Chapter VI: Part 6

The questions which we have been considering are not distinct and isolated but are bound up with all that goes toward a more adequate organization of modern society. Even in the industries, men are no longer satisfied with a narrowly centralized control. They call for information and accountability, they claim a share in management, at least of an advisory or consultative nature. All who contribute in bearing the risks of industry demand to be kept informed of the policies and actions of the management. In ever extending circles men share in the responsibility for action taken in their name. It is a truism that risk is diminished and tends to disappear as it is distributed over greater and greater numbers. Under our present political system nations are carrying a tremendous risk in international affairs--they are risking their wealth, the lives of their citizens, their own very existence. The responsibility for bearing these risks and for arranging the conditions of safety is now too narrowly centralized. It is an elementary demand of safety that it should be more widely distributed, that a larger number of competent and representative minds should take part in carrying this burden. And they should at all points be supported by a well-informed public opinion throughout the nation.

But there is a condition that lies still deeper. The popular psychology cultivated under the narrow aims of nationalism has exhausted itself in international matters in dislike and hatred of everything alien and of all that lies beyond the national pale. Such a state of mind is ever ready to act the bull to any red rag of newspaper sensationalism. So, the inside managers of diplomatic affairs may still say with some justification, “Open discussion would too much excite the public mind.” This fundamental condition cannot be suddenly purged of all its potency for evil. Only by gradual degrees may an attitude be brought about within the national communities which will be more just to the outside world and to everything that is strange and unaccustomed. What the great imaginative writers of the first half of the nineteenth century accomplished in breaking down social prejudices and abuses will have to be done for humanity by a new host of inspired molders of human sentiment. We may not get rid of artificial hostilities now still nurtured by nationalism, until ideals of international goodwill and fellowship have been expressed in the form of human experience and portrayed as part of the struggles and triumphs of the individual human soul. Patient, sound, upbuilding influences shall have to work powerfully on the masses of men, and on their leaders, before we may finally overcome the evils that express themselves in practices inherent in a system such as that we call “secret diplomacy,” before the world may be made an abode of mutual confidence and helpfulness instead of a house of imprisonment, suspicion and terror.

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COOLIDGE, A. C. (ED.). Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary. 1920.

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DICKINSON, G. L. Democratic Control of Foreign Policy. _Atlantic_,
August, 1916.

DILLON, E. J. The Inside Story of the Peace Conference. 1920.

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HARRIS, JOHN H. The Chartered Millions. Swarthmore Press, London.

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LANE-POOLE, STANLEY. The Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. 1890.

LANSING, ROBERT. The Peace Negotiations. 1921. Chapter 17.

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INDEX

Absolutism, survival of, 181 ff., 208

Absolutist politics, 148

Absolutist tradition in diplomacy, 208

Adams, John Quincy, 24

Adriatic memorandum, 201, 203

Aehrenthal, 106

Afghanistan, 157

Afghan war, 69

Agadir, 81

Algeciras, Act of, 80

American government, 16, 18, 119, 173, 194 ff., 196

American idealism, 207

Alexander I, 46

Alliances, 70, 73

Alsace-Lorraine, 64, 121, 123

Anglo-French Entente, 79, 89, 93

Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 73, 74

Antwerp, 91

Apathy of the public, 172, 173

Appearances, 32

Archives, 51

Armament interests, 147

Asquith, Herbert H., 85, 87, 88

Australia, 210

Austria-Hungary, 48, 49, 61, 62, 65, 70, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 120,
121, 123, 124, 132

