Chapter II: Part 2

=Small-flowered Agrimony.= _Agrimonia parviflora_ Ait. Flowers yellow; fruit 5-6 mm. long and nearly as wide including the hooked bristles; bristles few, erect or spreading, scarcely any recurved; seeds light brown, broad oval, 2.7 by 2.5 mm. with a rounded point at the base more pronounced than in the former species. Shady places.

=Silvery Cinquefoil.= _Potentilla argentea_ L. Flowers yellow, achenes dull white to brown, unsymmetrically ovoid or short kidney-shaped, slightly flattened, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, smooth or marked by a few longitudinal curved ridges, some of them forked. Introduced into Michigan from Europe or possibly from the eastern states. Thrives in sandy land.

=One kind of Cinquefoil or Five-finger.= _Potentilla Canadensis_ L. Achene unsymmetrically ovoid, light straw-color to brown, ridges indistinct, short, wavy, branched and broken up, (these ridges are different from those of P. argentea or P. monspeliensis) 1 mm. long, the achene is less flattened and narrower in proportion. Native from Me. to Ga. Miss.

=Rough Cinquefoil.= _Potentilla Monspeliensis_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes nearly white to light brown, unsymmetrically ovoid, or short kidney-shaped, slightly flattened, 1 mm. or less in length, clearly marked by a few longitudinal curved ridges, the longer ones forked. Indigenous to Michigan, thriving on moist or wet land.

PULSE FAMILY. LEGUMINOSAE.

=Ax Seed. Ax Wort.= _Coronilla scoparioides_ Koch. Seed reddish brown, oblong, slightly flattened and curved, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, with a circular scar in a depression on the middle of one edge, and a slight ridge the entire length of both sides. Introduced from Europe, not yet a prominent weed in Michigan.

=Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. Bloom-fell.= _Lotus corniculatus_ L. Seed light brown occasionally mottled with black, shining, spherical to ovoid, slightly compressed near one edge, 1-1.2 mm. in diameter, the compressed portion (raphe) extending half to three-fourths the length of the seed to the hilum or scar, above this the seed is narrower. Introduced from Europe. Seldom met with in this country.

=Black Medick. Nonesuch.= _Medicago lupulina_ L. Flowers light yellow; pods black, oval, much flattened, spirally coiled, causing the two extremities to nearly meet; 2-2.8 mm. long; seeds smooth, dull yellow to green, oval, flattened, kidney-shaped, with a tubercle near the middle of the concave edge or like the figure, 1.5-1.8 mm. long. Introduced from Europe and becoming frequent in grass land. Its worst feature is to supply seeds that may be mistaken for and mixed with seeds of alfalfa and red clover. The seeds differ from those of alfalfa in being more commonly egg-shaped than kidney-shaped in outline. The scar is nearer the small extremity in these seeds than in those of alfalfa. For pasture this is less valuable than white clover.

=Alfalfa. Lucerne.= _Medicago sativa_ L. Seeds varying much in shape and size owing to their crowding in the pod when young, yellowish green to light brown. The cuts give a good idea of the variety of shapes; surface dull or somewhat glossy, often kidney shaped, with the scar in a depression near the middle, the tips may be truncate or acute or rounded, 2-2.5 mm. long in cross-section, oval; when viewed from one edge it is seen to be bent or warped in various ways, half anatropous, often seen with a slight depression extending along one edge from the scar to one end, larger seeds more often flattened than are the shorter. A prominent forage plant, the seeds of which are often adulterated. Native of Europe.

=White Sweet Clover.= _Melilotus alba Desv._ Flowers white; pods straw-color to brown, coarsely and irregularly reticulate-ridged or wrinkled; seeds smooth, dull, yellowish or greenish, more strictly elliptical-oblong in outline than those of red clover and alfalfa, bearing the broad, shallow notch near one extremity; 2-2.2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Seeds used to adulterate those of alfalfa.

=Alsike Clover.= _Trifolium hybridum_ L. Seeds dull yellowish green to very dark green, some of them mottled, lighter about the seed scar, flattened, one of the rounded edges thicker than the other, and between the two a slight groove on each side; seed rounded at one end, the other truncate with the seed scar in the middle of the truncate end. Some seeds are half anatropous, resembling in shape those of red clover; 1.3-1.2 mm. in diameter. When compared with white clover, these seeds are larger and thicker. Introduced from Europe.

=Crimson Clover. Scarlet Clover.= _Trifolium incarnatum_ L. Seed smooth, shining when not old, color light yellow to reddish yellow or brown, oval, scar about one-third the distance from the narrow end, three-fourths anatropous, 2-2.5 mm. long, very slightly compressed.

=Red Clover.= _Trifolium pratense_ L. Seeds usually dull, pure light yellow to purple, flattened, ovoid, having the seed scar near the middle of one edge or below the middle, half anatropous, a slight depression on each side from the scar toward the broad end, the short edge thinner than the long edge, 1.5-1.8 mm. long by 1.x1.4 mm. wide. Very common. Introduced from Europe.

=Mammoth Clover= is a variety or race or red clover, the seeds of which are indistinguishable from the seeds of red clover. As a rule they are darker in color and rather smaller. Red clover and mammoth clover are usually much mixed.

=Low Hop-clover.= _Trifolium procumbens_ L. A low, yellow-flowered annual, often becoming a tumble-weed at maturity. Seeds plump, shining, straw-colored to light brown, broad oval, very slightly flattened, 1 mm. long, three-fourths anatropous, i. e., the scar is a very little distance from one end of the seed. A little way back of the scar on each side is a light-colored depression. Rather rapidly spreading. From Europe.

=White Clover.= _Trifolium repens_ L. Seeds scarcely shining, yellow to light brown, flattened, one of the rounded edges thinner than the other, and between the two a slight groove on each side, one end rounded, the other truncate with a slight depression in the center containing the seed scar 1.-1.2 mm. long to 1 mm. wide. The seeds that are truncate at one end are anatropous, some of them resembling those of red clover are half anatropous. Common and well known, possibly native to the northern country.

GERANIUM FAMILY. GERANIACEAE.

=Alfilaria. Storks-bill.= _Erodium cicutarium_ (L.) L'Her. Flowers pink; achenes reddish brown, hairy, lance-shaped, the smaller end curved, hard, sharp, the larger end when mature bearing an awn spirally coiled for half its length, the sickle like apex turned to one side.

Achenes 5-6 mm. long, the coiled portion and cycle-like apex each 10-15 mm. long. True seed light brown, ovoid-lanceolate 2.5-2.7 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.

This plant is not yet common in our state, but, judging from its behavior in the botanic garden, it is destined soon to become a bad weed. On the desert ranches of Arizona, Nevada and elsewhere, it furnishes much pasture.

=Cut-leaved Crane's bill.= _Geranium dissectum_ L. Seed light brown, broadly oval or ovoid, surface deeply pitted requiring 25-30 pits to form one row transversely about the surface. Seed scar at the larger end from which extends a slight vertical ridge reaching nearly one-third the length of the seed. Introduced from Europe, becoming common.

=Small-flowered Crane's bill.= _Geranium pusillum_ Burm. f. Flowers minute, pink, pubescent under a lens, slightly compressed, oval with the apex near one side of one end, about 2 mm. long, the beak nearly twice as long; seed reddish brown, smooth, oval, slightly flattened, 1.7-1.9 mm. long. Introduced from Europe, a bad weed when once established.

SPURGE FAMILY. EUPHORBIACEAE.

=Three-Seeded Mercury.= _Acalypha Virginica_ L. Seeds 1.3-1.8 mm. long oval or obovoid, dull, light to dark reddish brown or gray, mottled with black spots, surface covered with numerous irregular vertical lines, a ridge (hilum) extending from the pointed end for about one-third the length, continuing to the broad extremity as a dark line (raphe). Native to this country. Moist land.

