Chapter VI: Part 6

-----+-----------+----------
Diam.| Area. | Circum.
-----+-----------+----------
0.0 | |
.1 | .007854| .31416
.2 | .031416| .62832
.3 | .070686| .94248
.4 | .12566 | 1.2566
| |
.5 | .19735 | 1.5708
.6 | .28274 | 1.8850
.7 | .38485 | 2.1991
.8 | .50266 | 2.5133
.9 | .63617 | 2.8274
| |
1.0 | .7854 | 3.1416
.1 | .9503 | 3.4558
.2 | 1.1310 | 3.7699
.3 | 1.3273 | 4.0841
.4 | 1.5394 | 4.3982
| |
.5 | 1.7671 | 4.7124
.6 | 2.0106 | 5.0265
.7 | 2.2698 | 5.3407
.8 | 2.5447 | 5.6549
.9 | 2.8353 | 5.9690
| |
2.0 | 3.1416 | 6.2832
.1 | 3.4636 | 6.5973
.2 | 3.8013 | 6.9115
.3 | 4.1548 | 7.2257
.4 | 4.5239 | 7.5398
| |
.5 | 4.9087 | 7.8540
.6 | 5.3093 | 8.1681
.7 | 5.7256 | 8.4823
.8 | 6.1575 | 8.7965
.9 | 6.6052 | 9.1106
| |
3.0 | 7.0686 | 9.4248
.1 | 7.5477 | 9.7389
.2 | 8.0425 | 10.0531
.3 | 8.5530 | 10.3673
.4 | 9.0792 | 10.6814
| |
.5 | 9.6211 | 10.9956
.6 | 10.1788 | 11.3097
.7 | 10.7521 | 11.6239
.8 | 11.3411 | 11.9381
.9 | 11.9456 | 12.2522
| |
4.0 | 12.5664 | 12.5664
.1 | 13.2025 | 12.8805
.2 | 13.8544 | 13.1947
.3 | 14.5220 | 13.5088
.4 | 15.2053 | 13.8230
| |
.5 | 15.9043 | 14.1372
.6 | 16.6190 | 14.4513
.7 | 17.3494 | 14.7655
.8 | 18.0956 | 15.0796
.9 | 18.8574 | 15.3938
| |
5.0 | 19.6350 | 15.7080
.1 | 20.4282 | 16.0221
.2 | 21.2372 | 16.3363
.3 | 22.0618 | 16.6504
.4 | 22.9022 | 16.9646
| |
.5 | 23.7583 | 17.2788
.6 | 24.6301 | 17.5929
.7 | 25.5176 | 17.9071
.8 | 26.4208 | 18.2212
.9 | 27.3397 | 18.5354
| |
6.0 | 28.2743 | 18.8496
.1 | 29.2247 | 19.1637
.2 | 30.1907 | 19.4779
.3 | 31.1725 | 19.7920
.4 | 32.1699 | 20.1062
| |
.5 | 33.1831 | 20.4204
.6 | 34.2119 | 20.7345
.7 | 35.2565 | 21.0487
.8 | 36.3168 | 21.3628
.9 | 37.3928 | 21.6770
| |
7.0 | 38.4845 | 21.9911
.1 | 39.5919 | 22.3053
.2 | 40.7150 | 22.6195
.3 | 41.8539 | 22.9336
.4 | 43.0084 | 23.2478
| |
.5 | 44.1786 | 23.5619
.6 | 45.3646 | 23.8761
.7 | 46.5663 | 24.1903
.8 | 47.7836 | 24.5044
.9 | 49.0167 | 24.8186
| |
8.0 | 50.2655 | 25.1327
.1 | 51.5300 | 25.4469
.2 | 52.8102 | 25.7611
.3 | 54.1061 | 26.0752
.4 | 55.4177 | 26.3894
| |
.5 | 56.7450 | 26.7035
.6 | 58.0880 | 27.0177
.7 | 59.4468 | 27.3319
.8 | 60.8212 | 27.6460
.9 | 62.2114 | 27.9602
| |
9.0 | 63.6173 | 28.2743
.1 | 65.0388 | 28.5885
.2 | 66.4761 | 28.9027
.3 | 67.9291 | 29.2168
.4 | 69.3978 | 29.5310
| |
.5 | 70.8822 | 29.8451
.6 | 72.3823 | 30.1593