Balfour, Arthur J., 140, 141, 161, 162, 168, 176, 187

Balkans, 97, 104, 113, 146

Barnardiston, Colonel, 91

Bavaria, 61

Beaconsfield, Lord, 67, 68, 69

Belgian General Staff, 91

Belgian neutrality, 62, 91

Benedetti, 53, 62

Berchtold, Count, 104, 105, 106, 114

Beresford, Lord, 87

Bethmann-Hollweg, 104, 106, 107

Beyens, Baron, 114

Bismarck, 5, 11, 31, 49, 51, 53, 61, 63, 64, 70, 140, 184

Bjorkoe meeting, 1905, 76

Blue Books, 156

Borgo, Pozzo di, 46

Bosnia, 114

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 65, 105

Bribery, 41, 42, 48

Bright, John, 55, 67, 157

British diplomacy, 20

Buchanan, William J., 138

Buelow, Prince, 76

Bulgaria, 122

Byles, Sir W., 88

Cabinet, 158

Cabinet and Parliament, 56

Callières, practice of diplomacy, 27, 29, 32

Canada, 210

Canning, Stratford, 54, 57

Caste, diplomatic, 184

Castlereagh, 47

Catherine, Empress, 36, 42, 43, 44

Cavour, 60

Cecil, Lord Hugh, 86

Censure of news, 145

Central Powers, 120

Charles, Emperor of Austria, 121, 123

Charles II, 152

Cheradame, M., 177

Chili-Argentinian boundary dispute, 138

China, 117, 126, 127, 143, 199, 208

China, breaking off relations with Germany, 127, 128

Chinese people, 20

Chinese public opinion, 21

Chino-Japanese war, 72

Christian ideal, 190

Clarendon, Earl of, 55, 57, 155, 157

Comité du Maroc, 80

Common interests, 14, 219

Communist Party and international affairs, 179

“Compensations,” 65, 98, 123

Conference diplomacy, 15, 219

Conferences, international technical, 219

Congress, 150

Constantinople, 54, 201

Continental system, 84

Council of Five, 130

Counter-Insurance Treaty, 70

Crimean war, 54, 55, 56, 59

Cromer, Lord, 101, 171, 172

Cromwell, 34

Crown, prerogative of the, 153, 154

Cyprus protectorate, 67

Czecho-Slovakia, 132

Czernin, Count, 106, 121, 123, 124, 169, 189

_Daily Mail_, London, 205

De Bass, 34

De Tocqueville, 170

De Torcy, 31, 41

Deceit, 28, 29, 39

Deception, 136

Declarations, general, 142, 144, 186

Delcassé, M., 78

_Dementi_, 66, 125

Democracy, 10, 158, 159, 170, 172, 214, 221

Denmark, 37

Derby, Lord, 69

D’Estournelles de Constant, Baron, 82

Dickinson, G. Lowes, 178

Digest of International Law, 196

Dillon, Dr. E. J., 130

Dillon, John, 81, 82, 158

Diplomacy, personal, 23, 52, 55, 184

Diplomacy of authority, 64

Diplomacy resembling war, 49

Diplomatic fraternity, 219

Diplomatic literature, 51

Diplomatic Service, spirit of the, 218

Disillusionment, 200, 202

Disraeli, 50, 67, 68, 69

d’Orsat, Cardinal, 30, 33

Double-dealing, 73

Drake, 33

Du Luc, Count, 31

Dual Alliance, 71

“Empire,” 68

Ems dispatch, 63

English-speaking powers, 119, 204, 210

Experts, 8, 111

Falsiloquy, 26

Far Eastern situation, 72, 199, 201

_Federalist_, 150

Ferdinand of Bulgaria, 113

Feria, Duke of, 33

Fez, 80

Forgach, Count, 105

France, 48, 60, 61, 62, 70, 75, 78, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 97,
117, 132, 133

