Chapter XI: Part 11

Bonaparte was now sure that he had only to show himself in order to be master of the city. The Venetians also made haste to present Bonaparte’s ‘friend,’ Haller, with a little present of six thousand sequins in bullion, in the hope that he would use his kind offices with the great man.

‘I beg you,’ Bonaparte wrote about that time to the Directory, ‘to order the citizen Haller, a scoundrel who

[Sidenote: _Bonnal, Chute, 287._]

has come here to steal, to present his accounts to the head manager’ (‘ordonnateur en chef’).

So much for Bonaparte’s ‘friend.’ The Republic also offered the most profuse hospitality to Madame Baraguay d’Hilliers, in the hope that she would soften her husband’s harsh temper.

By this time Bonaparte knew as well as Condulmer himself that the Venetian fleet was miserably manned, and that the city must yield at once if besieged, and he thought it quite useless to receive any more envoys. Besides, he knew that his propaganda had succeeded in the capital itself; his paid agents had done their work well, and it had been bravely seconded by the manifest incompetence of the government which had exasperated all classes. It is said that there were fifteen thousand republicans ready to answer the first signal as soon as it should be given by Villetard, the Secretary of the French Legation. These were not by any means all of the people, for many ladies of the nobility had been

spending their time in making tricolour cockades, and the government knew it.

The French no longer took the trouble to conceal the preparations they were making for a revolution. A wholesale grocer who played a very suspicious part in the whole affair, Tommaso Zorzi, was dining with Villetard, and heard several Frenchmen speaking of the revolution that was arranged for the next day; it was intended to set up a tree of liberty in the Square of Saint Mark’s and to declare the fall of the aristocratic government. When every one else was gone, Zorzi implored Villetard to put off firing the train, and explained that a large part of the populace would side with their old masters. The French Secretary would promise nothing, and on leaving him Zorzi hastened to the ducal palace and was received by the Doge in spite of the late hour.

He told what he had heard. The Doge sent at once for Pietro Donà, and the two bade Zorzi obtain from Villetard a written declaration of the conditions on which he would consent to give up the revolution. On the following day Zorzi and his friend Spada appeared before the Savi with a paper which they said they had drawn up in the presence of Villetard, who had refused to write anything himself.

The impression one gets in reading this document is that Zorzi and his shadow were in the trick with Villetard. The paper calls them ‘mediators,’

[Sidenote: _Rom. x. 386 for the text._]

talks of ‘pacifically changing the aristocratic forms of government,’ ‘leaving open to the sight of the public the prisons called the Piombi and Pozzi,’ abolishing capital punishment, setting up a tree of liberty in the Square of Saint Mark’s, publicly burning the insignia of the old government, a universal amnesty, and a Te Deum in Saint Mark’s, where the image of the Virgin Mary was to be exhibited.

The paper also named the provisional government, in which the grocer and his shadow were to occupy high positions.

This stuff was not read by Zorzi before the assembly. The Doge deputed Pietro Donà and Francesco Battagia to hear him in a neighbouring room. Donà dismissed him with the remark that the government would wait to discuss such propositions until they were officially laid before the Venetian envoys by Bonaparte himself.

Then Donà returned to the hall and communicated the contents of Zorzi’s paper to the government. The effect was terrific. A few voices protested that no attention should be paid to such an informal proposition, but terror prevailed, and Donà and Battagia were charged to go at once to Villetard to ask him to put off his revolution till the envoys should return from their interview with Bonaparte. Villetard, for reasons known to himself, granted the government a respite of four days.

Meanwhile it was thought wise to dismiss the Slavonic troops, yielding in this to one of the demands expressed in Zorzi’s paper. Their presence ‘irritated’ Villetard. They were accordingly ordered home under the command of Niccolò Morosini, but they did not leave at once.

On the twelfth of May the Great Council met. Early in the morning Villetard had informed Battagia that the Venetian envoys sent to Bonaparte had refused to accept a democratic and representative government, but that the French meant to obtain it by force unless the aristocracy would resign its powers. It was Haller who had brought the news to Villetard after accepting a bribe of six thousand sequins a few days earlier. An American politician once defined a scoundrel as ‘a man who will not stay bought.’

Donà came back with an official letter from Villetard to the Doge, which contained Bonaparte’s ultimatum. The city was in a state of nervous excitement that must break into action before long; the members of the Council were already in terror of their lives while they stood waiting for the hour of meeting. Even then, everything had to be done according to tradition. The patricians were, no doubt, devising more concessions to be made to Bonaparte, as they moved towards the ducal palace, and most of them were ready to sacrifice everything, including their honour, in exchange for personal safety. The last of the Slavonic soldiers were embarking under the direction of the Arsenal men; there were republican conspirators everywhere, and they found their way even to the Doge’s private apartments.

The Council met at the usual hour, and the roll was called. Only 537 members were present, whereas 600 constituted a quorum. It is possible that the many absent members had hoped to obstruct all proceedings by keeping away, for to the last the minutest rules had been observed. But the members who had assembled decided that they had a right to act.

The Doge opened the sitting, pale and overcome. Painfully, and in his Venetian dialect, he recapitulated the acts of the Consulta of Savi and others, who had taken charge of affairs on the thirtieth of April. His miserable speech was followed by the reading of the report of Donà and Battagia, Haller’s letter, and other documents.

The Secretary, Valentin Marin, then read the measure which was brought before the Council.

The Bill had the old sanctimonious tone. ‘The principal purpose of preserving religion,’ etc., were the first words; the measure was, that the Great Council should accept ‘the proposed provisional representative government.’

The Secretary had finished reading the Bill, and was just beginning his comments on it, when the sound of a discharge of musketry rang sharply through the ancient hall. The patricians rushed to the doors. One voice called them back.

‘Divide! Divide!’ it cried, above the din.

To the last gasp formality bound them. Hastily, but not informally, they went through the form of voting. The Bill to accept the democratic government was passed by 512 yeas to 30 nays and 5 blanks.

Then, in the twinkling of an eye, the

[Sidenote: _1797, May twelfth._]

hall was silent and empty.

XVIII

CONCLUSION

The discharge of musketry which had frightened the Great Council out of its senses had been only the parting salute of the Slavonic soldiers as they

[Sidenote: _Tassini, under ‘San Bartolomeo.’_]

sailed out of the harbour. It was the last mark of respect the Venetians of Venice received, and it was by a dramatic coincidence that it was offered at the very instant when the Republic ended. Every one has read how the Doge went back to his own room and

handed his ducal bonnet to his servant, saying that he should not need it again.

What has been less noticed by historians is that General Salimbeni, who knew that the crowd was waiting to know what had taken place, put his head out of a window and shouted ‘Viva la Libertà’; and that when no one broke the silence that followed, he took breath again and shouted ‘Viva San Marco,’ whereupon the multitude took up the cry and cheered till they were hoarse, and the old flag of Saint Mark was hoisted everywhere, and the populace took it into its head to burn down the houses of Donà and Battagia and the grocer Zorzi, and though they were hindered, they did plunder and burn the dwellings of a number of burgher families that had played a double game and had helped to bring on the final catastrophe.

In the midst of this confusion well-armed republican gangs appeared in all directions, and during the night between the twelfth and the thirteenth of May there was a hideous tumult. The last time that Venetian cannon was fired by Venetian orders, it was pointed at Venetians.

On the fifteenth, the French occupied the city as conquerors. On the sixteenth, two notices were put up in the Square of Saint Mark’s. The

[Sidenote: _Molmenti, Nuovi Studi._]

first simply announced that the aristocratic government yielded up its powers to a provisional Municipality which would sit in the hall of the Great Council; and this was the last public document which began with the words, ‘The Most Serene Prince announces,’ etc.

The other informed the public that the provisional Municipality of Venice declared the Great Council to have ‘deserved well of the nation’ because it had abdicated; it thanked particularly the members of the late government which had put down the riot on the night of the twelfth; and it went on to declare a ‘solemn amnesty’ for all political misdeeds, and so forth, and so on.