=Cypress Spurge.= _Euphorbia Cyparissias_ L. Seeds dull, light lead or ash-colored, oval or oblong, circular in transverse section, 1.5-2 mm. long, not including an irregular yellowish appendage (caruncle) at the base, a dark verticle line (raphe) extending along one side. Introduced from Europe. Thriving on thin sandy soil.

=Toothed Spurge.= _Euphorbia dentata_ Michx. Seeds ash colored, obovoid, or globose, inconspicuously four-angled, base obtuse, irregularly tuberculate, 1 mm. or more long. It thrives in the Botanic Garden and very likely may soon spread onto Michigan farms.

=Leafy Spurge.= _Euphorbia Esula_ L. Seeds dull, light drab colored, broad-oval, narrowed at one end, nearly circular in transverse section, 2.3 mm. long, not including a wrinkled bunch (caruncle) at the base, a dark vertical line (raphe) extending above one side opposite which is another ridge the color of the seed. Introduced from Europe.

_Euphorbia hirsuta_ (Torr). Weigand. Seeds lead colored, obovoid approximately square in transverse section with one side narrower than the others, 4-10 irregular transverse ridges on each side, the raphe standing along one corner, about 1.2 mm. long by 7 mm. wide. Sandy soil.

=Spotted Spurge.= _Euphorbia maculata_ L. Seeds obovoid-oblong, nearly square in cross-sections, minutely pitted and transversely wrinkled with 2-5 broken wavy ridges, a fine dark vertical line (raphe) along one corner, color reddish drab, .6-.8 mm. long. Probably introduced from west of the Rocky Mountains.

=Upright Spotted Spurge.= _Euphorbia Preslii_ Guss. _Euphorbia nutans Lag._ Seeds lead-colored obovoid-oblong, with 4 unequal sides as seen in cross-section, pitted and transversely wrinkled, with 2-5 broken wavy ridges, a fine dark, verticle line (raphe) along one corner, 1-1.3 mm. long. Native of eastern North America. Introduced in seeds of red clover.

=Thyme-leaved Spurge.= _Euphorbia serpyllifolia_ Pers. Seed ash-colored, obovoid, four-angled or nearly square in cross-section, the surface covered with four or five more or less broken obtuse transverse ridges, a slender, dark line (raphe) extending from end to end on one corner. Dry soils, like railway tracks.

CASHEW FAMILY. ANACARDIACEAE.

=Poison Ivy.= _Rhus Toxicodendron_ L. Berry nearly white, globular, about 5 mm. in diameter, drupe kidney-shaped, concave on both edges, 3 by 4.5 mm. in diameter, 2 mm. thick. To some people very poisonous to the touch; a woody shrub.

MALLOW FAMILY. MALVACEAE.

=Indian Mallow. American Jute. Velvet Leaf.= _Abutilon Theophrasti_ Medic. _Abutilon Abutilon_ (L.) _Rusby_. Flowers yellow; seeds brown, flattened, 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid excepting a piece cut from one side of the smaller end with 3-4 curved rows of minute slender objects on each side, the raphe extending from the pointed end to the notch on one side (half anatropous). Naturalized from northern Asia.

=Bladder Ketmia.= _Hibiscus Trionum_ L. Seed brown, the surface dotted with numerous, ragged, light-colored pimples. Think of the shape as obovoid, and then bent somewhat to the side. As now found the seed is triangular in outline with rounded corners, considerably thinned toward one corner near which is the seed scar in the midst of a depression. Each side of the triangle is about 2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Not yet a prominent weed in Michigan.

=Cheeses. Running Mallow.= _Malva rotundifolia_ L. Flowers white; cluster of 12-15 fruits flattened, circular with depression on each side, ovary circular, wedge-shaped, very slightly roughened, with radiating ridges; seeds light brown, nearly smooth, flattened, 1.4-1.7 mm. in diameter, wedge shaped, nearly circular with a small notch on the thin edge. Naturalized from Europe.

=Whorled Mallow.= _Malva verticillata._ L. Flowers white; cluster of 10-12 fruits flattened, circular with depression on each side, carpel circular, wedge-shaped, about three rows of irregular shallow pits on the wide edge, radiating ridges on each flat side; seeds light brown, nearly smooth, flattened, wedge-shaped, ovate or nearly circular, 1.5-1.7 mm. long, with a small notch on the thin edge. Introduced from the west.

=Prickly Sida.= _Sida spinosa_ L. Seed smooth, dull brown or reddish brown, having one side round and two sides flat or more or less concave, all edges obtuse while lying on one flat side, broadly ovoid, with one side nearly straight, scar at the larger end in the midst of a slight depression, 1.5-1.8 mm. long. Not yet common in Michigan. Introduced from the tropics.

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. HYPERICACEAE.

=Common St. John's-wort.= _Hypericum perforatum_ L. Seed dark brown, mottled with about twenty-four vertical rows of small scars, short oblong, 1 mm. long, a little more or less, circular in cross-section, a slight point at one or both ends. Troublesome in old meadows and pastures. From Europe.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. ONAGRACEAE.

=Small-flowered Gaura.= _Gaura parviflora_ Dougl. Achenes greenish brown, at first glance, having the appearance of barley, linear, swollen in the middle, more or less grooved or channeled, 6-8 mm. long. Introduced from the South.

=Common Evening-Primrose.= _Oenothera biennis_ L. _Onagra biennis_ (L.) Scop. Flowers yellow; seeds reddish brown or darker, surface dull, minutely ridged, very irregular in shape owing to crowding in the pod, more or less pyramidal and four or five sided, the angles acute or with a wing-like border, 1.-1.5 mm. long. Native to this country.

PARSLEY FAMILY. UMBELLIFERAE.

=Water Hemlock.= =Mosquash Root.= =Beaver Poison.= _Cicuta maculata_ L. Achenes, when young grow in couples joined by their flat sides, broadly oval, somewhat flattened, a single one-half oval, 2.7-3.2 mm long, with five corky yellowish white vertical stripes alternating with four brown oil tubes, the flat side with two wide light corky stripes including two brown oil tubes. The roots are very poisonous. Native to Michigan and elsewhere. Moist or wet lands.

=Poison Hemlock.= _Conium maculatum_ L. Flowers white, achenes growing in pairs, light brown, oval, flat on one side, five ribs extending from one end to the other, between them the surface abounds in minute vertical projections, achene about 3.5 mm. long. Difficult to identify. Introduced from Europe.

=Wild Carrot.= _Daucus Carota_ L. Flowers white; achenes light brown, striped with white, oval, flattened, bearing numerous frail spines along the edges and in two rows lengthwise of one face, tips of spines diverging, often hooked, about 3.5 mm. long not including the spines. Introduced from Europe. This is the cultivated carrot escaped from fields and gardens. A great pest in old meadows.

=Wild Parsnip.= _Pastinaca sativa_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes growing in pairs, 5-6 mm. long, with flat sides together, light brown, broad oval, much flattened, surrounded by a narrow thin ridge, 9-curved shallow ribs on one side. Introduced from Europe.

MILKWEED FAMILY. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

=Common Milkweed.= _Asclepias Syriaca_ L. Pods 8-12 cm. long, covered with soft spiny processes; seeds dull light brown, much flattened, narrowly obovate, 6.5-8 mm. long, the small end truncate, surrounded by a broad wrinkled wing-margin or hem. The concave side bears a slender vertical ridge (raphe) for two-thirds of its length; the convex side bearing fine, short ridges. Before escaping from the pods, the small end of the seed contains a cluster of spreading silky hairs (coma) 2-3 cm. long. Native of this country. Often troublesome and conspicuous in light soil, occasionally becoming small, pale, with slender branches and dying.