Francis Joseph, Emperor, 105, 107

Franco-Hungarian intrigues, 132

Franco-Prussian war, 64

Franco-Russian Alliance, 97

Franco-Russian military convention of August, 1912, 93

“Frankness,” 32, 40, 64, 143

Frederick II, 38, 39, 42, 103

French Parliament, 82

“Friends of liberty,” 38

Foreign Office Vote, 186

Foreign Relations of the United States, 195

Fox, Charles James, 43

German diplomacy, 103

German-Russian agreement, 76, 77

Germany, 62, 64, 70, 71, 78, 81, 89, 95, 102, 103, 106, 176

Giolliti, Signor, 187

Gladstone, 67

Golden Rule, 47, 195

Gossip, 137

Granville, Lord, 55, 66, 157

Great Britain, 48, 65, 67, 72, 84, 88, 97, 117, 119, 143, 210

Great War, 6, 99, 112, 174, 178

Greindl, Baron, 94

Grey, Sir Edward, 80, 88, 89, 90, 96, 97, 100, 160, 178

Gross, M., 38

Grotius, 11, 14, 15, 24, 26

Guillaume, Baron, 94

Haldane, Viscount, 88, 100

Harris, Sir James, 29, 38, 40, 42

Harvey, T. Edmund, 97

Hayashi, Count, 73

Holy Alliance, 46

Honor, 110

House of Lords and foreign affairs, 66, 153

Hughes, Secretary, 16

Human equation, 9

Human welfare, 222

Humanitarian professions, 142

Hungarian railways, 133

Ideals professed, 117, 142, 186

India, 20, 210

India, frontier of, 69

Indifference, public, 172, 173

Infallibility does not exist, 176

Instincts, 215

Isvolsky, 75, 93, 114

Italy, 117, 124

Ito, Marquis, 73

Japan, 19, 72, 73, 117, 119, 124, 126, 127, 142, 143, 199, 202

Japan, absolutism, 185

Janushkevich, General, 115

Jay, John, 150, 194, 195

Jowett, F. W., 85

Jungbluth, General, 91

Kinloch-Cooke, Sir C., 87

Knox, Secretary, 19, 143

Korea, 143

Krupp Iron Works, 147

Labouchere, 50, 51, 55

Lalaing, Count de, 94

Lamsdorff, Count, 76, 77

Lansdowne, Lord, 73, 79, 96

Lansing-Ishii notes, 199

Law, Bonar, 204

League of Nations, 7, 188, 218

Leutrum, Countess, 105

Liberal theory of state, 3

Lincoln, 221

Lloyd-George, 122

London, Pact of, 120, 123

Loreburn, Lord, 95, 96, 98, 116

Lords, House of, 66, 153

Louis XI, 28

Louis XV, 52

Lowell, J. R., 182

Lytton, Lord, 172

Macartney, Sir George, 37

Machiavelli, 11, 14, 24, 28, 40, 182

MacNeill, Swift, 160

Malmesbury, Lord, 29, 38, 40

Manchuria, 143

Manchurian railway neutralization, 19

Mandates, 131

Manipulations, 212, 221

Mankind, underlying unity of, 191

Manteuffel, 50

Marcy, Secretary, 50

Marlborough, Duke of, 41

“Material for statesmanship,” 215

_Matin_, 82

Mazarin, Cardinal, 33

Mediterranean situation, 87, 88

Mehée de la Touche, 33

Memoirs, Eighteenth Century, 25

Methods of diplomacy and of private business, 4, 140, 163, 169

Metternich, 35, 46, 47

Militarists, German, 105, 185

Militarists, Russian, 105, 115

Military assistance, 85, 90, 92, 93

Minority interests, 183

Monarchist diplomacy, 23

Monroe Doctrine, 18, 215

Moore, John Bassett, 196, 197

Morny, Duc de, 53

Morocco, 60, 71, 78, 79, 82, 89, 101, 143

Murray, Gilbert, 172

Napoleon I, 35, 46, 48

Napoleon III, 5, 52, 53, 56, 60, 62, 63

Naval assistance, 87, 90, 92, 93

Nationalism, 11

Near East, 134

Necessity of war, 118

Newspapers, 171, 223

Nicholas II, 56

Nicholas III, 75, 77, 115

North Pacific islands, 19, 128, 202

Notes, exchange of, November, 1912, 92

Objectives, constancy of, 212

Open covenants, 130

Open Door, 18, 144

Pact of London, 120, 123

Palmerston, 31, 54, 56, 59, 68

Panin, 37, 42, 43

Parliament and foreign affairs, 149 ff.

Parliament and secret diplomacy, 82, 85, 94, 95, 98, 149 ff.