Then came the usual French nonsense about liberty, equality, brotherhood, peace, the rights of man, and the like; all of which might, perhaps, be excused on the ground of mistaken and foolish sentiment, if we did not know that Bonaparte was even then almost in the act of selling his newly found, free, and equal brothers into slavery to Austria, then the most really absolute despotism in Europe.

The whole affair was a horrible farce. The new Municipality decided to preserve the Lion of Saint Mark as the national symbol, but for the words ‘Pax tibi Marce’ inscribed on the book under the Lion’s paw were substituted the words ‘Rights and Duties of Man and Citizen.’ The gondoliers observed that Saint Mark had at last turned over a new leaf.

The Lion, however, was soon thrown down from his column, and was broken into more than eighty pieces on the pavement. On the fourth

[Sidenote: _Rom. x. 219._]

of June the tree or liberty was raised in the middle of the Square. Around it were grouped emblems of the sciences and arts. Fagots were heaped up near by, to make a fire in which the Golden Book and the ducal insignia were solemnly burned between two statues representing Freedom and Equality. Inane verses were inscribed on the pedestals of

[Sidenote: _Molmenti, Nuovi Studi._]

these images. Lest I should be thought to exaggerate their atrociously bad literary quality I give the original Italian.

One ran:--

Depono la tirannide, Sollevo l’innocente, Ognor lieto e ridente Il popol mio sarà.

The other said:--

Il libro d’ oro abbruciasi L’accende il reo delitto, All’ uom resta il suo dritto La dolce libertà.

The Procuratie, both the old and the new, were renamed, according to the revolutionary dictionary, ‘Gallery of Liberty,’ ‘Gallery of Equality.’

[Sidenote: _Mutinelli, Ult. 218; also Tassini, 591._]

In the course of the month of June began the trial of the three Inquisitors, Agostino Barbarigo, Angelo Maria Gabrieli, and Catterino Corner, and of Pizzamano, the commander of the Lido fort. Even Bonaparte was obliged to admit that there was nothing against them, but he would not allow them to be acquitted; he thought it better policy to pardon them ‘in consideration of their advanced age.’ His letter on the subject is dated the fourth of October. But Pizzamano, though declared free, was still kept in prison at Bonaparte’s pleasure, and on the twenty-sixth of October sent a petition directly to the latter. Bonaparte sent it on to General Serrurier, in Venice, with an order for the man’s liberation written in the margin.

Bonaparte had kept up his comedy to the very last. On the eighth of October, General Balland had given the Venetians, in his chief’s name, the most ample assurances of attachment and devotion.

On the seventeenth, nine days later, by the treaty of Campo-Formio, Bonaparte sold Venice and the whole Venetian territory to the Emperor of Austria, including Dalmatia and Istria, in exchange for the Ionian Islands, the Cisalpine Republic, the Duchy of Modena, and the provinces of Lombardy as far as the Adige and Mantua.

Having got his price for the dead body, Bonaparte proceeded to strip it of everything valuable, so far as he could, before handing it over. The horses of Saint Mark’s were taken down from the façade of the basilica, the most valuable pictures, parchments, and books were packed, and all was sent to Paris.

The farce of freedom was over, and the bitterness of reality came back, harder to bear, perhaps, but as much more honourable, as suffering is more dignified than drunken rioting. On the eighteenth of January 1798 the Austrian garrison took possession of Venice.

Before closing these pages, I shall go back a few months and shall translate Giustina Renier Michiel’s touching account of the scene which took place in Dalmatia, in the preceding month of August, when the Austrians came by sea to take possession of the country.

On the twenty-second of August, Rukavina [the Austrian general]
arrived with a fleet and a thousand soldiers and landed at Pettana,
a mile and a half from Perasto. The

[Sidenote: _G. R. Michiel, Origini. Compare also Rom. x. 249._]

Dalmatians, taken by surprise, and seeing that they had nothing
more to hope, resolved to render the last honours to the great
standard or Saint Mark. To this end the people of Perasto, and of
the neighbouring country, and others, assembled before the palace
of the Captain in command; and he, with twelve soldiers armed with
sabres, and two colour-sergeants, went to the hall where the
standard was, and the colours carried in the field, which Venice
had entrusted many centuries ago to the valour and loyalty of the
brave Dalmatians. They were now to take away those dearly loved
flags; but in the very moment of doing what it broke their hearts
to do, their strength failed them, and they could only shed a flood
of tears.

The throng of people who waited in the Square, not seeing any one
come out again, knew not what to think. So one of the judges of the
town was sent up to ascertain the cause; but he, too, was so much
moved that his presence [in the hall] only increased the grief of
the others. At last the Captain, controlling himself of sheer
necessity, made the painful effort; he took down the flags from the
place where they were hung and attached them to two pikes; and he
handed them to the two colour-sergeants, and they and the soldiers,
led by the lieutenant, marched out of the hall; and after them the
Captain, the Judge, and all the rest. As soon as the well-beloved
standard was seen, the grief and tears of the multitude were
universal. Men, women, and children all sobbed and their tears
rolled down; and nothing was heard but the complaint of mourning,
no doubtful proof of the hereditary devotion of that generous
nation to its Republic.

When the sad procession reached the Square, the Captain unfastened
the flags from the pikes and at the same time the ensign of Saint
Mark on the fort was hauled down, and a salute of twenty guns was
fired. Two armed vessels that guarded the port answered with eleven
guns, and all the merchant vessels saluted also; this was the last
good-bye of sorrowing glory to the valour of a nation. The sacred
colours were placed upon a metal salver and the lieutenant received
them in the presence of the Judge, of the Captain, and of the
people. Then all marched with slow and melancholy steps to the
cathedral. There they were received by the clergy and its chief, to
whom the sacred trust was delivered, and he placed it on the high
altar. Then the Captain commanding spoke the following words, which
were again and again interrupted by quick sobbing, and streaming
tears that came from men’s hearts more truly than from their
eyes:--

‘In this cruel moment,’ he said, ‘that rends our hearts for the
fatal destruction of the Most Serene Venetian Government, in this
last expression of our love and faith, with which we do honour to
the colours of the Republic, let us at least find some consolation,
dear fellow-citizens, in the thought that neither our past deeds,
nor those we have done in these recent times, have led to this sad
office, which, for us, is now become a good deed. Our sons will
know from us, and history will teach all Europe, that Perasto
upheld to the last breath the glory of the Venetian flag, honouring
it and bathing it in universal and most bitter tears.
Fellow-citizens, let us freely pour out our grief; but amidst the
last solemn thoughts with which we seal the glorious career that
has been ours under the Most Serene Government of Venice, let us
turn to these well-loved colours and cry out to them, in our
sorrow, “Dear flag that has been ours three hundred and
seventy-seven years without a break, our faith and courage have
ever kept you unstained both on the sea and wheresoever you were
called to face your enemies, which were the enemies of the Church
also. For three hundred and seventy-seven years our goods, our
blood, and our lives have always been devoted to you, and since you
have been with us, and we with you, we have ever been happy, and
famous on the sea, and victorious on land. No man ever saw us put
to flight with you; with you none were ever found to overcome us.
If these most wretched times of rash action, of corrupt manners, of
dissensions and of lawless opinions that offend nature and the law
of nations had not ruined you in Italy, our goods, our blood, our
lives should still be yours; and rather than have seen you overcome
and dishonoured, our courage and our faith would have chosen to be
buried with you. But since we can do nothing more for you than
this, let your honoured grave be in our hearts, let our desolation
be your highest praise.”’

Then the Captain went up and took a corner of the flag and put it
to his lips as if he could not let it leave them; and all thronged
to kiss it most tenderly, washing it with their hot tears. But as
the sad ceremony had to come to an end at last, these dear colours
were laid in a chest, which the Rector placed in a reliquary
beneath the high altar.

