Chapter II: Material Objects.—(a.) Mineral Bodies

12. 〃 The Natural Object Water 19

13. 〃 A Tumbler of Water 20

14. 〃 Water occupies Space; it offers Resistance; it has
Weight; and is able to transfer Motion which it has
acquired; it is therefore a form of Matter 20

15. 〃 Water is a liquid 21

16. 〃 Water is almost incompressible 22

17. 〃 The meaning of Weight 24

18. 〃 Gravity and Gravitation 25

19. 〃 The cause of Weight: Attraction: Force 27

20. 〃 The Weight of Water is Proportioned to its Bulk 28

21. 〃 The Measuring of Weights. The Balance 29

22. 〃 The Weight of the same Bulk or Volume of Water is
Constant under the same conditions. Mass. Density 30

23. 〃 Equal Volumes of Different Things under the same
circumstances, have Different Weights: the Density
of Different Bodies is Different 32

24. 〃 The Meaning of Heavy and Light—Specific Gravity 33

25. 〃 Things of greater Specific Gravity than Water sink in
Water; Things of less Specific Gravity float 34

26. 〃 A Body which Floats in Water always occupies as much
Space beneath the level of the Surface of the Water
as is equal to the Volume of Water which weighs as
much as that Body; in other words, it displaces its
own Weight of Water 36

27. 〃 Water Presses in all Directions 37

28. 〃 The Transference of Motion by Moving Water: the
Momentum of Moving Water 40

29. 〃 The Energy of Moving Water 43

30. 〃 The Properties of Water are Constant 47

31. 〃 Increase of Heat at first causes Water to Increase in
Volume 48

32. 〃 Increase of Heat at length causes Water to become
Steam 50

33. 〃 The taking away of Heat from Steam causes the Steam to
change into Hot Water 51

34. 〃 When Water is changed into Steam, its Volume becomes
about 1,700 times greater than it was at first 51

35. 〃 Gases or Elastic Fluids. Air 52

36. 〃 Steam is an Elastic Fluid or Gas 54

37. 〃 Gases and Vapours 55

38. 〃 The Evaporation of Water at ordinary Temperatures 56

39. 〃 When Hot Water is cooled, it Contracts to begin with,
but after a time Expands 57

40. 〃 Water cooled still further becomes the transparent
brittle solid Ice 58

41. 〃 Ice has less Specific Gravity than the Water from
which it was formed 59

42. 〃 Hoar Frost is the Gaseous Water which exists in the
Atmosphere, condensed and converted into Ice
Crystals 60

43. 〃 When Ice is warmed it begins to change back into Water
as soon as the Temperature reaches 32° 61

44. 〃 Ice the solid, Water the liquid, and Steam the gas,
are three states of one natural object; the
Condition of each State being a certain Amount of
Heat 62

45. 〃 The Phenomena of Heat are the Effects of a rapid
Motion of the Particles of Matter 63

46. 〃 The Structure of Water 65

47. 〃 Suppositions or Hypotheses; their Uses and their Value 67

48. 〃 The Hypothesis that Water is composed of Separate
Particles (Molecules) 68

49. 〃 All Matter is probably made up either of Molecules or
of Atoms 70

50. 〃 Elementary Bodies are neither destroyed nor is their
Quantity increased in Nature 72

51. 〃 Simple Mixture 73

52. 〃 Mixture followed by Increase of Density; Alcohol and
Water 74

53. 〃 Solution; Water Dissolves Salt 76

54. 〃 Quicklime and Water: Plaster of Paris and Water:
Combination 79

55. 〃 Mineral bodies may take on definite shapes and grow,
or increase in size, by the addition of like parts 82

(B.) LIVING BODIES.

56. 〃 The Wheat Plant and the substances of which it is
composed 83

57. 〃 The common Fowl and the Substances of which it is
Composed 85

58. 〃 Certain Constituents of the Body are very similar in
the Wheat Plant and in the Fowl 86

59. 〃 Proteid Substances are met with in Nature only in
Animals and Plants; and Animals and Plants always
contain Proteids 87

60. 〃 What is meant by the word Living? 88

61. 〃 The Living Plant increases in Size, by adding to the
Substances which compose its Body, like Substances;
these, however, are not derived from without, but
are manufactured within the Body of the Plant from
simpler Materials 88

62. 〃 The Living Plant, after it has grown up, detaches part
of its Substance, which has the Power of developing
into a similar Plant, as a Seed 90

63. 〃 The Living Animal increases in Size by adding to the
Substances which compose its Body, like Substances;
these, however, are chiefly derived directly from
other Animals or from Plants 90

64. 〃 The living Animal, after it has grown up, detaches
part of its Substance, which has the Power of
growing into a similar Animal, as an Egg 91

65. 〃 Living Bodies differ from Mineral Bodies in their
Essential Composition, in the manner of their
Growth, and in the fact that they are reproduced by
Germs 91

III. IMMATERIAL OBJECTS.

66. 〃 Mental Phenomena 92

67. 〃 The order of Mental Phenomena: Psychology 93

SCIENCE PRIMERS.

_INTRODUCTORY._