=Black Swallow-wort.= _Cynanchum nigrum_ (L.) Pers. _Vincetoxicum nigrum_ Moench. Smooth pods of the vine about 5 cm. long; seeds brown when dry, much flattened, concave, obovate, 6-8 mm. long, nearly surrounded by a wing margin or hem, the small end truncate. The concave side bears a slender vertical ridge (raphe) for over half its length, both sides bearing fine short ridges. Before escaping from the pods, the small end of the seed contains a cluster of spreading silky hairs. Introduced from Europe; not yet common, but it is persistent where once started.

MORNING GLORY FAMILY. CONVOLVULACEAE.

=Small Bindweed.= _Convolvulus arvensis_ L. Color of seeds dull dark brown, coarsely roughened, oval, 3-4 mm. long, one face convex, the other face sloping to the edges from a broad, central ridge, becoming mucilaginous when soaked in water. Introduced from Europe. Seldom, if ever, seeding in Michigan. On dry, poor land.

=Hedge or Great Bindweed.= _Convolvulus sepium_ L. Pod nearly globose, about 8 mm. in diameter, usually covered by the bracts and calyx; seeds dull black or dark brown, roughened, oval, about 5 mm. long, one face convex, the other face sloping to the edges from a central ridge. Native to this country. Seldom seeding in Michigan. On low land.

=Field Dodder.= _Cuscuta arvensis_ Beyrich. A pale yellow leafless parasitic vine; seeds dull, yellowish brown, minutely pitted, considerably resembling those of red clover, broad oval, ovoid or spherical, .7-1 mm. long, one side rounded the other often with two flat surfaces terminating in a ridge. Not uncommon with alfalfa.

=Flax Dodder.= _Cuscuta Epilinum_ Weihe. Stems very slender, yellow or red, a parasitic vine; seeds dull, yellowish to dark brown, minutely pitted, nearly spherical, oval, ovoid, 1-1.5 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.

=Clover Dodder.= _Cuscuta Epithymum_ Murr. Stems very slender, a parasitic vine; seeds oval to spherical, dull, pitted, color yellowish, light to dark brown, light green to purple, about 2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Occasionally found on red clover.

=Gronovius Dodder.= _Cuscuta Gronovii_ Willd. Seed light to dark brown, surface minutely granular, free from gloss, a few spherical, most of them indented as they dry or variously angled where they crowded against each other in the pod, 1.5-1.7 mm. in diameter. Species of dodder are difficult to distinguish one from the other. This is common on low land, where it draws nourishment from a great variety of plants, such as willows, balsams, nettles.

=Spanish Dodder.= _Cuscuta planiflora_ Tenore. Color light to dark pink, purple buff, olive green; surface well roughened, almost reticulated, in shape flattened on one side, ovoid, oval angled, indented in great variety, 0.7-1.2 mm. long.

BORAGE FAMILY. BORAGINACEAE.

=Hound's Tongue.= _Cynoglossum officinale_ L. Flowers reddish purple; ovary brown deeply 4-lobed separating into four achenes, 5-7 mm. long, flattened, broadly ovate or circular, excepting a slight extension at one end, lower side having an ovate scar, nearly half as long as the achenes, all the rest of the surface clothed with straight, stiff, cap-shaped hairs, bearded on all sides. Introduced from Europe. Very objectionable in pastures.

=Stick-Seed. Burr Seed.= _Lappula echinata_ Gilibert. _Lappula Lappula_ (L.) Karst. Flowers blue, ovary deeply 4-lobed separating into four warty achenes, each one brown, about 2.5 mm. long, slightly flattened, ovate with wedge-shaped apex; the upper side bearing a few stiff straight, diverging cap-shaped hairs, bearded on all sides; lower side destitute of hairs, bearing a straight ridge from the point to the middle of the large end. Introduced from Europe. Very objectionable in pastures.

=Wild Comfrey.= _Lappula Virginiana_ (L.) Greene. Flowers blue; ovary deeply 4-lobed separating into four brown achenes, about 3 mm. long, flattened on upper side, broadly ovate, the apex wedge-shaped, the upper side clothed with stiff straight cap-shaped hairs, bearded on all sides; lower side a low 4-sided cone, nearly smooth with a concave triangular scar. Native to rich woodlands.

=Red Root. Wheat Thief. Corn Gromwell.= _Lithospermum arvense_ L. Flowers white; ovary 4-divided separating into four hard, conical-ovoid achenes, each dull gray, erect, wrinkled, 2.5-3 mm. long, convex on the back, keeled on the inner side, base obliquely truncate, containing two minute white tubercles. A prominent weed of high rank in fields of winter wheat.

VERVAIN FAMILY. VERBENACEAE.

=Blue Vervain.= _Verbena hastata_ L. Achenes crowded, four together until mature, dull, reddish brown, flattened, oblong, 1.7-2 mm. long, bordered by a narrow margin, the outer face convex, bearing 3-5 small vertical ridges branching and uniting at the apex, forming a distinct network, the inner face sloping to the margin from a central vertical ridge; a light colored scar is seen on one side of the base. Native to this country. Not important.

=Nettle-leaved Vervain.= _Verbena urticifolia_ L. Achenes 1.6-1.8 mm. long, very closely resembling the last above mentioned. The achenes of this one are a trifle shorter and broader, more nearly oval than oblong. Native to this country. Not common in fields.

MINT FAMILY. LABIATAE.

=Dead Nettle.= _Lamium amplexicaule_ L. Achenes light brown, conspicuously marked by white spots some of which coalesce making the surface striped crosswise, obovate-oblong, pointed at the smaller end, 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer surface rounded, the inner face angled, the concave surfaces sloping to the edges from a central vertical ridge. Introduced from Europe. Thrives in cool weather.

=Motherwort.= _Leonurus Cardiaca_ L. Achenes light brown, obovoid-oblong, rounded on one side flat on the other two sides, the truncate apex hairy, 2-2.4 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Waste places.

=White Hoarhound.= _Marubium vulgare_ L. Achenes dull, varying from light to dark brown, sometimes finely roughened by numerous minute tubercles, slightly flattened, oval or obovoid, about 2 mm. long, outer surface convex, inner face angled sloping to the edges from a central vertical ridge, edges of achenes often slightly margined, surface lightly grooved. Introduced from Europe. A weed in northern Michigan where snow protects it in winter.

=Catnip. Catmint.= _Nepeta Cataria_ L. Achenes dull, light reddish brown to nearly black, with two laterally placed cavities near the base, each filled with white spongey tissue, broadly oval, slightly flattened, 1.3-1.7 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Scarcely a weed.

=Self-heal. Heal-all.= _Prunella vulgaris_ L. Achenes light to dark brown, slightly roughened, having a diffused luster, slightly flattened, oval or oblong, the base tapering to a small whitish, triangular appendage, outer side convex having dark verticle lines, the other face sloping to the edges from a central ridge, becoming mucilaginous when soaked in water. Native to this country.

NIGHT SHADE FAMILY. SOLANACEAE.

=Jimson Weed. Thorn-apple.= _Datura Stramonium_ L. Pods ovoid, densely prickly, about 4 cm. long; seeds black to brown, flattened, with 6-10 slight irregular elevations, the whole surface covered with minute shallow pits, short kidney shaped, i. e., one edge nearly straight or slightly notched, the remainder of the margin making about two-thirds of a circle. 3-3.5 mm. long. Most likely introduced from Asia. A coarse, poisonous weed found in waste places.

=Purple Jimson Weed. Purple Thorn-apple.= _Datura Tatula._ The color of the stems are purple, the flowers and pods nearly the same as those last above; seeds of the two scarcely if at all unlike. Naturalized from tropical America. Waste places.

=Horse Nettle.= _Solanum Carolinense_ L. Berry orange-yellow, 1.6 to 2 cm. in diameter; seeds lemon yellow, slightly double convex, obovate 2.1-2.9 mm. long, surface finely granular all over. Native of the southwest U. S. It spreads rapidly by long roots.