THE DOGES OF VENICE

(ACCORDING TO ROMANIN)

NOTE.--_The Venetian year began on March first, whence the frequent
discrepancies between the dates given by different writers. In this
work every effort has been made to bring all dates under the usual
reckoning._

I. Paolo Lucio Anafesto elected 697 d. 717 Seat in Heraclea.
II. Marcello Tegaliano “ 717 “ 726
III. Orso Ipato “ 726 “ 737 (murdered). Seat in Malamocco.
(From 737 to 742, military governors called ‘Magistri Militum.’)
IV. Teodato Orso elected 742 -- 755 (blinded and deposed).
V. Galla Gaulo “ 755 -- 756 (blinded and exiled).
VI. Domenico Monegario “ 756 -- 764 (blinded and deposed).
VII. Maurizio Galbaio “ 764 d. 787
VIII. Giovanni Galbaio and his
son Maurizio “ 787 -- 804 (both deposed).
IX. Obelerio with his sons
Beato and Costantino “ 804 d. 811 (the father put to death as a traitor).
X. Agnello Partecipazio “ 811 “ 827 Seat henceforth in Rialto.
XI. Giustiniano Partecipazio “ 827 “ 829
XII. Giovanni Partecipazio I “ 829 -- 836 (deposed).
XIII. Pietro Tradonico “ 836 d. 864 (murdered).
XIV. Orso Partecipazio I. “ 864 “ 881
XV. Giovanni Partecipazio II. “ 881 -- 888 (abdicated).
XVI. Pietro Candiano I. “ 888 d. 888 (killed in battle with pirates).
XVII. Pietro Tribuno “ 888 “ 912
XVIII. Orso Partecipazio II. (Badoer) “ 912 -- 932 (abdicated and died a monk).
XIX. Pietro Candiano II. elected 932 d. 939
XX. Pietro Partecipazio (Badoer) “ 939 “ 942
XXI. Pietro Candiano III. “ 942 “ 959
XXII. Pietro Candiano IV. “ 959 “ 976 (murdered).
XXIII. Pietro Orseolo I. “ 976 -- 978 (abdicated and died a monk, with the
reputation of a saint.)
XXIV. Vital Candiano “ 978 -- 979 (abdicated and became a monk).
XXV. Tribuno Memmo “ 979 d. 991
XXVI. Pietro Orseolo II. “ 991 “ 1008
XXVII. Ottone Orseolo “ 1008 -- 1026 (exiled to Constantinople).
XXVIII. Pietro Centranigo “ 1026 -- 1032 (driven out).
XXIX. Domenico Flabianico “ 1032 d. 1043
XXX. Domenico Contarini “ 1043 “ 1071
XXXI. Domenico Selvo “ 1071 “ 1085
XXXII. Vital Falier “ 1085 “ 1096
XXXIII. Vital Michiel I. “ 1096 “ 1102
XXXIV. Ordelafo Falier “ 1102 “ 1118 (died in the Hungarian war).
XXXV. Domenico Michiel “ 1118 “ 1130
XXXVI. Pietro Polani “ 1130 “ 1148
XXXVII. Domenico Morosini “ 1148 “ 1156
XXXVIII. Vital Michiel II. “ 1156 “ 1172 (killed).
XXXIX. Sebastian Ziani “ 1172 “ 1178
XL. Orio Mastropiero “ 1178 -- 1192 (abdicated and became a monk).
XLI. Enrico Dandolo “ 1192 d. 1205 (died in Constantinople).
XLII. Pietro Ziani “ 1205 -- 1229 (abdicated).
XLIII. Jacopo Tiepolo “ 1229 -- 1249 (abdicated).
XLIV. Marin Morosini “ 1249 d. 1253
XLV. Renier Zeno “ 1253 “ 1268
XLVI. Lorenzo Tiepolo “ 1268 “ 1275
XLVII. Jacopo Contarini “ 1275 -- 1280 (abdicated).
XLVIII. Giovanni Dandolo “ 1280 d. 1289
XLIX. Pietro Gradenigo “ 1289 “ 1311
L. Marin Zorzi “ 1311 “ 1312
LI. Giovanni Soranzo “ 1312 “ 1329
LII. Francesco Dandolo “ 1329 “ 1339
LIII. Bartolommeo Gradenigo “ 1339 “ 1343
LIV. Andrea Dandolo “ 1343 “ 1354
LV. Marin Falier elected 1354 d. 1355 (beheaded April 17).
LVI. Giovanni Gradenigo “ 1355 “ 1356
LVII. Giovanni Dolfin “ 1356 “ 1361
LVIII. Lorenzo Celsi “ 1361 “ 1365
LIX. Marco Corner “ 1365 “ 1368
LX. Andrea Contarini “ 1368 “ 1383
LXI. Michel Morosini “ 1383 “ 1384
LXII. Antonio Venier “ 1384 “ 1400
LXIII. Michel Steno “ 1400 “ 1413
LXIV. Tommaso Mocenigo “ 1413 “ 1423
LXV. Francesco Foscari “ 1423 -- 1457 (deposed, and died a few days later).
LXVI. Pasquale Malipiero “ 1457 d. 1462
LXVII. Cristoforo Moro “ 1462 “ 1471
LXVIII. Niccolò Tron “ 1471 “ 1474
LXIX. Niccolò Marcello “ 1474 “ 1474
LXX. Pietro Mocenigo “ 1474 “ 1476
LXXI. Andrea Vendramin “ 1476 “ 1478
LXXII. Giovanni Mocenigo “ 1478 “ 1485
LXXIII. Marco Barbarigo “ 1485 “ 1486
LXXIV. Agostino Barbarigo “ 1486 “ 1501
LXXV. Leonardo Loredan “ 1501 “ 1521
LXXVI. Antonio Grimani “ 1521 “ 1523
LXXVII. Andrea Gritti “ 1523 “ 1538
LXXVIII. Pietro Lando “ 1538 “ 1545
LXXIX. Francesco Donato “ 1545 “ 1553
LXXX. Marcantonio Trevisan “ 1553 “ 1554
LXXXI. Francesco Venier “ 1554 “ 1556
LXXXII. Lorenzo Priuli “ 1556 “ 1559
LXXXIII. Girolamo Priuli “ 1559 “ 1567
LXXXIV. Pietro Loredan “ 1567 “ 1570
LXXXV. Aloise (Luigi) Mocenigo “ 1570 “ 1577
LXXXVI. Sebastian Venier “ 1577 “ 1578
LXXXVII. Niccolò Da Ponte “ 1578 “ 1585
LXXXVIII. Pasquale Cicogna “ 1585 “ 1595
LXXXIX. Marin Grimani “ 1595 “ 1606
XC. Leonardo Donà “ 1606 “ 1612
XCI. Marcantonio Memmo “ 1612 “ 1615
XCII. Giovanni Bembo “ 1615 “ 1618
XCIII. Niccolò Donà “ 1618 “ 1618
XCIV. Antonio Priuli “ 1618 “ 1623
XCV. Francesco Contarini “ 1623 “ 1624
XCVI. Giovanni Corner “ 1624 “ 1630
XCVII. Niccolò Contarini “ 1630 “ 1631
XCVIII. Francesco Erizzo elected 1631 d. 1646
XCIX. Francesco Molin “ 1646 “ 1655
C. Carlo Contarini “ 1655 “ 1656
CI. Francesco Corner “ 1656 “ 1656
CII. Bertuccio Valier “ 1656 “ 1658
CIII. Giovanni Pesaro “ 1658 “ 1659
CIV. Domenico Contarini “ 1659 “ 1674
CV. Niccolò Sagredo “ 1674 “ 1676
CVI. Aloise Contarini “ 1676 “ 1683
CVII. Marcantonio Giustiniani “ 1683 “ 1688
CVIII. Francesco Morosini “ 1688 “ 1694
CIX. Silvestro Valier “ 1694 “ 1700
CX. Aloise Mocenigo “ 1700 “ 1709
CXI. Giovanni Corner “ 1709 “ 1722
CXII. Aloise Sebastian Mocenigo “ 1722 “ 1732
CXIII. Carlo Ruzzini “ 1732 “ 1735
CXIV. Luigi Pisani “ 1735 “ 1741
CXV. Pietro Grimani “ 1741 “ 1752
CXVI. Francesco Loredan “ 1752 “ 1762
CXVII. Marco Foscarini “ 1762 “ 1763
CXVIII. Aloise Mocenigo “ 1763 “ 1779
CXIX. Paolo Renier “ 1779 “ 1788
CXX. Ludovico Manin “ 1788 -- 1797 (abdicated with the aristocratic government).

TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL DATES IN VENETIAN HISTORY

A.D. 421 (about) Venice founded by fugitives from Aquileia, Altinum, and Padua. (According to tradition on March 25, 421, at noon.) 697 Paulus Lucas Anafestus of Heraclea chosen as first Doge. 809 Pepin, son of Charlemagne, attempts to take Venice and is defeated. 828 (about) The body of Saint Mark is brought to Venice, and he is proclaimed protector of the Republic in place of Saint Theodore. 959 (about) The brides of Venice and their dowries are carried off by Istrian pirates. 975 The first basilica of Saint Mark is destroyed by fire. 998 Pietro Orseolo is acclaimed as Doge of Venice and Dalmatia. 998 The Emperor Otho III. visits Venice secretly. 1009 Venice is ravaged by the plague. 1099 Venetians defeat the Pisans off Rhodes. 1123 Defeat of the Turks at Jaffa. 1123 The Doge Domenico Michiel takes Tyre. 1167 Venice joins the Lombard League, with Verona, Padua, Milan, Bologna, and other cities. 1172 Institution of the Great Council, in which membership is open and elective. 1177 The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa makes submission to Pope Alexander III. at Venice. 1177 The ceremony of the Espousal of the Sea by the Doge instituted. 1202 (Oct. 8) The Venetian fleet sets out for the Fourth Crusade under the Doge Enrico Dandolo. 1204 (April 12) Constantinople taken by the Venetian and French forces. 1277 Membership in the Great Council limited to those of legitimate birth. 1297 Closure of the Great Council, in which membership becomes a privilege of the nobles. 1300 Conspiracy of Marino Bocconio. 1310 Conspiracy of Marco Quirini and Bajamonte Tiepolo. 1335 Permanent institution of the Council of Ten. 1348 Venice loses half her population by the plague. 1354 Conspiracy of Marino Faliero. 1379-80 War of Chioggia. 1404-54 During this time Venice possesses herself, on the mainland, of Padua, Ravenna, Verona, Treviso, Vicenza, Brescia, Bergamo, Feltre, Belluno, Crema, and Friuli. 1405 Carlo Zeno takes Padua from Carrara. 1426 League with Florence concluded. Brescia surrenders to the allied forces, the Venetian troops being commanded by Carmagnola. 1428 Bergamo surrenders to Carmagnola. 1432 (May 5) Carmagnola executed as a traitor to the Republic. 1437 Erasmo da Narni, nicknamed Gattamelata, is made commander of the Venetian army. 1449 Bartolommeo Colleoni is commander of the Venetian forces. 1453 (May 29) Constantinople taken by the Turks. Many Venetians are massacred and much Venetian property destroyed. 1477 Scutari, besieged by the Turks, is successfully defended by Antonio da Lezze. 1489 Venice annexes Cyprus, leaving Catharine Cornaro the empty title of its Queen. 1508 League of Cambrai, between the Emperor Maximilian, Pope Julius II., Louis XII. of France, and Ferdinand of Aragon. 1571 (Oct. 7) Battle of Lepanto won by the allied fleets of Venice, Genoa, the Holy See, and Spain, commanded respectively by Sebastiano Venier, Andrea Doria, and Marcantonio Colonna, under Don John of Austria as commander-in-chief. 1574 Visit of Henry III. of France. 1575-7 Venice, swept by the plague, loses one-fourth of her population, Titian among them. Church of the Redentore built to commemorate its cessation. 1577 (Dec. 20) Fire destroys the Hall of the Great Council, with many magnificent works of art. 1630 Another visitation of the plague, commemorated by the Church of the Salute.

1715-18 The Turks wrest from Venice Crete and the Peloponnesus. 1784 Angelo Emo, the last Venetian leader, humbles the Bey of Tunis. 1788 Election of the 120th and last Doge, Ludovico Manin. 1796 The ceremony of the Espousal of the Sea by the Doge takes place for the last time. 1797 (April 18) General Bonaparte, by the treaty of Campo-Formio, cedes to Austria the Venetian provinces between the Po, the Oglio, and the Adriatic, in exchange for Romagna, with Ferrara and Bologna. 1797 (May 12) The Doge Ludovico Manin abdicates, and the Great Council accepts the Provisional Government required by General Bonaparte. 1798 (Jan. 18) The Austrian garrison takes possession of Venice. 1866 (Oct. 19) Austria cedes Venice to Napoleon III., who transfers it to Victor Emanuel II., King of Italy.

SOME EMINENT MEN AND WOMEN CONNECTED WITH VENICE

_The places where some of the principal works of Painters and Architects may be seen are given in this list, which, however, is by no means exhaustive._

ARCHITECTS

(_Many of these were also Sculptors._)

1618-1684. GIUSEPPE BENONI.

The Dogana.

(Not known)-1529. BARTOLOMMEO BON.

Ducal Palace, S. Maria dell’ Orto, Scuola di San Rocco, Palazzo Foscari.

(Not known)-about 1680. BALDASSARE LONGHENA.

S. Maria degli Scalzi, S. Maria della Salute, Palazzo Giustiniani Lolin, Palazzo Rezzonico, Palazzo Pesaro.

1518-1580. ANDREA PALLADIO.

Ducal Palace, San Giorgio Maggiore, Il Redentore.

1512-1597. GIOVANNI ANTONIO DA PONTE.

The Rialto.

1484-1549. MICHELE SAMMICHELE.

Palazzo Grimani, Palazzo Corner Mocenigo, Castello di S. Andrea.

1479-1570. JACOPO SANSOVINO.

Ducal Palace, Libreria Vecchia, Loggietta, Procuratie Nuove, Zecca, S. Giuliano, S. Salvatore, S. M. Mater Domini, Palazzo Corner, Palazzo Manin.

1552-1616. VINCENZO SCAMOZZI.

Ducal Palace, Libreria Vecchia, Procuratie Nuove, I Tolentini, Palazzo Contarini degli Scrigni.

CONDOTTIERI

1390-1432. CARMAGNOLA (FRANCESCO BUSSONE).

1400-1475. BARTOLOMMEO COLLEONE.

(Not known)-1443. GATTAMELATA (ERASMO DA NARNI).

His statue by Donatello is at Padua.

1401-1466. FRANCESCO SFORZA.

MEN AND WOMEN OF LETTERS

1492-1566. ARETINO (PIETRO BACCI), Essayist and Playwright.

(About) 1510-1571. ANDREA CALMO, Essayist and Poet.

1310-1354. ANDREA DANDOLO, Historian.

1554-(after 1591). VERONICA FRANCO, Poetess.

1707-1793. CARLO GOLDONI, Playwright.

1720-1806. CARLO GOZZI, Playwright and Satirist.

1449-1515. ALDUS MANUTIUS, Printer.

1512-1574. PAULUS MANUTIUS (son of ALDUS), Printer.

1547-1597. ALDUS MANUTIUS (son of PAULUS, and grandson of ALDUS I.), Printer.

1755-1832. GIUSTINA RENIER MICHIEL, Historian.

1523-1554. GASPARA STAMPA, Poetess.

PAINTERS

1556-1629. ALIENSE (ANTONIO VASILLACCHI).

Ducal Palace, Accademia delle Belle Arti.

1510-1592. BASSANO (JACOPO DA PONTE).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, Museo (Civico).

