Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber’s Note
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SANITATION IN PANAMA

SANITATION
IN PANAMA

BY
WILLIAM CRAWFORD GORGAS

CHIEF SANITARY OFFICER, PANAMA CANAL, SURGEON GENERAL, U. S. A.,
MAJOR GENERAL, U. S. A.

ILLUSTRATED

NEW YORK AND LONDON
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1915

COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. YELLOW FEVER AND THE DISCOVERIES OF ITS TRANSMISSION 1

II. THE EXPERIMENTS OF THE REED BOARD 18

III. THE DISCOVERIES OF THE REED BOARD 32

IV. THE SANITARY BOARD OF HAVANA 40

V. SANITARY WORK AT HAVANA 50

VI. THE RESULTS ACCOMPLISHED IN HAVANA 63

VII. CORRESPONDENCE WITH DR. REED 77

VIII. HISTORY OF YELLOW FEVER 110

IX. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS OF YELLOW FEVER 124

X. APPOINTED CHIEF SANITARY OFFICER FOR THE ISTHMUS 138

XI. PRELIMINARY ORGANIZATION AND WORK AT PANAMA 148

XII. YELLOW-FEVER WORK AT THE ISTHMUS 159

XIII. NOMBRE DE DIOS 175

XIV. THE WORK OF THE SANITARY INSPECTORS 182

XV. THE WORK AT THE HOSPITALS 206

XVI. MALARIA WORK AND THE HOSPITAL SYSTEM 219

XVII. MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SERVICE OF ANCON HOSPITAL 241

XVIII. THE SANITARIUM AT TABOGA 248

XIX. THE LEPER COLONY 256

XX. QUARANTINE SYSTEM 260

XXI. MEASURES AGAINST BUBONIC PLAGUE 275

XXII. THE WORK OF THE SANITARY DEPARTMENT OF PANAMA 279

INDEX 293

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING
PAGE

Concreted Ditch. Ancon _Frontispiece_

Map of the Panama Canal Zone, Showing Hospitals
of the Sanitary Department 1

Stegomyia Squad. Havana 52

Screened Water Barrel. Havana 52

Concreted Ditch. Gatun 112

Screened Yellow-fever Ward. Ancon Hospital, Panama 150

St. Charles Ward, Ancon Hospital. Building in
Which Twelve Hundred Frenchmen Died of Yellow Fever 150

Oilers at Work in Marsh 184

Burning Out Ditch with Oil Spray 184

Old French Engine Tender Used as Storage Tank for Oil 194

Mule for Packing Oil to Oilers 194

Distilled Water Cart. Culebra 220

Ward at Ancon Hospital 220

Stoned Ditch near Tivoli Hotel. Ancon, Panama 234

Bad Anopheles Breeding-ground on Artificial Fill. La Boca 234

SANITATION IN PANAMA