=Black Nightshade.= _Solanum nigrum_ L. Berry black, smooth, globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter; seeds finely granular, dull, yellowish to light brown, flattened, unsymmetrically ovate, about 1.5 mm. long. Native to this country. I have the best of authority for saying that these berries when ripe make good pies, whether the uncooked fruit is poisonous there is less proof. Of little importance.

=Beaked Nightshade.= _Solanum rostratum_ Dunal. Fruit surrounded by a persistent prickly calyx about 2 cm. long; seeds flattened, irregularly undulate or wrinkled, dark brown or black, usually ovate or circular in outline, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, surface covered with small pits. Introduced into Michigan from the southwest. A coarse prickly weed.

FIGWORT FAMILY. SCROPHULARIACEAE.

=Butter and Eggs. Toad-Flax.= _Linaria vulgaris_ Hill. _Linaria Linaria_ (L.) Karst. Flowers yellow and orange; seeds dark brown or black, flat, circular or oval, surrounded by a broad wing-margin, the wing notched and covered by numerous fine radiating ridges, the surface of the seed roughened by numerous projecting points, seed, including its wing, 1.5-2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. A vigorous weed in meadows, spreading by seeds and by root stocks.

=Moth Mullein.= _Verbascum Blattaria_ L. Flowers yellow; pod 6 mm. diameter; seeds light to dark brown, .5-1 mm. long, columnar, lateral surface slightly angular and 6-sided, base truncate or obliquely so and broader than the rounded apex, thus somewhat thimble-shaped, each lateral face deeply pitted in longitudinal rows, the pits in contiguous rows, alternating. Introduced from Europe. A vile weed in meadows and pastures.

=Velvet-Leaved Mullein.= _Verbascum Thapsus_ L. Flowers yellow; pod 6 mm. high; seeds cannot be distinguished with certainty by means of the ordinary lens from those of moth mullein. The pitted surface seems to predominate in _Verbascum Blattaria_, while the grooved surface seems to be more common in the seeds of V. Thapsus. Introduced from Europe. Common in thin pastures.

=Wall Speedwell.= _Veronica arvensis_ L. Pods heart-shaped; seeds dull, light yellow, flattened, oval, .7-1.1 mm. long on one side appearing as though the two ends had been brought together by bending. From Europe.

=Common Speedwell.= _Veronica officinalis_ L. Pods heart-shaped; seeds dull, pale yellow, flattened, broadly oval to broadly obovate, .8-1.2 mm. long, with a small scar near the middle of one side, from which extends a faint line (raphe) to one extremity. Appearing as though introduced.

=Purslane Speedwell.= _Veronica peregrina_ L. Pods heart-shaped; seeds dull, light reddish yellow, flattened, oval to broadly obovate .5-.8 mm. long, with a small scar a little above the middle of one side, from which extends a dark line (raphe) to one extremity. Most likely native to this country.

=Thyme-leaved Speedwell.= _Veronica serpyllifolia_ L. Pods broadly heart-shaped; seeds pale yellow, a trifle darker than those of V. officinalis, light, reddish yellow, in shape and markings much like those of V. peregrina, flattened, broadly oval to obovate .5-.7 mm. long, with a small scar near the middle on one side, from which extends a dark line (raphe) to one extremity.

Apparently native to this country.

Seeds of the Veronicas are very difficult to distinguish from one another.

PLANTAIN FAMILY. PLANTAGINACEAE.

=Sand Plantain.= _Plantago arenaria_ W. & K. Seeds dark amber brown, shining, rounded on the back like the bottom of a shallow canoe, 2.5-3 mm. long, transverse groove around the middle of the back, opposite side with a groove extending lengthwise, about as wide as the ridge on either side of it; hilum in the middle of the groove. Found at Harrisville, Mich.

=Large-bracted Plantain.= _Plantago aristata_ Michx. Seeds oval, dull, light to dark brown, 2.2-3 mm. long, shaped like a shallow, thick-walled canoe with ends rounded alike, outer face marked by a shallow, transverse groove at or near the middle, a white line marking the margin at the base on the canoe inside, two white-margined pits occupying the middle of the concave side. Introduced from the west in clover seeds, not yet common.

=Rib-Grass. Narrow-leaved Plantain.= _Plantago lanceolata_ L. Seeds shining, amber-colored to brown, oval, 2-2.5 mm. long, shaped like a shallow, thick-walled canoe with ends rounded alike, a dark scar occupying the middle of the narrow concave side, a faint, transverse groove across the convex side near the middle sometimes apparent. Often found mixed with clover seeds from which it is very difficult to separate. Introduced from Europe.

=Broad-leaved Plantain.= _Plantago major_ L. Seeds, light to dark brown or very nearly black, 1-1.5 mm. long, slightly flattened, with acute edges very variable in shape, oval, oblong, rhomboidal and trapezoid, the surface roughened by slender, colored ridges, appearing under the lens as slightly wavy lines, radiating from the scar. The clear light green color of the lower end of the leaf-stem is an easy mark to distinguish this plant from another broad-leaved plantain, _P. Rugelii_ in which the base of leaf is red. Introduced from Europe. About door yards.

=Rugel's Broad-leaved Plantain.= _Plantago Rugelii Decne._ Seeds dark brown to black, much like those of P. major, but larger, 1.5-2.5 mm. long slightly flattened, with edges acute, very variable in shape, oval oblong, rhomboidal, surface minutely roughened and dull, but wholly without ridge or lines as in P. major. Native of this country. Lower end of leaf-stalk red, and not clear green as in P. major. A vile pest in clover fields.

MADDER FAMILY.

=Blue Field Madder.= _Sherardia arvensis_ L. The parts often called seeds are in reality the half-fruits ripened, each one bearing at the apex three, white, pointed, persistent calyx lobes, the inner face showing a vertical groove, and in some of the fruits the calyx is broken off. Surface dull brown, clothed with small white hairs, obovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long. Introduced from Europe, not often found in the northern states.

TEASEL FAMILY. DIPSACACEAE.

=Wild Teasel.= _Dipsacus sylvestris_ Huds. Achene brown, minutely hairy, 4 mm. long, oblong, square in cross-section, with four vertical ribs on the angles and four on the sides. Seed suspended, anatropous, supplied with endosperm. Introduced from Europe. A weed requiring two years from seed to seeding.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. COMPOSITAE.

=Yarrow. Milfoil.= _Achillea Millefolium_ L. Flowers white; achenes white to gray, finely striate lengthwise, flattened, oblong, tapering at the lower end, straight or curved. 2-2.3 long. Most likely introduced from Europe.

=Ragweed.= _Ambrosia artemisiifolia_ L. Achenes hard, straw-colored to light brown or black, top-shaped, broadly oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, besides the beak 1.5 mm. long, the sides irregularly ridged vertically, with 5-10 short teeth at the apex. Sometimes the hard covering is removed by a clover huller, exposing the naked seed. Native of the U. S.

=Great Ragweed.= _Ambrosia trifida_ L. Achenes hard, brown, more or less mottled, top-shaped, 7-8 mm. besides the stout beak 2-3 mm. long, sides with 5 stout ridges terminating in 5 short teeth. Native to the United States. River bottoms, low land, sometimes 15 ft. high.

=Corn Camomile=. _Anthemis arvensis_ L. Achenes very variable, creamy white to light brown, oblong, wedge-shaped in outline, circular to four-angled in cross-section, more or less ribbed lengthwise, a ripple-shaped scar at the narrow end; apex truncate with a minute projection in the center, often with a narrow ridge about the margin. About 1.7 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Seldom troublesome in Michigan.

=May-weed. Dog's-Fennel.= _Anthemis Cotula_ L. Outer flowers white; achenes straw color to light brown, obovoid (large end uppermost) to oblong, circular in outline, 1.3-1.8 mm. long, with 10 warty ribs. Introduced from Europe. Old roads and waste places.

=Great Burdock.= _Arctium Lappa._ So far as I have seen the achenes of this species, when compared with A. minus, are darker colored, rather longer, the ribs more distinct.