1548-1591. BASSANO (FRANCESCO DA PONTE, eldest son of JACOPO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, San Giacomo dell’ Orio.

1558-1623. BASSANO (LEANDRO DA PONTE, third son of JACOPO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia.

1400-1470. JACOPO BELLINI (father of GENTILE and GIOVANNI).

Accademia, Museo Civico.

1421-1501. GENTILE BELLINI (eldest son of JACOPO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, Museo Civico, S. Giobbe.

1426-1516. GIOVANNI BELLINI (second son of JACOPO).

Accademia, San Francesco della Vigna, Frari, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, S. Pietro Martire at Murano, Museo Correr.

1491-1553. BONIFAZIO (IL VENEZIANO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, S. Salvatore, S. Leo, S. Angelo Raffaele.

1513-1588. PARIS BORDONE.

Ducal Palace, Accademia, S. Giovanni in Bragora, S. Giobbe, S. Maria dell’ Orto.

1697-1768. CANALETTO (ANTONIO CANAL).

Accademia, Museo Civico.

(About) 1450-1522. VITTORE CARPACCIO.

Ducal Palace, Accademia, S. Giorgio degli Schiavoni, S. Vitale, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Museo Correr.

1675-1757. ROSALBA CARRIERA.

Accademia, Museo Correr.

1549-1605. GIOVANNI CONTARINI.

Ducal Palace.

1477-1511. GIORGIONE (GIORGIO BARBARELLI).

Accademia, Palazzo Giovanelli.

1712-1793. FRANCESCO GUARDI.

Accademia, Museo Civico.

(Unknown)-1515 or 1529. PIETRO LOMBARDO.

Ducal Palace.

1702-1762. PIETRO LONGHI.

Museo Civico, Palazzo Grassi.

1480-1548. JACOPO PALMA (PALMA VECCHIO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, S. Maria dell’ Orto, S. Maria Formosa, Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni, S. Cassiano.

1544-1628. JACOPO PALMA (PALMA GIOVANE, great-nephew of PALMA VECCHIO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, Frari.

1566-1638. SANTE PERANDA.

Ducal Palace.

1693-1769. GIOVANNI BATTISTA TIEPOLO.

La Fava, Gli Scalzi, I Gesuati, S. Martino, Palazzo Labia.

1512-1594. TINTORETTO (JACOPO ROBUSTI).

Ducal Palace, Scuola di San Rocco, Accademia, S. Maria dell’ Orto, S. Maria della Salute, Hospital of S. Marco, S. Cassiano.

1519-1594. DOMENICO TINTORETTO (son of JACOPO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia.

1477-1576. TITIAN (TIZIANO VECELLIO).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, Scuola di San Rocco, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Frari, S. Maria della Salute.

1545-1611. MARCO VECELLIO (nephew of TITIAN).

Ducal Palace.

1528-1588. PAUL VERONESE (PAOLO CALIARI).

Ducal Palace, Accademia, S. Pantaleone, S. Catarina, S. Francesco della Vigna.

1568-1637. GABRIELE CALIARI (eldest son of PAOLO).

Ducal Palace.

1539-1614. ANDREA VICENTINO (DEI MICHIELI).

Ducal Palace.

1525-1608. ALESSANDRO VITTORIA.

Palazzo Balbi, Decorations of the Scala d’ Oro in the Ducal Palace.

1543-1616. FEDERIGO ZUCCARO.

Ducal Palace.

SCULPTORS

1757-1822. ANTONIO CANOVA.

Accademia, Frari, Arsenal, Museo Civico, Palazzo Trèves.

1435-1488. VERROCCHIO (ANDREA CIONI DI MICHELE).

Square of SS. Giovanni e Paolo.

INDEX

Academies, 147-149

Academy of ‘La Fama,’ 160

Accoramboni, Vittoria, 58

Adams, Brooks, 164
John, 362

Adige, the, 178, 385, 417

Adriatic, 134, 169, 356, 396

Agrippa, Marcus, statue of, 319

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 362

Albanians, 350

Albrizzi, Isabella Teodochi, 264

Aldine Academy, 147, 154

Aldine press, 154

Algerian pirates, 358

Alviano, Bartolomeo d’, 67

Ambassadors, 77-94

American War of Independence, 362

‘Angel Gabriel,’ war-galley, 171

Architects, 429

Archives of--
Council of Ten, 153, 164, 212, 333
Inquisitors of State, 284, 321
Senate, 363

Aretino, Pietro, 136-144, 147, 196

Aristocracy, Venetian--
laws relating to baptism, 6
marriage laws, 6-8
registration of births and marriages, 7

Aristotle’s works, first Greek edition, 150-151, 152

Armenians, 114

Arsenal, the, 95-98, 172, 194, 228, 270, 272, 274, 275, 276, 312, 349, 351-354

Arsenalotti, 97, 98, 184

Art, dramatic, 278-280

Arundel, Countess of, 216-218
Sir John, 164

Athens, 227

Augsburg, 68, 182

Austria, 223, 224, 226, 362, 367, 371, 372, 377, 378, 379, 387, 388, 389, 393, 394, 396, 399, 415
Emperor of, 417

Avogadori, the, 6, 296

Badoer, Federigo, 159-161

Bailo of Constantinople, 81, 341

Balland, General, 417

Ballarin, Zorzi, 103

Ballot-boxes, office of carrying, 8

Balsamo, Giuseppe, 316-317

Bandits, 52-53, 55

Banquets, ducal, 337-340

Baraguay d’Hilliers, General, 389, 400, 406

Barbaro, Marcantonio, 8, 78, 79

Barbarigo, Agostino, 416

Barchi, Giacomo, 331, 332

Baschet, M. Armand, 37, 94, 219
_Souvenirs_ of, 85, 183

Basilica of Saint Mark, 66, 172, 267, 342

Bastionero, 112

Battagia, Francesco, 409, 410, 411

Beaufort, Duc de, 226

Beaulieu, General, 379

Bellini, the, 98, 133
Gentile, 107

Bembo, Cardinal, 150, 156

Beneto, Domenico, 22

Benzon, Marina, 257

Bergamo, 84, 332, 387, 389, 392

Bernardo, Pietro, 148-149

Beroviero, Angelo, 103-105
Marietta, 103, 104

Berthier, Marshal, 383

Bey of Tunis, 358-359

Biri Grande, 134

Bisaccia, Bishop of, 84

‘Black Cabinet,’ 371, 372

‘Black Inquisitors,’ 14

Boleyn, Anne, 91

Bollani, Bishop Pietro, 60

Bologna, 389, 396

Bonaventuri, Pietro, 121-127

Bonnal, 381, 388

Bragadin, Marcantonio, 170-171

Braschi, Cardinal, 256

Bravi, 52-53, 55, 56, 60, 64, 320-332

Brenta, the, 178, 251

Brescia, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 383, 387, 388, 389

Bridge. _See_ Ponte
of San Lio, 205
of Sighs, 46

British Constitution, 88

Brown, Horatio, 131, 347
Rawdon, 65, 86

Bruno, Giordano, 26-29, 196

Bucentaur, 178, 184, 229, 270-276

Burano lace, 109

Businallo, 240

Byron, Lord, 217

Byzantine Empire, 119

Cæsar, Julius, 346

Cæsars, the Roman, 175

Café Ancilotto, 317

Cagliostro, Count. _See_ Balsamo, Giuseppe

Calmo, Andrea, 139-140

Calvisano, 326

Cambrai, League of, 66, 67, 198, 386
treaty of, 86

Cambridge University, 88

Campanile, 141

Campo-Formio, treaty of, 396, 417

Canova, Antonio, 269

Cappelletti, the, of Verona, 68

Cappello, the, 63, 64
Bartolommeo, 121, 123
Bianca, 121-128, 129
Vittor, 46

Carbonare, Marchesa, 329-330

Carlowitz, treaty of, 230

Carpaccio, 106, 116, 120, 132, 133

Casali, Marchese, 329

Casanova, Jacopo, 281

Castaldi, 149

Catharine of Aragon, 87, 91

Catherine the Great, 341

Cattaro, fortress of, 221

Cesaresco, Count Martinengo, 322

Charles V., Emperor, 137, 182

Charles VIII. of France, 168, 394

Charles IX. of France, 176

Chateaubriand, 260-261
_Mémoires d’Outre Tombe_ by, 262

Cherasco, treaty of, 225

Chesterfield, Lord, 320

Chioggia, 5, 45, 118

Chioggia, Zarlino da, 180

Chiribini, Andrea, 275-277

Churches of--
the Frari, 149
the Madonna della Salute, 225
the Redentore, 225
the Serviti, 360
the Tolentini, 343
Saint Pantales, 131
Saint Patrinian, 154
San Basso, 143, 343
San Giacomo, 181
San Giovanni e Paolo, 171
Sant’ Eustachio, 219
Santa Maria Formosa, 210
Santo Stefano, 230