Peace Conference of Paris, 129, 130

“Peace of Asia,” 143

Pelham, 154

“People who are not responsible,” 168, 216

_Pester Lloyd_, 110

Pinckney, 44

Plutocratic control, 183

Poincaré, President, 93, 121

Poland, 47, 118

Policy, diplomatic, 48, 58, 166

Polish Question, 118

Politics, essence of, 13, 39

Polk, Undersecretary, 203

Port Arthur, surrender, 72

Portugal, 15, 190

Potemkin, Prince, 41, 43

Press, control of, 145, 171

Pressensé, Francis de, 80

Prestige, 176

Preventive war, 13, 64, 106, 108

Private business and diplomatic affairs, 4, 140, 163, 169

Propaganda, 216

Prussia, 49, 53, 61, 62

Public opinion, crime against, 144

Public opinion and diplomacy, 58, 102, 112, 144, 166 ff.

Publicity, 216, 217

Rashness, alleged, of the people, 177

“Raw material for brilliant careers,” 185

Realpolitik, 103

Reichstag, 102

Representative government, 58

Ribot, Alexander, 123

Roosevelt, President, 151

Rosebery, Lord, 66

Rosebery, Lord, on Anglo-Japanese treaty, 74

Rosebery, Lord, on Entente, 84

Rosen, Baron, 74

Roumania, 118

Russell, Lord John, 52, 57

Russia, 7, 37, 55, 65, 67, 70, 75, 78, 97, 104, 105, 108, 109, 114,
143, 146, 208, 212

Russian diplomatic policy, 112

Russian local agents, 54

Russo-French Alliance, 70

Russo-Turkish war, 65

Salisbury, Marquis of, 66, 157

San Domingo, 151

San Stefano, treaty of, 65

Sandwich, Earl of, 37

Savoy and Nice, 60

Sazonov, 112, 115, 133

Schleswig-Holstein, 61

Schuvalof agreement, 156

Secret diplomacy, abolition of, 127, 218

“Secret diplomacy” used in a special sense, 52, 57

Secret procedure, Paris Conference, 7

Secret service, 22, 28, 41, 50, 136, 137

Secret treaties, 48, 61, 65, 67, 71, 76, 78, 79, 113, 116 ff.,
119, 134, 164

Senate and foreign affairs, 151, 197

Servian question, 104, 108, 113

Shantung, 117, 125, 128

Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon, 120

South Pacific Islands, 119

Soviet Russia, 133, 179

Speech of August 3, 1914, 89, 96

Spheres of influence, 79

St. Petersburg, 40, 52, 73

Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs, proposed, 162, 164, 186

Standing committee on foreign and colonial affairs in France, 187

Stanhope, Lord, 31

Stratagem, 138

Stratford de Redcliffe, 54, 55, 57

Survival, 13

Suspicion, 6, 17, 54, 72, 100, 126, 136, 141

Sweden, 37

Talleyrand, 44, 46

_Temps_, 82

Tibet, 144

_Times_, London, 204, 205

Traité de diplomatie, Garden, 48

Treaties, publication of all, 188, 205, 206

Treaty of Versailles, 129

Triple Alliance, 70

Trotsky, 179

Truthfulness of diplomacy, 12, 30

Tschirsky, Von, 77, 106, 107

Turkey, 38, 67

Turkish Empire, 60

Twenty-one demands, 117, 125

Two-party system, 152

United Colonies of America, 149

United States, 119, 151, 174, 186, 194 ff., 201, 209

Vattel, 26

Vienna, Congress of, 45

Viviani, M., 115

Walpole, Sir Robert, 154

Walpole, Horace, 45

War, declaration of, 186, 187

Washington, Conference of, 1921, 16

Wells, H. G., 185

_Westminster Gazette_, 204

Whist, 50

William I, 63

William II, 75, 76, 78

William III of England, 153

Willy-Nicky correspondence, 75

Wilson, President, 21, 129, 169, 200, 201, 203, 204

Wotton, Sir Henry, 28

Wyndham, 153

Xavier, Prince of Bourbon, 120, 123

Yap, 201, 202

Yerburgh, Mr., 85

Yugo-Slavia and France, 133

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 225: The “č” in “Goričar” may have been printed with a breve (̆), not with a caron (̌).