=Smaller Burdock.= _Arctium minus_ Beruh. Possibly only a variety of _A. Lappa_ L., but the prevailing plant in central Michigan. I see no way of distinguishing the achenes of one from the other; but it makes little difference as one burdock is as bad as another.

Flowers purple; achenes dull brown, often spotted with black, straight or curved, slightly flattened, oblong-prismatic with 3-5 narrowly ridged angles, and occasionally other smaller ridges, 4.5-6 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.

=Biennial Wormwood.= _Artemisia biennis_ Willd. Achenes dark brown, smooth, somewhat flattened, 3-4 angled, obovate, narrowed at the base .8-1.3 mm. long. Native in the northwestern United States and introduced east with grass seeds. Moist land.

=Smaller Bur-Marigold.= _Bidens cernua_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes 4-6 mm. long, dull brown, the awns lighter, flattened, 4-angled, wedge-shaped, awns 2-4, barbed downward as also are the ribs. Native of this country. Low lands.

=Purple-stemmed Swamp Beggar-ticks.= _Bidens connata_ Muhl. Flowers orange; achenes brown, wedge-shaped or obovate, hairy, tubercled, flattened, 4-angled, 4-toothed, 4-6 mm. long, achenes and teeth downwardly barbed. Swamps, common.

=Beggar-ticks.= _Bidens frondosa_ L. Achenes dull brown, tubercled, much flattened, obovate or oval, 6-12 mm. long, awns usually 2, spreading barbed downward. Low lands.

=Star Thistle.= _Centaurea solstitialis_ L. Achene cream white to mottled brown, flattened, oval about 2 mm. long; scar of attachment in a notch of one edge above the rounded base, apex truncate with a small tubercle in the middle. Found in seeds of alfalfa. A ragged plant from Europe.

=Ox-eye Daisy.= _Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum_ L. Flowers white; achenes brown or black with ten white conspicuous vertical ribs, narrowly obovate 1.5-1.8 mm. long, bearing a tubercle at the apex. Introduced from Europe. Becoming common. A prominent weed in old pastures and meadows.

=Chickory.= _Chichorium Intybus_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes light brown, more or less mottled or spotted with black, straight or curved, 4-5 angled, flattened, apex truncate crowned with a double row of minute scales. Achenes 2.5-3 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.

=Canada Thistle.= _Cirsium arvense_ (L.) Scop. _Carduus arvensis_ (L.) Robs. Flowers purple or white; achenes smooth, light brown, curved or straight, narrowly obovoid or oblong, slightly flattened, 2-3 mm. long, apex truncate, cup-shaped with a tubercle in the center. Introduced from Europe. A weed of first rank.

=Bull Thistle.= _Cirsium lanceolatum_ (L.) Hill. _Carduus lanceolatus_ L. Flowers purple; achenes smooth, nearly white, with sharp vertical brown stripes, slightly flattened, obovate or oblong, usually curved near the apex, 3-4 mm. long, apex truncate with a large tubercle in the center. Introduced from Europe.

=Narrow leaved Hawksbeard.= _Crepis tectorum_ L. Flowers yellow; achene chestnut brown, straight or curved, linear, ribs 10, smooth or rugose; 3.4 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.

=Fire-weed.= _Erechtites hieracifolia_ (L.) Raf. Achenes brown, linear, 2.2-2.8 mm. long, flattened, straight or curved, having ten vertical ribs between which are minute white oppressed hairs, the extremities truncate, wider than the narrow portion beneath, the apex white with a tubercle projecting from the center of a minute cup. Native to this country. Not of much importance.

=Annual Fleabane.= _Erigeron annuus_ (L.) Pers. Flowers white; achenes smooth, shining, brownish white, translucent, flattened, obovate or oblong, .7-.9 mm. long, bearing at the apex a whorl of very small diverging bristles, the longest ones having been rubbed off. Faint traces of a few oppressed hairs may be seen under a good lens. Native to this country and a very prominent weed in thin meadows.

=Horse-weed.= _Erigeron Canadensis_ L. _Leptilon Canadense_ (L.) Britton. Achenes oblong, dull cream color, much flattened, 1-1.3 mm. long, shining, smooth or containing a few minute oppressed bristles, apex truncate, bearing a whorl of bristles, the longest having been rubbed off. Native of this country. Compare the above description with that of Erigeron annuus. Common in waste places.

=Daisy Fleabane.= _Erigeron ramosus_ (Walt.) B. S. P. Flowers white; achenes nearly identical with those last described, Erigeron annuus, bristles shorter, less diverging, surface bearing more minute appressed hairs when seen under a lens. Native to this country and prominent in some thin meadows.

=Sweet Everlasting.= _Gnaphalium polycephalum_ Michx. _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_ L. Outer scales of the head thin, white, stiff; achenes yellowish white or brown, slightly flattened, smooth, oval or oblong, .5-.7 mm. long. Native to this country. Not often troublesome.

Much practice with a good lens and careful comparisons with other small achenes will be necessary in identifying such specimens as are furnished by this species.

=Low Cudweed.= _Gnaphalium uliginosum_ L. Outer scales of the head thin, brown, more or less wooly; achenes .4-.6 mm. long, yellowish white to brown, slightly flattened, smooth, narrowly oblong .4-.6 mm. long. Achenes narrower and rather shorter than those of G. obtusifolium. Native to this country. Not of high rank as a weed.

=Broad-leaved Gum Plant.= _Grindelia squarrosa_ (Pursh.) Dunal. Flowers yellow; achenes creamy white or light brown, very variable in appearance, more or less flattened, often 4-angled, straight to much curved, narrowed at the base, apex truncate, often concave with a distinct marginal rim, some of them not very unlike those of Canada thistle, some of them smooth, others finely grooved or ridged lengthwise, others somewhat wrinkled, 2.5-3 mm. long. Occasionally introduced from the west with seeds of grasses or clover. Usually not persistent in Michigan.

=Artichoke.= _Helianthus tuberosus_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes black, shiny more or less, slightly flattened, pubescent with very short hairs, with four obtuse angles, narrowly obovate, 6-7 mm. long, one side of the smaller end projecting beyond the other side. Native of this country; cultivated by Indians.

=Golden Mouse or Orange-Ear Hawkweed. Devil's Paint-Brush.= _Hieracium aurantiacum._ Flowers orange yellow; achenes jet black, oblong, straight or curved, apex truncate, base abruptly tapering, cylindrical, the sides bearing 10 narrow, vertical ridges. Introduced from Europe. In Eastern New York and Western Massachusetts meadows abound in large areas of this vile weed, 1.8-2.2 mm. long.

=Mouse-Ear Hawkweed.= _Hieracium Pilosella_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes jet black, oblong, straight or curved, apex truncate, base abruptly pointed, cylindrical or narrowly oval, the sides bearing 10 narrow vertical ridges. Introduced from Europe. The achenes very closely resemble those of the orange hawkweed. It doesn't matter much, for the habits are the same, and one is about as noxious as the other. Introduced from Europe.

=Elecampane.= _Inula Helenium_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes light brown, straight or curved, linear, flattened, 4-5 mm. long, 4 sided with 5-8 obscure vertical ridges on each side, apex concave, the margin bearing a circle of short stiff bristles, the remains of longer ones. Introduced from Europe. Not common.

=Marsh Elder.= _Iva xanthiifolia_ (Fresen.) Nutt. Achenes various shades of brown to black, flattened or rhombic in section, obovoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, longitudinally, striate with fine lines. Native to the upper peninsula of Michigan where it most likely was at one time introduced from the west. It has not been found in the lower peninsula, probably because it had no means of coming across Lake Michigan.

=Wild Lettuce.= _Lactuca Canadensis_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes black or nearly so, flattened, oval, bearing 3 ribs, the lateral ones sometimes double, the middle one slender, surface abounding in minute transverse ridges as seen under a lens, the remains of a beak sometimes remaining. Native of this country. Other species of Lettuce are more or less troublesome.