Cicero’s _Rhetoric_, 151

‘Cicisbei,’ 240-241

Cicogna, Emanuele, 312-315

Cisalpine Republic, 332, 417

Cispadane Republic, 389

Clogs, 128-129

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 108

Collalto, Collaltino di, 162

College of Nobles, 292
of Painters, 146

Colonna, Marcantonio, 173

Commines, Philippe de, 168

Condottieri, 430

Constantinople, 40, 45, 78, 81, 169, 171, 175

Contarini, Andrea. _See under_ Doges

Convent of Santo Stefano, 196

Convents, 234-239

Corinth, 227
Gulf of, 171, 230

Corner, Catterino, 416

Council of Ten, 2, 11-19, 22, 36, 50, 55, 60, 62, 64, 66, 71, 73, 75, 86, 100, 102, 114, 121, 123, 126, 150, 160, 162, 176, 195, 212, 214, 219-222, 227, 248, 281, 282, 296-302, 304, 310, 320, 323, 326-328, 392

Couriers, State, 84-86

Courtesans, 130-131

Crema, 382, 383, 387

Crete, 225-227, 349

Criminal history, Venetian, 51-66

Cristofoli, Cristofolo de’, 311-321, 331

Cromwell, Oliver, 175

Crusades, the, 4

Cyprus, 170, 175

Dalmatia, 230, 386, 417, 418

Dandolo, Andrea, 312
Vincenzo, 60
_See also under_ Doges

Dante, 36, 95, 205

Danube, the, 349

Daru, 11, 12, 105

Deserto, island of, 134

Didot, M., 151, 152, 153

Diplomacy, Venetian, 77-94

Directory, French, 377, 378, 381, 383, 388, 396, 406

Doge, the, palace of, 22, 97
restrictions on freedom of, 43-50

Doges--
Contarini, Andrea, 45, 226
Dandolo, Enrico, 45, 174, 226
Leonardo, 209
Donà, Leonardo, 12, 166
Erizzo, Francesco, 49, 226
Foscari, Francesco, 44
Foscarini, Marco, 254, 256, 334-335
Giustiniani, Marcantonio, 49
Gradenigo, Bartolommeo, 84
Grimani, Antonio, 49
Gritti, Andrea, 38, 49, 116
Manin, Ludovico, 347, 359, 394
Mastropiero, Orio, 268
Mocenigo, Aloise (Luigi), 49, 172, 186
Aloise IV., 335-340
Giovanni, 45
Moro, Cristoforo, 46
Morosini, Francesco, 49, 107, 227-230
Renier, Paolo, 340-343
Steno, Michel, 46, 190
Valier, Silvestro, 230

Dogess, the, in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 47

Dolfin, Daniele, 372, 363

Don John of Austria, 171

Doná, Francesco, 398, 404
Leonardo. _See under_ Doges
Niccolò, 12
Pietro, 408, 409, 410, 411

Dress and fashion, 34-38, 128, 242-245, 249

Drownings, official, 18-19

‘Ducal promise,’ 220

Ducat, gold, 92

Ducks, tribute of, 48-50

Edward III. of England, 84

Egina, 230

Elections of Doge, cost of, 345-346

Elizabeth, Queen of England, 86

Emo, Alvise, 295
Angelo, 356-360

England, 19, 27, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 165, 175, 214, 215, 219, 263, 356, 374, 377, 398
Venetian ambassadors to, 83-93

Erasmus, 152

Erizzo, Francesco. _See under_ Doges

‘Espousal of the Sea,’ ceremony of the, 270-275

Euganean Hills, 134

Executives against Blasphemy, 24
of the Ten, 14

Exhibition, first Universal Industrial, 268

Fair of the Ascension, 266-277

Falier, Ludovico, 86-93

Fata Morgana, 134

Father Inquisitor, 24, 28

Faust, Johann, 149

Feasts of--
Ascension, 267, 337
Candlemas, 210
Saint Jerome, 337
Saint Justina, 172
Saint Mark, 337
Saint Stephen, 337
Saint Vitus, 337

Feliciani, Lorenza, 316

Feltre, 149

Ferdinand of Aragon, 198

Ferrara, 221, 389, 396

Filiasi, 262

Florence, 110, 116

Florentines, 4

Fornaretto, legend of, 65-66

Forts of--
San Nicola, 395
Sant’ Andrea, 396

Foscari, Francesco. _See under_ Doges

Foscarini, Antonio, 19, 214-220
Marco. _See under_ Doges

Foscolo, Ugo, 261

Foundling Asylum, 8

France, 42, 74, 79, 100, 106, 108, 116, 165, 175, 199, 224, 242, 250, 288, 311, 352, 356, 359, 362-379, 360-417

Francis I. of France, 74, 75, 137

Franco, Veronica, 131, 182-183

Frangipane, Cristoforo, 66-76

Franklin, Benjamin, 362

Frederick III., Emperor, 105-106

Frederick IV. of Denmark, 245

Freemasonry, 311-316

French Revolution, 234, 340, 347, 363-379, 381

Friuli, 67, 386

Fugger family of Augsburg, 181-182

Fulin, Signor, 14, 17, 19

Fusina, 401

Gabrieli, Angelo Maria, 416

Galilei, Galileo, 164-167
letter of, quoted, 166-167

Gambara, the, 321-322
Count Alemanno, 321-333
Countess Giulia, 324
Francesco, 331, 332

Gambling establishments, 194, 201, 245-246

Garda, Lake of, 36

Genoa, 4, 98, 379

Germany, 74, 165

Geronimo, Count, 57-59

Gibraltar, Straits of, 358

Ginevra, Countess, 57-60

Giovanna of Austria, Archduchess, 126

Giraldi, 65

Giudecca, the, 202, 277

Giustiniani, Angelo Giacomo, 404
Leonardo, 398
Marcantonio. _See under_ Doges
Onofrio, 172

Glass-works, 98-106

Gloucester, Duke of, 263

Godi, Paolo, 103

‘Golden Book,’ the, 5, 7, 100, 144, 294, 378, 416

Goldoni, 232, 236-238, 241, 247, 270, 277-280, 302, 304, 305-309, 355

Gondolas, 38-42, 201

Gonzaga, Carlo, 224, 225
Ferrante, 224
Princess, 252-254

Goritz, 70, 392

Goro, 368

Government of Venice--
aristocratic, 2
provisional, 411

Gradenigo, Bartolommeo. _See under_ Doges
Giuseppe, 295

Grand Canal, 336

Gratarol, 341

Gratz, 398

Great Council, the, 5, 7, 8-10, 44, 45, 47, 48, 78, 120, 141, 191, 222, 230, 231, 243, 288-296, 341, 371, 384, 401, 405, 410, 411, 415