.7 | 73.8981 | 30.4734
.8 | 75.4296 | 30.7876
.9 | 76.9769 | 31.1018
| |
10.0 | 78.5398 | 31.4159
.1 | 80.1185 | 31.7301
.2 | 81.7128 | 32.0442
.3 | 83.3229 | 32.3584
.4 | 84.9487 | 32.6726
| |
.5 | 86.5901 | 32.9887
.6 | 88.2473 | 33.3009
.7 | 89.9202 | 33.6150
.8 | 91.6088 | 33.9292
.9 | 93.3132 | 34.2434
| |
11.0 | 95.0332 | 34.5575
.1 | 96.7689 | 34.8717
.2 | 98.5203 | 35.1858
.3 | 100.2875 | 35.5000
.4 | 102.0703 | 35.8142
| |
.5 | 103.8689 | 36.1283
.6 | 105.6832 | 36.4425
.7 | 107.5132 | 36.7566
.8 | 109.3588 | 37.0708
.9 | 111.2202 | 37.3850
| |
12.0 | 113.0973 | 37.6991
.1 | 114.9901 | 38.0133
.2 | 116.8987 | 38.3274
.3 | 118.8229 | 38.6416
.4 | 120.7628 | 38.9557
| |
.5 | 122.7185 | 39.2099
.6 | 124.6898 | 39.6841
.7 | 126.6769 | 39.8982
.8 | 128.6796 | 40.2121
.9 | 130.6981 | 40.5265
| |
13.0 | 132.7323 | 40.8407
.1 | 134.7822 | 41.1549
.2 | 136.8478 | 41.4690
.3 | 138.9291 | 41.7832
.4 | 141.0261 | 42.0973
| |
.5 | 143.1388 | 42.4116
.6 | 145.2672 | 42.7257
.7 | 147.4114 | 43.0398
.8 | 149.5712 | 43.3540
.9 | 151.7468 | 43.6681
| |
14.0 | 153.9380 | 43.9823
.1 | 156.1450 | 44.2965
.2 | 158.3677 | 44.6106
.3 | 160.6061 | 44.9248
.4 | 162.8602 | 45.2389
| |
.5 | 165.1300 | 45.5531
.6 | 167.4155 | 45.8673
.7 | 169.7167 | 46.1814
.8 | 172.0336 | 46.4956
.9 | 174.3662 | 46.8097
| |
15.0 | 176.7146 | 47.1239
.1 | 179.0786 | 47.4380
.2 | 181.4584 | 47.7522
.3 | 183.8539 | 48.0664
.4 | 186.2650 | 48.3805
| |
.5 | 188.6919 | 48.6947
.6 | 191.1345 | 49.0088
.7 | 193.5928 | 49.3230
.8 | 196.0668 | 49.6372
.9 | 198.5565 | 49.9513
| |
16.0 | 201.0619 | 50.2655
.1 | 203.5831 | 50.5796
.2 | 206.1199 | 50.8938
.3 | 208.6724 | 51.2080
.4 | 211.2407 | 51.5221
| |
.5 | 213.8246 | 51.8363
.6 | 216.4243 | 52.1504
.7 | 219.0397 | 52.4646
.8 | 221.6708 | 52.7788
.9 | 224.3176 | 53.0929
| |
17.0 | 226.9801 | 53.4071
.1 | 229.6583 | 53.7212
.2 | 232.3522 | 54.0354
.3 | 235.0618 | 54.3496
.4 | 237.7871 | 54.6637
| |
.5 | 240.5282 | 54.9779
.6 | 243.2849 | 55.2920
.7 | 246.0574 | 55.6062
.8 | 248.8456 | 55.9203
.9 | 251.6494 | 56.2345
| |
18.0 | 254.4690 | 56.5486
.1 | 257.3043 | 56.8628
.2 | 260.1553 | 57.1770
.3 | 263.0220 | 57.4911
.4 | 265.9044 | 57.8053
| |
.5 | 268.8025 | 58.1195
.6 | 271.7164 | 58.4336
.7 | 274.6459 | 58.7478
.8 | 277.5911 | 59.0619
.9 | 280.5521 | 59.3761
| |
19.0 | 283.5287 | 59.6903