=Prickly Lettuce.= _Lactuca virosa_ L. For many years erroneously called _Lactuca scariola_. Flowers yellow; achenes dull, dark brown, mottled with black, flattened, bearing 5-7 rough, vertical ridges, interspersed by as many smaller ones; oblong, obovate, widest toward the tapering apex. 3-3.5 mm. long. Some of the leaves turn one edge up and the other down. Introduced from Europe and has proved itself a remarkable traveller.

=Fall Dandelion.= _Leontodon autumnalis_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes light brown, linear, with 5 broad, rounded ribs; achene 4-6.5 mm. long, straight or curved, the outer traversed, with low transverse ridges. Introduced from Europe.

=Black-eyed Susan. Yellow Daisy.= _Rudbeckia hirta_ L. Achene purple-brown to black, slightly tapering from base to apex 1.5-1.8 mm. long, base abruptly pointed, apex truncate, in cross section nearly square, having 5-7 slender vertical ridges on each side besides a larger one at each of the four corners. Widely distributed in meadows and pastures.

=Corn Sow-Thistles.= _Sonchus arvensis_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes dull, dark reddish brown, oblong, extremities blunt, slightly flattened, bearing four coarse, fold-like ridges, with two smaller ridges between each of the two large ones, transversely wrinkled, 2.5-3 mm. long. This species is a perennial spreading by roots-stalks as well as by seeds. Introduced in Europe.

=Spiny Sow-Thistle.= _Sonchus asper_ (L.) Hill. Flowers pale yellow; achenes dull straw-color to reddish brown, much flattened, obovate, oblong, extremities blunt, each side bearing 3-5 vertical ridges, surface nearly smooth, 2.5-3 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.

=Common Sow-Thistle.= _Sonchus oleraceus_ L. Flowers pale yellow; achenes reddish brown, linear, oblanceolate, 3 mm. long, flattened extremities blunt, 5 uneven wrinkled ridges on each side. Introduced from Europe.

=Red-Seeded Dandelion.= _Taraxacum erythrospermum_ Andrz. Achene bright red or red reddish brown, flattened, oblanceolate, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide or less, the red beak 1 mm. long, prickles often extending nearly to the base along twelve vertical ribs, the achenes narrower, shorter, much darker in color, with prickles extending farther down the ribs, the short beak longer; the plant is earlier, often smaller, when compared with the other species.

Doubtless this is more common than has been reported, having been overlooked. Introduced from Europe.

=Dandelion.= _Taraxacum officinale_ Weber. _Taraxacum Taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. Flowers yellow; achenes dull light to dark brown, flattened oblanceolate, thread-like beak two to three times as long as the achene, the stout colored beak 0.5 mm. long. The most conspicuous character of the achenes lies in the barb-like-toothed edges and ridges of each of the similar faces, extending along the upper half. Achene, 3-4 mm. long, having twelve longitudinal ridges, 1.2 mm. wide. Introduced from Europe. Troublesome on thin lawns.

=Salsify. Oyster-Plant.= _Tragopogon porrifolius_ L. Flowers purple; achenes dull light brown, nearly cylindrical; apex tapering, mostly terminating in a slender beak which is often longer than the body of the achene. Achene straight or curved, 10-ribbed, 12-18 mm. long, outermost coarsely roughened by upwardly directed, whitish, scale-like projections. Native of Europe.

=Meadow Salsify. Yellow Goat's Beard.= _Tragopogon pratensis_ L. Flowers yellow; achenes dull, light brown, nearly cylindrical, apex tapering, mostly terminating in a slender beak. Achene straight or curved, 10-ribbed, 12-15 mm. long, the inner ones of the head smooth, the outer-most coarsely roughened by upwardly directed, whitish, scale-like projections. Introduced from Europe.

=American Cocklebur.= _Xanthium Canadensis_ Mill. Achenes or burs reddish brown, oblong, circular in section, two-beaked, about 20 mm. long, covered with stout hooked prickles. Each bur encloses two seeds. Native of this country.

=Spiny Clotbur.= _Xanthium spinosum_ L. Bur oblong, light brown, very slightly flattened, 10-13 mm. long, the beaks weak and small, small hooked prickles 3-4 mm. long, each bur contains two seeds. Introduced from Europe.

=Broad Cocklebur.= _Xanthium strumarium_ L. Bur dark brown, oval, circular in sections 12-22 mm. long, beaks stout, nearly straight, spines about 5 mm. long, surface of burs and base of spines clothed with minute hooked prickles. Naturalized from Europe.

INDEX.

Page

Abutilon, 145

Acalypha, 143

AC-CUM'BENT, leaning or lying upon, applied to cotyledons when
the caulicle (radicle) is folded against their contiguous edges,
shown as [Symbol: 0== rotated 90 deg. clockwise].

A-CHENE', achenium, a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit,
likely to be mistaken for a seed.

Achillea, 160

Acnida, 126

A-CU'MIN-ATE, ending in a prolonged tapering point.

Agrimonia, 138

Agrimony, tall hairy, 138

Agrostemma, 128

Agropyron, 110

Aizoaceae, 128

Alfalfa, 140

Allium, 119

Alfilaria, 142

Alsike clover, 141

Alsine, 131

Alyssum, 132

Alyssum, hoary, 133

Amaranth, 126, 127

Amaranth family, 126

Amaranthaceae, 126

Amaranthus, 127

Ambrosia, 160, 161

American jute, 145

Anacardiaceae, 145

A-NAT'RO-POUS, a name applied to an ovule or seed which grows so
that the funiculus coheres to the whole length forming a raphe
along the edge bringing the hilum near the micropyle while the
chalaza is at the other extremity.

Annual fleabane, 165

Anthemis, 161

Apetalous pepper-grass, 135

A'PEX, the tip or growing point of an organ.

Arctium, 162

Arenaria, 129

Artemisia, 162

Artichoke, 167

Asclepiadaceae, 149

Asclepias, 149

Atriplex, 124

Avena, 110

AWN, a bristle-shaped appendage.

Ax seed, 139

Ax wort, 139

Ball mustard, 137

Barbarea, 133

BARBED, furnished with rigid points or short bristles, usually
reflexed like the barb of a fish-hook.

Barnyard grass, 114

Beaked nightshade, 156

Beaver poison, 148

Beggar-ticks, 163

Bermuda grass, 113

Berteroa, 133

Bidens, 162, 163

Biennial wormwood, 162

Bindweed, 150

Bird's-foot trefoil, 139

Bitter buttercup, 131

Bitter dock, 122

Black-eyed susan, 169

Black medick, 139

Black mustard, 134

Black nightshade, 156

Black swallow-wort, 149

Bladder campion, 130

Bladder Ketmia, 146

Bloom-fell, 139

Bluefield madder, 159

Blue grass, 116

Blue grass, Canadian, 116

Blue grass, Kentucky, 116

Blue Vervain, 153

Borage family, 152

Boraginaceae, 152

Bouncing Bet, 129

Broad-leaved Dock, 122

Broad-leaved plantain, 159

Brome grass, 112

Bromus, 111

Buckwheat family, 119

Buckwheat, wild, 120

Bulbous buttercup, 132

Bull thistle, 164

Burdock, 162

Bur-grass, 112

Bur-marigold, 162

Bur-seed, 152

Bursa, 134

Buttercup, bitter, creeping, or tall, 131

Butter and eggs, 156

Camelina, 134

Canada thistle, 164

Canadian blue grass, 116

Capriola, 113

Capsella, 134

Carduus, 164, 165

Carpet-weed, 128

CAR'UN-CLE, an excrescence or protuberance near the hilum of a
seed.