Greek archipelago, 169

Greeks, 114, 119

Grimani, Antonio. _See under_ Doges
Cardinal Domenico, 319

Gritti, Andrea. _See under_ Doges
Luca, 195

Guttenberg, Johannes, 149

_Halimedia Opuntia_, 108

Hall of the Great Council, 179, 195
burning of, 98, 155

Hapsburg family, 169

Henin, M., 368-373

Henry III. of France, 42, 98, 175-186, 251

Henry IV. of France, 208, 210, 214, 378

Henry VIII. of England, 86-92

Heretics, 25, 28

High Chancellor, 82

Hoffmann, 267

Holy Inquisition, 11, 23

Holy Office, 23-34, 146
diagram of Court of, 25

Holy Roman Empire, 12, 199

Homer, 341

‘Hose Club,’ the, 42, 189-201, 278

Hospice of Saint Ursula, 277

Hôtel Danieli, 72

Hungary, 199, 349

Illasi, 57
Castle of, 60

Inquisition, the, 11, 23

Inquisitors--
of Council of Ten, 13, 14
of Holy Office, 11, 23-34, 281
of State, 11-22

Ionian Islands, 417

Istria, 67, 417

Ivan Strashny, the Terrible, 175

Ivry, battle of, 378

James I. of England, 215

Japanese envoys in Venice, 186-187

Jefferson, Thomas, 362

Jews, 111, 114

Joseph II., Emperor, 107

Joyeuse, Cardinal de, 210

Judenburg, 393

Juliet, 68

Junot, Marshal, 393, 394, 398

Jupiter’s moons, 167

Knights of the Golden Stole, 82-83, 127, 163

Knights of Malta, 225

Kugler, Franz, 118

La Forét, 215

Lace-making, 105-110

Ladies, Venetian, of eighteenth century, 234-246
of sixteenth century, 117-131

Landrieux, General, 389, 392

Lange, Apollonia von, 68-76

Laugier, 105

Laws, sumptuary, 34-43, 201
Venetian Code, 160, 222, 223

Legends, Venetian, 201-206

Legnago, fort of, 385, 387

Leoben, treaty of, 396, 399

Lepanto, battle of, 49, 171-175

Lezze, Antonio da, 3

Lido, the, 176, 178, 180, 229, 275, 392, 395, 399, 405

Lion of Saint Mark, 415

Lions of marble from Pentelicus, 228

‘Lions’ Mouths’ (boxes), 222

Liptay, General, 383

Lizzafusina, 76

Lodron, Count of, 68

Lombards, 119

Lombardy, 320, 382, 417

Longhi, 232, 233

Louis XII., 162, 198

Louis XIV., 106, 107, 108, 226, 291

Louis XVI., 359, 364, 366, 372

Louis XVII., 375, 376

Louis XVIII., 375, 376, 378

Luca, chief of the Niccolotti, 179

Luther, Martin, 132

Maffei, Andrea, 265
Marchese Scipione, 391

Magistracies of Venice--
aristocratic, 1-11
in eighteenth century, 299

Malamani, V., 316

Malta, 349, 359, 367

Manin, Ludovico. _See under_ Doges

Mantua, 224-225, 384, 387, 388, 399, 417
Duke of, 176, 399

Manutius, Aldus, 146, 149-154
Paulus, 154, 160

Marcello, Benedetto, 280
Lorenzo, 226

Maria Teresa, Empress, 343

Marin, Valentin, 411

Martel, Charles, 175

Martini, Signor, 117

Mary, Queen of Scots, 93

Masséna, Marshal, 384

Mastropiero, Orio. _See under_ Doges

Maurice of Nassau, 165

Maximilian, Emperor, 66, 67, 68, 71, 198

Mayne, Christopher, 164

Medici, Cardinal Ferdinando dei, 124, 127, 165
Cosmo dei, 124, 126
Francesco dei, 124-127
Isabella dei, 58, 124
Maria de’, 214

Mediterranean, the, 169, 175, 357

Men and women of letters, 430

Merceria, the, 242

Messina, 170

Mestre, 111

Michelangelo, 116

Michiel, Giustina Renier, 234, 242, 254-265, 272, 337, 338, 342, 417-420
Marcantonio, 256

Milan, 75, 76, 208, 381, 382, 389
Duke of, 194

Ministry of Public Worship, European, 23

Mocenigo, Alvise, 404
Giovanni, 27, 28
Sebastiano, 343
_See also under_ Doges

Modena, 379, 389, 417

Molière, 255

Molinari, Carlo, 327, 328, 331

Molmenti, 26, 35, 48, 57-65, 132, 283

Monasteries of--
the Carità, 197
Saint George, 22
San Geremia, 368

Money-lenders, 111-115

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 217

Montecchi, Romeo, 68

Montesquieu, 175, 319-320

Monti Vincenzo, 256

Moorish conquest, 175

Morelli, 262

Moro, Cristoforo. _See under_ Doges
Zuan, 195, 196

Morosini, Alvise, 200
Angelo, 195
Francesco. _See under_ Doges
Niccolò, 409
Tommaso, 226

Mummeries, 198-200, 278

Murano--
Councils, 102
glass-makers, 100-106, 177-178
Golden Book, 102
heraldic arms, 102
podestà, 102

Muratori, 196

Musæus, 152

Museo Civico, 106
Correr, 311

Mustapha, 170, 171

Mutinelli, 345, 346, 352

Muzina (prison), 19

Nani, Giacomo, 386, 387

Naples, 379
King of, 350, 387

Napoleon, 175, 256, 257, 258-260, 262, 332, 352, 373, 377, 379, 380-417

Narenta, pirates of, 169

Nassau, Prince of, 387

National Assembly of France, 363, 364

Navagero, Andrea, 150, 151, 162

Nevers, Duke of, 176, 224

Niccolini, tragedian, 262, 263

Niccolotti and Castellani, 179

Nicolosi, Angelo, 12

Nicosia, 170

Nievo, Ippolito, 391

Noailles, Duc de, 226

Nobles, College of, 292

Oglio, the, 396

Opera, first, in Italy, 180

Orford, Lord, 131

Orsini, Paolo Giordano, 58, 124
Virginio, 58-59

Osella, coining of the, 49-50, 342, 347

‘Oselle,’ gift of the, 48, 337

Osopo, 67, 71, 389

_Othello_, 64, 65

Oxford University, 88

Pace, island of, 134

Padua, 152, 172, 349, 398
Bishop of, 162, 163
University of, 162-167, 349

Painters, 132-146, 430-431
College of, 146

Paisiello, 287

Palace (Palazzo)--
Mocenigo, 217
Renier, 298
Zen, 298

Palazzo (Palace)--
Cappello, 176
Foscari, 180, 181, 183
Michiel, 257
Morosini, 201

Palladio, 143, 178, 197

‘Pallone,’ game of, 198

Palma, fortress of, 323, 389

Papal Court, 10

Parenzo, 49

Paris, 242

Parma, 362, 379, 382
Duke of, 329

Parthenon, the, 227

Pasqualigo, Cosimo, 22

Passarowitz, treaty of, 349

Passionei, Cardinal, 335

Patras, 227

Pawnbrokers, 111-115

Peloponnesus, the, 227-230, 348, 349

Pepoli, Alessandro, 287

Pesaro, Niccolò da, 22

Peschiera, fort of, 351, 383

Peter the Great, Czar, 230

Petrarch, 146, 155

Philip II. of Spain, 170, 175, 208

Philippe de Valois, 84

Piave, the, 178

Piazza of Saint Mark, 119

Piazzetta, the, 270, 283, 324, 336
columns of, 55

Piedmont, 367, 375

Pigeons of Saint Mark’s, 188

Pio, Prince, 149, 154

Piombi, the, 333, 398, 405, 408

Pirates, 169, 358

Pisa, 165

Pisani, Alvise, 366, 372, 375, 376
Vittor, 3, 174, 356

Pizzamano, Domenico, 395, 396, 416, 417

Plague, 144, 152, 225

Plato’s _Dialogues_, 341

Plautus, 196

Plays, 196-197, 283

Po, the, 178, 380, 396

Poe, Edgar, 267

Poitiers, 175

Poland, 362

Political prisoners, 66-76

Ponte, Antonio da, 116

Ponte. _See also_ Bridge
dell’Angelo, 202, 317, 331
del Carmine, 179
di Donna Onesta, 131
della Paglia, 70
Storto, 121

