express my indebtedness to this volume, and to Mr. Oppenheim’s “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” for much matter in regard to the different types of Elizabethan ships.

[86] The reader who desires fuller information on the subject is referred to an interesting article “The Lost Tapestries of the House of Lords,” in _Harper’s Monthly Magazine_, April, 1907, from the pen of Mr. Edmund Gosse.

[87] These nettings were at first made of metal chain, but in the time of Elizabeth they were of rope.

[88] The illustration is taken from a print in the British Museum made by an artist who was born in 1620.

[89] It is interesting to note that in the year 1903 some Armada relics, consisting of a bronze breach loader, found fully charged, and a pair of bronze compasses were recovered from the wreck of the Spanish galleon _Florencia_, in Tobermory Bay, Isle of Mull. She had formed one of the Spanish fleet which fled up the North Sea from the English Channel, round the north of Scotland to the west coast, where in August of 1588 this 900-ton ship was blown up.

[90] See “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” vol. ii. p. 318 _et seq._

[91] See vol. x., p. 158, of Maclehose’s edition of 1903.

[92] This map will be found reproduced at p. 171, vol. ii., of Maclehose’s edition of Hakluyt, published in 1903.

[93] That is to say he not merely covers with the canvas-cloth the whole length of the deck to prevent boarding, but the nettings would also be drawn over the waist to catch the falling wreckage of spars. (See Fig. 53.)

[94] Dexterous.

[95] “Boord and boord”—_i.e._, when two ships touch each other.

Manwayring advises against boarding the enemy at the quarter, which is the worst place, because it is high. The best place for entering was at the bows, but the best point for the play of the guns was to come up to her “athwart her hawes”—_i.e._, across her bows. By this means you could then bring all your broadside to play upon her, while all the time the enemy could only use her chase and prow pieces.

[96] I am far from convinced, however, that the drawing is in this respect correct. Edward Hayward in his book on “The Sizes and Lengths of Riggings for all His Majesties Ships and Frigates,” printed in London in 1660, only twenty-three years after the _Sovereign of the Seas_ was launched, makes no mention whatever of either her royals or of any mast or spar above topgallant, although he mentions in detail the masts and yards and rigging and sails other than royals. He does mention, however, that the _Sovereign_ carried a bonnet to be laced on to her spritsail. It is possible, however, that the royals were added in 1684, when she was rebuilt.

[97] See Appendix II. of “Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes.

[98] See “A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,” &c., by M. Oppenheim, p. 268.

[99] Edited by J. R. Tanner, M.A., Navy Records Society, 1896, from the MSS. in the Pepysian Library.

[100] I am indebted for many important details of this reign to “A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval MSS. in the Pepysian Library at Magdalene, Cambridge,” edited by Dr. J. R. Tanner, Navy Records Society, 1903.

[101] “Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations,” p. 29.

[102] But see Chapter IX. of this volume.

[103] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” pp. 111, 112.

[104] “The Royal Navy,” by W. Laird Clowes, London, 1898. See p. 25, vol. ii.

[105] “Life of Captain Stephen Martin, 1666-1740,” edited by Clement R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S., Navy Records Society, 1895. See p. 24.

[106] “Old Sea Wings, Ways and Words in the Days of Oak and Hemp,” by Robert C. Leslie, London, 1890.

[107] For the purpose of not showing too prominently the blood shed in casualties.

[108] For further matter regarding the American frigates, the reader is referred to “American Merchant Ships and Sailors,” by William J. Abbot, New York, 1902.

[109] See pp. 36-37.

[110] For some of the facts in connection with this period I am indebted to articles by the late Sir W. Laird Clowes in his monumental history of “The Royal Navy,” and in Traill and Mann’s “Social England.”

[111] “The Navy Sixty Years Ago,” by Admiral Moresby, in the _National Review_ of December 1908.

[112] See an interesting article by Mr. Frank T. Bullen on “Deep-Sea Sailing” in the _Yachting Monthly_ of August 1907, to which I am indebted for some details of information.

[113] See “La Navigation Commerciale au XIX^e Siècle,” by Ambroise Colin, Paris, 1901.

[114] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” part ii., “The Era of Steam, Iron and Steel,” p. 24, by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B., London, 1906.

[115] “The British Mercantile Marine,” by Edward Blackmore, London, 1897.

[116] In connection with this chapter, I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to certain matter contained in the following:

“Architectura Navalis Mercatoria,” by F. H. Chapman, Holmiæ, 1768; “The History of Yachting,” by Arthur H. Clark, New York, 1904; “Yachting,” by Sir Edward Sullivan, Bart., Lord Brassey, &c., 2 vols., London, 1894-95; “Mast and Sail in Europe and Asia,” by H. Warington Smyth, London, 1906; “Lloyd’s Almanac”; “Lloyd’s Yacht Register,” &c.; the _Yachtsman_; the _Yachting World_; the _Yachting Monthly_.

[117] “Architectura Navalis Mercatoria,” by F. H. Chapman, Holmiæ, 1768.

[118] This vessel was until recently in Portsmouth Harbour.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The page number in the caption of Plate illustrations, a typesetter
indicator, has been removed. These Plates are indicated by the
words ‘to face’ in the List of Illustrations.

Many illustrations have been moved to be closer to the related text.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.

Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added,
when a predominant preference was found in the original book.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

All occurrences of ‘Memlinc’ have been changed to ‘Memling’.

Pg 37: ‘again been stretched’ replaced by ‘again being stretched’.
Pg 94: ‘ancient Northener’ replaced by ‘ancient Northerner’.
Pg 94: ‘found that be could’ replaced by ‘found that he could’.
Pg 201: ‘and at at any rate’ replaced by ‘and at any rate’.
Pg 276: ‘on the i en a single’ replaced by ‘on the mizzen a single’.
Pg 276: ‘continu till they’ replaced by ‘continued till they’.
Pg 328: ‘nas been made’ replaced by ‘has been made’.
Pg 339: ‘postliminis reversis’ replaced by ‘postliminio reversis’.
Pg 340: ‘Darenburg, Ch.’ replaced by ‘Daremberg, Ch.’.
Pg 347: ‘Capelle, Jan’ replaced by ‘Cappelle, Jan’.
Pg 352: ‘Mainwayring, Sir’ replaced by ‘Manwayring, Sir’.
Pg 358: ‘_Vahalla_’ replaced by ‘_Valhalla_’.