Caryophyllaceae, 128

Cashew family, 145

Catch-fly, 129, 130

Catmint, 154

Catnip, 154

Celandine, 132

c. m. centimeter, see ruled lines on last page, 183

Cenchrus, 112

Centaurea, 163

Centimeter, see ruled lines on last page, 183

Cerastium, 129

Chaetochloa, 117

Charlock, 133

Cheat, 112

Cheeses, 146

Chelidonium, 132

Chenopodiaceae, 124

Chenopodium, 124, 125, 126

Chess, barren, field, smooth, soft, 111

Chickory, 164

Chickweed, 129, 131

Chrysanthemum, 163

Cichorium, 164

Cicuta, 148

Cinquefoil, silvery, 138, 139

Cirsium, 164, 165

Claviceps, 110

Climbing false buckwheat, 121

Clover dodder, 151

Cockle, 128

Cocklebur, 171

CO'MA, a tuft of hair on a seed.

Common chickweed, 131

Common milkweed, 149

Common speedwell, 157

Compositae, 160

Composite family, 160

Conium, 148

Conringia, 135

Convolvulaceae, 150

Convolvulus, 150

Corn camomile, 161

Corn gromwell, 153

Coronilla, 139

Couch grass, 110

Cow-cress, 136

Crab-grass, 113-114

Crassulaceae, 138

Creeping buttercup, 132

Crepis, 165

Cress, cow, 136

Crimson clover, 141

Crowfoot, 131

Crowfoot family, 131

Cruciferae, 132

Curled Dock, 122

Cut-leaved Crane's bill, 142

Cuscuta, 150, 151

Cycloloma, 126

Cynanchum, 149

Cynodon, 113

Cynoglossum, 152

Cyperaceae, 118

Cyperus, 118

Cypress spurge, 143

Daisy fleabane, 166

Dandelion, 170

Datura, 155

Daucus, 148

Dead nettle, 154

DEL'TOID, shaped like the Greek letter delta; triangular.

Devil's paint-brush, 167

Digitalis, 113

Diplotaxis, 135

Dipsaceae, 160

Dipsacus, 160

Dock, 121

Dock-leaved Persicaria, 120

Dodder, 150

Dog's fennel, 161

Echinochloa, 114

Elecampane, 167

Eleocharis, 118

Eleusine, 114

EL-LIP'TIC-AL, oblong and rounded at the ends; longer than oval.

EM'BRY-O, the little plant forming a part of the seed, usually
consisting of caulicle, one or more cotyledons and a plumule.

Eragrostis, 115

Erechtites, 165

Ergot, 110

Erigeron, 165, 166

Erodium, 142

Erysimum, 135

Euphorbia, 143, 144

Euphorbiaceae, 143

Evening primrose, 147

Evening primrose family, 147

Fall dandelion, 168

False Buckwheat, 121

False flax, 134

FE'MALE FLOW'ER, one having pistils only, but no stamens;
pistillate flower.

FER'TILE, producing fruit, or reproductive bodies of any kind.

Field dodder, 150

Field garlic, 119

Field madder, 159

Field pepper-grass, 136

Figwort family, 156

Fire-weed, 165

Five finger, 139

Flat-stemmed Poa, 116

Flax dodder, 150

Fleabane, 165, 166

Floral glume

FLO'RET, a single flower of a head or cluster, especially in
Compositae.

Forked catchfly, 130

Foxtail, green, yellow, 117

Garlic, field, wild, 119

Gaura, 147

Geraniaceae, 142

Geranium family, 142

GLUME, one of the outer floral envelopes in grasses or sedges.
The term as now used includes the bracts (empty glumes) which
subtend a spikelet and the lower of the two bracts subtending
the individual flower (flowering or floral glume, lemma).

Gnaphalium, 166

Golden pepper-grass, 136

Goosefoot, 125

Goosefoot family, 124

GRAIN, the caryopsis or fruit of Gramineae; any small seed.

Grass, crab, 114

Grass family, weeds in, 110

Grass, old witch, 115

Grass, porcupine, 117

Grass, stink, 115

Green foxtail, 117

Great bindweed, 150

Great burdock, 162

Great ragweed, 161

Grindelia, 166

Gronovius' dodder, 151

Ground honeysuckle, 139

Gum plant, 166

Hare's ear, 135

HAS'TATE, like the head of a halberd--applied to leaves which
have a spreading lobe on each side of the base.

Hawksbeard, 165

Heal-all, 155

Hedge bindweed, 150

Hedge mustard, 137

Helianthus, 167

Hibiscus, 146

Hieracium, 167

Hillman, F. H., graduate of the College in 1888; expert
draftsman of the seed Division of Washington, D. C, 103

Hilum, 134

HI'LUM, the scar or point of attachment of a seed.

Hoarhound, 154

Hoary alyssum, 133

Hoary cress, 136

Honeysuckle, ground, 139

Hordeum, 115

Horse nettle, 155

Horse-weed, 165

Hound's tongue, 152

Hypericaceae, 147

Hypericum, 147

Illecebraceae, 128

IN-CUM'BENT, leaning or lying upon; applied to cotyledons when
the caulicle is folded against the track of one of them, shown
as [Symbol: || o].

Indian mallow, 145

Indian mustard, 133

Indigenous, 139

IN-DIG'E-NOUS, native and original to the region.

Inula, 167

Iva, 167

IN'VO-LU-CRE, a set of bracts immediately subtending a flower or
inflorescence.

Jerusalem oak, 125

Jimson weed, 155

Juncaceae, 118

June grass, 116

KEEL, the joined pair of petals in a papilionaceous corolla; a
projecting ridge along the back of an organ.

Knawel, 128

Knot-grass, 119

Knotweed, 120

Knotweed family, 128

Labiatae, 154

Lactuca, 168

Lady's Thumb, 121

Lamb's quarters, 124

Lamium, 154

LAN'CE-O-LATE, tapering abruptly towards the base and gradually
towards the apex, like the head of a lance.

Lappula, 152

Large-bracted plantain, 158

Leafy spurge, 143

Leguminosae, 139

Leontodon, 168

Leonurus, 154

Lepidium, 136

Leptilon, 165

Liliaceae, 119

Lily family, 119

Linaria, 156

LIN'E-AR, very narrow with the margins parallel or nearly so.

Lithospermum, 153

Low cudweed, 166

Lucerne, 140

Lotus, 139

Low hop-clover, 141

Madder family, 159

Mallow, 145, 146

Mallow family, 145

Malva, 146

Malvaceae, 145, 146

Mammoth clover, 141

Many-seeded goosefoot, 126

Maple-leaved goosefoot, 125

Marsh elder, 167

Marubium, 154

May-weed, 161

Medicago, 139, 140

Melilotus, 140

Mexican tea, 125

Milfoil, 160

Milkweed, 149

Milkweed family, 149

Millimeter, see last page of this bulletin

Mint family, 154

m. m. Millimeter, see ruled lines on last page, 139

Mollugo, 128

Morning-glory family, 150

Mossy stonecrop, 138

Motherwort, 154

Moth mullein, 156

Mouse-ear chickweed, 129

Mouse-ear hawkweed, 167

Mullein, 156, 157

Musquash-root, 148

Mustard, 133, 134, 135

Mustard family, 132

Narrow-leaved dock, 122

Narrow-leaved hawk's beard, 165

Narrow-leaved plantain, 158

Nepeta, 154

Neslia, 137

Nettle family, 119

Nettle-leaved vervain, 153

Night-flowering catchfly, 130

Nightshade, 156

Night-shade family, 155

Nonesuch, 139

Nut-grass, 118

Oak-leaved goosefoot, 125

Oat, wild, 110

OB-LAN'CE-O-LATE, lanceolate in form, but tapering toward the
base more than toward the apex.

OB'LONG, longer than wide with nearly parallel sides. Compare
Oval.

OB-O'VATE, a flat body broader toward the apex than the base.
See Ovate.

OB-O'VOID, a solid body broader towards the apex than the base.
See Ovoid.

OB-TUSE', having a rounded end or apex; blunt.

Oenothera, 147

Old witch grass, 115

Onagraceae, 147

Orache, spreading, 124

Orpine family, 138

O'VAL, about twice as long as broad, with regular curved
outlines, broadly elliptical.

O'VATE, like a longitudinal section of an ordinary hen's egg,
with the attachment, if any, at the broad end.

O'VOID, the shape of a hen's egg and attached, if at all, at the
large end.

Ovoid spike rush, 118

Ox-eye daisy, 163

Oyster-plant, 170

Paint brush, 167

PA'LE-A, PA'LET, the upper bract which with the floral glume
incloses the flower in grasses.

Pale persicaria, 120

Panicum, 113

Panicum capillare, 115

Panicum, smooth, 115

Papaveraceae, 132

Parsley family, 148

Parsnip, wild, 149

Pastinaca, 149

Patience dock, 123

Pennsylvania persicaria, 120

Penny cress, 137

Peppergrass, 135, 136

Persicaria, dock-leaved, 120

Pigeon grass, 117

Pigweed, 124

Pigweed family, 124

Pink family, 128

Plantago, 158, 159

Plantain family, 158

Poa annua, 116

Poa compressa, 116

Poa, flat-stemmed, 116

Poa pratensis, 116

Poison hemlock, 148

Poison ivy, 145

Polygonaceae, 119

Polygonum, 119-120

Poppy family, 132

Porcupine grass, 117

Portulaca, 131

Portulacaceae, 131

Potentilla, 138, 139

Prickly lettuce, 168

Prickly sida, 146

Prostrate amaranth, 127

Prunella, 155

PU-BES'CENT, clothed with soft and rather short hairs.

Pulse family, 139

Purple Jimsonweed, 155

Purple-stemmed beggar-ticks, 163

Purslane family, 131

Purslane speedwell, 157

Pusley, 131

Quack grass, 110

Ragweed, 160

Ranunculaceae, 131

Ranunculus, 131, 132

RA'PHE, the adherent funiculus connecting the hilum and chalaza
in anatropous or amphitropous ovules or seeds.

Red clover, 141

Red-seeded dandelion, 170

Red root, 153

RE-TIC'U-LATE, in the form of network.

Rhus, 145

Rib-grass, 158

Rocket, yellow, 133

ROOT, the descending axis which is destitute of leaves or nodes.

ROOT STOCK, rhizome, a stem usually subterranean and more or
less thickened, producing young branches.

Rosaceae, 138

Rose family, 138

Rough cinquefoil, 139

Rough pigweed, 127

Rudbeckia, 169

Rugel's broad-leaved plantain, 159

Rumex, 121, 122, 123

Running mallow, 146

Rush family, 118

Rush, slender, 118

Rush, spike, 118

Russian thistle, 126

Rutabaga, 133

Rye, 116

Salsify, 170

Salsola, 126

Sand-bur, 112

Sand plantain, 158

Sand rocket, 135

Sandwort, 129

Saponaria, 129

Scarlet clover, 141

Scleria, 128

Scrophulaceae, 156

Secale, 116

Sedge family, 118

Sedum, 138

Self-heal, 155

Setaria glauca, viridis, 117

Sheep sorrel, 122

Shepherd's purse, 134

Sherardia, 159

Shore knot-weed, 120

Sida, 146

Silene, 129, 130

Silvery cinquefoil, 138

Sisymbrium, 137

Sleepy catchfly, 129

Slender pigweed, 127

Slender nettle, 119

Slender rush, 118

Small alyssum, 132

Smaller burdock, 162

Small-flowered crane's bill, 142

Small-flowered crowfoot, 131

Small-fruited false flax, 134

Smut-weed, 120

Solanaceae, 155

Solanum, 155, 156

Sonchus, 169

Sorrel, 121

Sour dock, 121

Sow-thistle, 169

Spanish dodder, 151

Spear grass, 116

Speedwell, 157

Spergula, 130

SPIKE'LET, a small or secondary spike, as found in grasses.

Spotted spurge, 144

Spring clotbur, 171

Spring sow-thistle, 169

Spurge family, 143

Spurry, 130

Squirrel-tail grass, 115

St. John's-wort family, 147

Star thistle, 163

Stellaria, 131

STER'ILE, not fertile.

Stick-seed, 152

Stink grass, 115

Stipa spartea, 117

Stonecrop, mossy, 138

Stork's-bill, 142

STRI'ATE, striped with parallel ridges and grooves.

Swallow-wort, 149

Swamp begger-ticks, 163

Sweet clover, 140

Sweet everlasting, 166

Syntherisma, 113

Tall buttercup, 131

Tall mustard, 137

Taraxacum, 170

Teasel family, 160

Thistle, 164

Thistle, Russian, 126

Thorn apple, 155

Three-seeded mercury, 143

Thyme-leaved sandwort, 129

Thyme-leaved speedwell, 157

Thyme-leaved spurge, 144

Toad-flax, 156

Tragopogon, 170

Treacle mustard, 135

Trefoil, 139

Trifolium, 141, 142

TRUN'CATE, terminating abruptly, as though cut off or flattened
at the end. Compare Premorse and Succise.

TU'BER-CLE, a swollen part or a root due to bacteria. Usually
applies to such as possess the power to fix nitrogen; a little
tuber.

Tumbleweed, 127

Tumbling mustard, 137

Umbelliferae, 148

Upright spotted spurge, 144

Urtica, 119

Velvet leaf, 145

Velvet-leaved mullein, 157

Verbascum, 156, 157

Verbena, 153

Verbenaceae, 153

Veronica, 157

Vervain family, 153

Vincetoxicum, 149

Wall speedwell, 157

Water hemlock, 148

Water hemp, 126

Weed, defined, 103

Weed, what enables a plant to become one, 105

Weeds, disadvantages of, 104

Weeds, found in certain crops and why, 107

Weeds, how introduced and how spread, 106

Weeds, how to exterminate, 108

Weeds, lists of, in clovers and grasses, 107

Weeds of Michigan compared with those elsewhere, 107

Weeds, some small benefits from, 104

Weeds, where certain ones are troublesome, 107

Weeds, where they come from, 107

Western water hemp, 126

Wheat thief, 153

White clover, 142

White hoarhound, 154

White sweet clover, 140

Whorled mallow, 146

Wild carrot, 148

Wild comfrey, 152

Wild garlic, 119

Wild lettuce, 168

Wild parsnip, 149

Wild peppergrass, 136

Willow-leaved dock, 123

Winged pigweed, 126

Wild buckwheat, 120

Wild oat, 110

Winter cress, 133

Wire grass, 114, 116

Witchgrass, old, 115

Worm-seed, 135

Wormwood, 162

Xanthium, 171

Yard grass, 114

Yarrow, 160

Yellow alyssum, 132

Yellow daisy, 169

Yellow foxtail, 117

Yellow goat's beard, 170

Yellow rocket, 133

[Symbol: right pointing index] If not familiar with the decimal scale used in recording measurements in this volume, the reader can clip out one of those found below and use it for measuring.

Transcriber's Notes

Use the first phrase to find the change.

Page 2

'a dollar is almost indispensable in'

Changed 'indispensible' to 'indispensable'.

Page 2

'they annoy the gardner.'

'gardner' may be 'gardener'. Unchanged.

Page 105

'enormous number of weeds.'

'weeds' may be 'seeds'. Unchanged.

Page 114

'three obscure longitudinal'

Changed 'obcure' to 'obscure'.

Page 119

'Urtica gracilis'

Changed 'Utrica' to 'Urtica'.

Page 120

'Polygonum Convolvulus'

Changed 'Concolvulus' to 'Convolvulus'.

Page 120

'elliptical to obovoid,'

Changed 'ellipical' to 'elliptical'.

Page 121

'base obtuse or bearing'

Changed 'abtuse' to 'obtuse'.

Page 122