.1 | 286.5211 | 60.0044
.2 | 289.5292 | 60.3186
.3 | 292.5530 | 60.6327
.4 | 295.5925 | 60.9469
| |
.5 | 298.6477 | 61.2611
.6 | 301.7186 | 61.5752
.7 | 304.8052 | 61.8894
.8 | 307.9075 | 62.2035
.9 | 311.0255 | 62.5177
| |
20.0 | 314.1593 | 62.8319
.1 | 317.3087 | 63.1460
.2 | 320.4739 | 63.4602
.3 | 323.6547 | 63.7743
.4 | 326.8513 | 64.0885
| |
.5 | 330.0636 | 64.4026
.6 | 333.2916 | 64.7168
.7 | 336.5353 | 65.0310
.8 | 339.7947 | 65.3451
.9 | 343.0698 | 65.6593
| |
21.0 | 346.3606 | 65.9734
.1 | 349.6671 | 66.2876
.2 | 352.9894 | 66.6018
.3 | 356.3273 | 66.9159
.4 | 359.6809 | 67.2301
| |
.5 | 363.0503 | 67.5442
.6 | 266.4354 | 67.8584
.7 | 369.8361 | 68.1726
.8 | 373.2526 | 68.4867
.9 | 376.6848 | 68.8009
| |
22.0 | 380.1327 | 69.1150
.1 | 383.5963 | 69.4292
.2 | 387.0756 | 69.7434
.3 | 390.5707 | 70.0575
.4 | 394.0814 | 70.3717
| |
.5 | 397.6078 | 70.6858
.6 | 401.1500 | 71.0000
.7 | 404.7078 | 71.3142
.8 | 408.2814 | 71.6283
.9 | 411.8707 | 71.9425
| |
23.0 | 415.4756 | 72.2566
.1 | 419.0993 | 72.5708
.2 | 422.7327 | 72.8849
.3 | 426.3848 | 73.1991
.4 | 430.0526 | 73.5133
| |
.5 | 433.7361 | 73.8274
.6 | 437.4354 | 74.1416
.7 | 441.1503 | 74.4557
.8 | 444.8809 | 74.7699
.9 | 448.6273 | 75.0841
| |
24.0 | 452.3893 | 75.3982
.1 | 456.1671 | 75.7424
.2 | 459.9606 | 76.0265
.3 | 463.7693 | 76.3407
.4 | 467.5947 | 76.6549
| |
.5 | 471.4352 | 76.9690
.6 | 475.2916 | 77.2832
.7 | 479.1636 | 77.5973
.8 | 483.0513 | 77.9115
.9 | 486.9547 | 78.2257
| |
25.0 | 490.8739 | 78.5398
.1 | 494.8087 | 78.8540
.2 | 498.7592 | 79.1681
.3 | 502.7255 | 79.4823
.4 | 506.7075 | 79.7965
| |
.5 | 510.7052 | 80.1106
.6 | 514.7185 | 80.4248
.7 | 518.7476 | 80.7389
.8 | 522.7924 | 81.0531
.9 | 526.8529 | 81.3672
| |
26.0 | 530.9292 | 81.6814
.1 | 535.0211 | 81.9956
.2 | 539.1287 | 82.3097
.3 | 543.2521 | 82.6239
.4 | 547.3911 | 82.9380
| |
.5 | 551.5459 | 83.2522
.6 | 555.7163 | 83.5664
.7 | 559.9025 | 83.8805
.8 | 564.1044 | 84.1947
.9 | 568.3220 | 84.5088
| |
27.0 | 572.5553 | 84.8230
.1 | 576.8043 | 85.1372
.2 | 581.0690 | 85.4513
.3 | 585.3494 | 85.7655
.4 | 589.6455 | 86.0796
| |
.5 | 593.9574 | 86.3938
.6 | 598.2849 | 86.7080
.7 | 602.6282 | 87.0221
.8 | 606.9871 | 87.3363
.9 | 611.3618 | 87.6504
| |
28.0 | 615.7522 | 87.9646
.1 | 620.1582 | 88.2788
.2 | 624.5800 | 88.5929
.3 | 629.0175 | 88.9071
.4 | 633.4707 | 89.2212