Popes--
Alexander III., 267, 270
Alexander VI., 153
Alexander VIII., 228
Clement VII., 91
Clement VIII., 208
Gregory XIII., 238
Innocent VIII., 209
Julius II., 198
Paul III., 209
Paul V., 208, 209
Pius II., 46
Pius VII., 379
Sixtus V., 78, 81, 186

Pordenone, 67, 68, 98

Portugal, 356, 358

Pozzi, the, 21, 333, 405, 408

Prata, Count, 278, 279

Printing, invention of, 149

Prisons and prisoners--
in eighteenth century, 333
in sixteenth century, 19-22

Priuli, Zacaria, 195

Procession of Corpus Domini, 73

Provisional Government of Venice, 411

Provveditori, 34-43, 129, 186, 201, 235, 282, 296, 354

Psalms of David, 148

Ptolemy, 167

Quirini, the, 53
Aloise, 376
Angelo, 296, 297, 372

Rabelais, 132

Raphael, 132

Record Office, English, 19

‘Red Inquisitor,’ 14

Reggio d’Emilia, 389

Renascence, the, 119

Renier, Bernardino, 257, 258
Paolo. _See under_ Doges

Revolutionaries, 316-317

Rialto, the, 54, 172, 283
bridge of, 115-116, 180
column of, 54

Richard III. of England, 109, 175

Riviera, the, 377

Robert, King, 84

Robespierre, 375

Romagna, 396

Romanin, 11-12, 18, 299, 346, 358, 362, 363, 386

Rome, 10, 28, 78, 81, 106, 111, 141, 173, 174, 186, 208, 209, 212, 213, 256
Barberini Gallery in, 118

‘Royal Macedonian’ regiment, 350

Rubini, the actor, 270

Russia, 175, 341, 377

Sabellico, 150, 155, 158

Saint Catharine, 84

Saint Helen’s Island, 274

Saint Justina, 172

Saint Mark--
procurators of, 231, 305, 336, 359
standard of, 418-420

Saint Mark’s Church, 18, 54, 143, 228, 360
horses of, 417
Sacristy, 25

Saint Mark’s Square, 35, 140, 195, 199, 212, 258, 260, 268, 269, 298, 408, 409, 414, 415

Salimbeni, General, 414

Salò, 332

Salò, Pietro di, 54

Salviati, banking house of, 121

San Cassian, 134, 138, 140, 156

San Cristoforo, island of, 134

San Giacomo in Orio, 157

San Giorgio Maggiore, island of, 275, 405

San Sisto, Cardinal, 176

Sanmichele, 142

Sansovino, Jacopo, 136, 140-144, 162

Sant’ Omobono, 64

Santa Maura, islands of, 227, 230

Sanudo, Marin, 21-22, 35, 36, 65, 68, 70, 73, 150, 155-158, 195, 196, 199, 200

Sardinia, 379

Sarpi, Fra Paolo, 211-213, 218

Saturn’s rings, 167

Savoy, 367
Duke of, 184

Sbirri, 56, 57, 102, 310-333

Scholars, 149-167

Schulenburg, Marshal Count von, 349

Sculptors, 432

See, Holy, 10, 23, 163, 208, 209, 210

Senate, sittings of, 11

Serrurier, General, 417

Shakespeare, 64, 65, 139, 257

Sign of the Old Woman, 180

Signorotti, 56-57, 320

Signors of the Night, 10, 24, 195, 302

Signory, the, 64, 71, 74, 77, 82, 84, 166, 188, 194, 198, 211, 213, 218, 234, 266, 268, 269, 275, 373

‘Silver Book,’ the, 144

Slaves, 169

Smedley, E. W., 11, 105, 378

Sobieski, 226

Societies, secret, 311

Soranzo, Jacopo, 93
Tommaso, 392, 396

Spain, 19, 42, 175, 199, 208, 209, 210, 223

Stampa, Gaspara, 146, 162

Stanislaus Leczinski, King, 320

‘Statutes of the Inquisitors of State,’ 11-12

Steno, Michel. _See under_ Doges

Superstitions, 205-206

‘Talanta,’ Pietro Aretino’s, 196

Tassini, 131, 143, 148

Temesvar, 349

_Terremoto_, 143

Thames, the, 27

Theatre--
Fenice, 285, 287
of San Benedetto, 281, 282, 285
of San Cassian, 246, 304
of San Moisè, 245-246

Theatres, 194, 197, 278-287

Theatrical performances, 194, 278

Thieves, flogging of, 54

Thode, Dr. Heinrich, 67, 74

Tiepolo, Domenico, 392, 396
Giovanni Battista, 251

Tintoretto, 98, 120, 133, 138, 139, 144, 178

Titian, 98, 118, 120, 133, 135-136, 138, 140, 141-145, 162, 261

Tomassetti, Professor, 190

Torcello, 134

Torre, Count Francesco della, 12

Torture, use of, 16-18, 25

Tower of London, 21

Trade, protection of, 108, 110

Treviso, 251, 254, 404

Trieste, 368

Tron, Andrea, 340

Tuileries, 364

Turin, 367

Turkey, 40, 199, 341

Turks, 169-175, 225-230, 348-349, 351, 361

Turner, 116

Tuscan language, 11

Tuscany, 362, 379
Grand Duke of, 126, 136

Usmago, podestà of, 305

Utrecht, treaty of, 362

Valaresso, 278

Valier, Silvestro. _See under_ Doges

Vallesabbia, 390, 393

Valtellina, 210

Vano, Girolamo, 216, 218

Vatican, 23, 77, 164, 212

Vendramin, Andrea, 195

Venice--
ceded to Austria, 417
English ambassadors to, 84
Henry III. of France visits, 175-186
period of decadence, 207-254
period of greatest prosperity, 5
plague visitations, 152, 225

Venier, Girolamo, 340
Sebastian, 173-175, 356

Verona, 57, 323, 375, 376, 377, 383, 384, 391, 398

Veronese, Paolo, 26, 120, 146, 178, 261
trial of, 29-34

Versailles, 364
Congress of, 362

Vervins, 208

Vienna, 68, 226
treaty of, 362

Villetard, 406-410

Vinciolo, Francesco, 107

Visconti, the, 4

Vitali, Doctor Buonafede, 269

Viviani, 164, 165, 167

War of the Spanish Succession, 349, 362, 382

‘Wehmgericht,’ the, 12

Williams, Henry, 164

Wine-sellers, 111-114

‘Wise Men on Blasphemy,’ 196

‘Wise Men on Heresy,’ 23, 24

Wolsey, Cardinal, 87, 92

Women of Venice--
in eighteenth century, 234-246
in sixteenth century, 117-131

Worsley, Sir Richard, 84, 375

Wotton, Sir Henry, 216, 218

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 164

Yriarte, M., 8, 29, 44-45, 78, 79, 119, 128, 146

Zeno, Carlo, 3, 174, 356
Renier, 220, 221

Zulian, Girolamo, 311

THE END

SOUTHERN ITALY AND SICILY AND THE RULERS OF THE SOUTH

By F. MARION CRAWFORD

WITH A HUNDRED ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BY HENRY BROKMAN

Cloth Crown 8vo $2.50 net

“No living man of letters could have handled his materials with greater skill, or distilled them with more certainty into a fluent and fascinating narrative.”--_The Dial._

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AVE ROMA IMMORTALIS

STUDIES FROM THE CHRONICLES OF ROME

By F. MARION CRAWFORD

_Author of “Rulers of the South,” etc._

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“The ablest popular work on Rome published in recent years.”--_Chicago Tribune._

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Writings of F. Marion Crawford

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