Chapter D: W. C. Carroll & Co., of Pittsburg, have kept from 45 to 75 men (3)

(45) W. H. W. asks: 1. Is there any solution excepting rubber that will make cloth thoroughly waterproof, or at least withstand the attack of water for an hour or so? It should be applied by dipping the cloth in the solution. A. Linseed oil boiled with a little wax and litharge is useful for some purposes. Cloth prepared with paraffin, balata gum, the gum of the asclet pias or milkweed, naphtha solution of the dried pulp of the bamboo berry, anhydrous aluminum soaps (see pp. 149 and 159, "Science Record," 1874), are also employed. 2. Is there any chemical that could be combined with the solution, imparting some property to the same for which rats or mice would have an antipathy so as to prevent their attacks? A. A trace of phenol will generally suffice.

(46) J. L. asks: Is the balata gum softened by animal oils or fat? A. Yes.

(47) P. L. W. asks. What distance would a 100 lb. weight have to fall to run a sewing machine for 5 hours? A. For an ordinary family sewing machine, requiring about one thirtieth of a horse power, the weight would have to fall about 3,300 feet in the 5 hours.

(48) W. G. R. asks: 1. What is the valve yoke of a steam engine? A. We presume you refer to the rectangular yoke that receives the back of the valve in the class of engines having balanced valves. 2. What should be the diameter of the bore of an engine of 1 horse power with 100 lbs. pressure, also the length of stroke? A. Diameter, 23/4 inches; stroke, 41/2 inches. 3. How are the back gears of a lathe made so as to be thrown out of gear when it is wished to use the lathe at a high speed? A. Ordinarily by a cam and lever, or tight and loose joint. 4. Would 1/64 of an inch thickness of sheet steel be strong enough for the boiler of a small model locomotive? How much pressure would it stand to the inch? A. If the diameter does not exceed 3 inches, you can carry a pressure of from 50 to 60 lbs. per square inch.

(49) J. W. W. asks: Which will stand the most pressure, a piece of round iron 1 inch long and 1 inch in diameter, or a piece of gas pipe the same dimensions, both being set upon end? A. The round iron.

(50) W. M. B. writes: 1. I have one eighth inch basswood, cherry, butternut and walnut. Which do you advise for the sounding board of a microphone and Hughes telephone? A. Either will do, but pine or spruce is better. 2. Would a glazed earthen jar do for the outside of battery described in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 149? A. Yes. 3. Could I make insulated wire myself? If so, how? A. Wire may be insulated by giving it a coat of shellac varnish and allowing it to become dry and nearly hard before winding.

(51) W. H. S. asks how to satin finish tubing like sample sent. A. The specimen has been electro-plated with silver in the usual manner, and the electric current then reversed for a few moments, thus redissolving a portion of the plate, the remainder presenting the peculiar satin like luster.

(52) S. W. C. asks: Has carbon for telephone purposes ever been made by subjecting the black deposited by a flame to a heavy pressure? A. Yes. Edison's carbons are made in this manner.

(53) "Hardware" asks: 1. Where is best to take hot air in a room, at register near ceiling or in floor? A. At or near the floor. 2. Where is best place to have ventilation, near floor or near ceiling? A. If connected with a flue having a good draught it should be near the floor.

(54) R. W. J. asks: What causes the cracking noise in the pipes of a steam heating apparatus, when a fire has been started to warm up the building? Is it the water in the pipes made by condensed steam, or is it the expansion of the pipes from being heated? A. The noise is due to both causes in some degree, but principally to the water, which produces violent blows.

(55) C. N. A. asks how to temper steel tools for working on stone or similar work. There is some preparation which is put in water which accomplishes the purpose when the steel is heated and plunged in. A. Heat the tools to a cherry red, and plunge in clean, moderately cool water. A little common salt is sometimes added to the water.

(56) G. B. asks: 1. Is the height to which water is raised by a hydraulic ram measured from the ram itself or from the spring from which the supply comes? A. From the ram. 2. Can a hydraulic ram be constructed to discharge 1,000 gallons of water per minute? A. Yes.

(57) L. D. writes that benzine will answer much better to exterminate roaches, moths, etc., than anything else. It will not hurt furniture in the least, will evaporate, and can be easily applied.

MINERALS, ETC.--Specimens have been received from the following correspondents, and examined, with the results stated: