Chapter VII: MISCELLANEOUS.--Elephants Moving Timber at Moulmein,

Burmah.--With engraving 6449

The Education of German Women 6449

Horse Medicine Bit.--With two engravings 6451

The Big Trees of California 6454

Science in Antiquity.--Heron's Pneumatic and compressing
apparatus.--With two engravings 6450

* * * * *

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FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Royal Institution of Great Britain.]

[Footnote 2: _Comptes Rendus_ of the French Academy of Sciences.]

[Footnote 3: It is often desirable to make one of the apertures twice the diameter of the rest; it causes a greater intensity to be given to one image, and that facilitates the calculation of time, while it furnishes points for the comparison of the movements of the lower limbs with those of the arms.]

[Footnote 4: Ang. Guerout, in _La Lumiere Electrique_.]

[Footnote 5: Abbe Moigno, in his treatise on telegraphy, assigns the date of 1838 to this publication; but Mr. Zetsche (_d.c._) gives it as 1811. We shall consider the latter as the true date; for, in 1838, there was no reason for publishing Soemmering's memoir, and especially for proposing improvements in his apparatus.]

[Footnote 6: Abstract of a paper read before the New York Academy of Sciences.]

[Footnote 7: Trans. Am. Med. Ass'n, 1880.]

[Footnote 8: In foetal syphilis it is assumed that the spermatozoa may be the carriers of the disease; but no microscropist has yet described a separate species of spermatozoon for such cases.]

[Footnote 9: "The Philosophy of Mystery," London, 1841; cited by Hammond in his work on "Insanity."]

[Footnote 10: See articles by Dr. Hammond in this journal for 1865 and in the "Journal of Psychological Medicine" for 1869, also his "Sleep and its Derangements," Philadelphia, 1872, and his "Treatise on Insanity," New York, 1883.]

[Footnote 11: Yung, "Le sommeil normal et pathologique," Paris, 1883.]

[Footnote 12: "Leçons sur l'appareil vaso-moteur," t. ii., p. 154.]

[Footnote 13: "Principles of Psychology," vol. i., pp. 88, 89.]

[Footnote 14: "Les causes du sommeil," "Revue scientifique," t. xix.]

[Footnote 15: Yung, _op. cit._]

[Footnote 16: Magnetic iron and pyrites in basic rocks; tin stone in granite and porphyry.]

[Footnote 17: Ancient authors report cases of this kind.]

[Footnote 18: The largest bronze statue of modern times is the "Bavaria" in Munich, which is 20 meters high and weighs 80 tons. It consists of 12 pieces and cost about a quarter of a million dollars.]

[Footnote 19: When a bronze is remelted six times the percentage of tin is reduced to half the original (Dumas). The evaporation of the metal can be shown by holding a cold plate on it while melted. Tin is immediately deposited on it.]

[Footnote 20: They usually made a copper and zinc alloy, but it is possible that they also understood the art of embedding the casting in zinc ore (calamine) and heating strongly, whereby the surface of the metal was "cemented" and colored.]

[Footnote 21: On examining a broken surface of an antique mirror, it will be seen that only the outside is white. It is probable that the finished mirror was embedded in some arsenical substance and heated, which cemented and colored the surface.]

[Footnote 22: Uchatius makes his famous hard bronze by cooling and hydraulic pressure. Bronzes with 8 to 12 per cent. of tin are most benefited by this process. Bronzes with very little tin in them are but little affected by chilling and hammering (Riche). Alloys that are hard already, such as bronzes rich in tin and phosphorus, become too brittle and useless by repeated hammering.]

[Footnote 23: When a cast sheet of inelastic bronze or brass is hammered or rolled, it "feathers."]

[Footnote 24: The Romans preferred to put in some bronze that had been repeatedly cast.]

[Footnote 25: One piece was scarcely scratched by feldspar, another by quartz. The Greek and Roman weapons in the Berlin Museum were tested as to hardness by Dr. Von Dechend at the suggestion of the Director-General, Von Schone. All of them were scratched by fluorspar; there were no hard bronzes among them. If the races of _classical_ antiquity were not acquainted with hard bronze, it is easy to see why they soon began to use iron, in contrast with the Semitic-Hamitic races.]

[Footnote 26: Excrements were also much used by the alchemists and pharmacists of the middle ages.]

[Transcriber's Note:

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]