| |
.5 | 637.9397 | 89.5354
.6 | 642.4243 | 89.8495
.7 | 646.9246 | 90.1637
.8 | 651.4407 | 90.4779
.9 | 655.9724 | 90.7920
| |
29.0 | 660.5199 | 91.1063
.1 | 665.0830 | 91.4203
.2 | 669.6619 | 91.7345
.3 | 674.2565 | 92.0487
.4 | 678.8668 | 92.3628
| |
.5 | 683.4928 | 92.6770
.6 | 688.1345 | 92.9911
.7 | 692.7919 | 93.3053
.8 | 697.4650 | 93.6195
.9 | 702.1538 | 93.9336
| |
30.0 | 706.8583 | 94.2478
.1 | 711.5786 | 94.5610
.2 | 716.3145 | 94.8761
.3 | 721.0662 | 95.1903
.4 | 725.8336 | 95.5044
| |
.5 | 730.6167 | 95.8186
.6 | 735.4154 | 96.1327
.7 | 740.2299 | 96.4469
.8 | 745.0601 | 96.7611
.9 | 749.9060 | 97.0752
| |
31.0 | 754.7676 | 97.3894
.1 | 759.6450 | 97.7035
.2 | 761.5380 | 98.0177
.3 | 769.4467 | 98.3319
.4 | 774.3712 | 98.6460
| |
.5 | 779.3113 | 98.9602
.6 | 784.2672 | 99.2743
.7 | 789.2388 | 99.5885
.8 | 794.2260 | 99.9026
.9 | 799.2290 |100.2168
| |
32.0 | 804.2477 |100.5310
.1 | 809.2821 |100.8451
.2 | 814.3322 |101.1593
.3 | 819.3980 |101.4734
.4 | 824.4796 |101.7876
| |
.5 | 829.5768 |102.1018
.6 | 834.6898 |102.4159
.7 | 839.8185 |102.7301
.8 | 844.9628 |103.0442
.9 | 850.1229 |103.3584
| |
33.0 | 855.2986 |103.6726
.1 | 860.4902 |103.9867
.2 | 865.6973 |104.3009
.3 | 870.9202 |104.6150
.4 | 876.1588 |104.9292
| |
.5 | 881.4131 |105.2434
.6 | 886.6831 |105.5575
.7 | 891.9688 |105.8717
.8 | 897.2703 |106.1858
.9 | 902.5874 |106.5000
| |
34.0 | 907.9203 |106.8142
.1 | 913.2688 |107.1283
.2 | 918.6331 |107.4425
.3 | 924.0131 |107.7566
.4 | 929.4088 |108.0708
| |
.5 | 934.8202 |108.3849
.6 | 940.2473 |108.6991
.7 | 945.6901 |109.0133
.8 | 951.1486 |109.3274
.9 | 956.6228 |109.6416
| |
35.0 | 962.1128 |109.9557
.1 | 967.6184 |110.2699
.2 | 973.1397 |110.5841
.3 | 978.6768 |110.8982
.4 | 984.2296 |111.2124
| |
.5 | 989.7980 |111.5265
.6 | 995.3822 |111.8407
.7 |1000.9821 |112.1549
.8 |1006.5977 |112.4690
.9 |1012.2290 |112.7832
| |
36.0 |1017.8760 |113.0973
.1 |1023.5387 |113.4115
.2 |1029.2172 |113.7257
.3 |1034.9113 |114.0398
.4 |1040.6212 |114.3540
| |
.5 |1046.3467 |114.6681
.6 |1052.0880 |114.9823
.7 |1057.8449 |115.2965
.8 |1063.6176 |115.6106
.9 |1069.4060 |115.9248
| |
37.0 |1075.2101 |116.2389
.1 |1081.0299 |116.5531
.2 |1086.8654 |116.8672
.3 |1093.7166 |117.1814
.4 |1098.5835 |117.4956
| |
.5 |1104.4662 |117.8097
.6 |1110.3645 |118.1239
.7 |1116.2786 |118.4380
.8 |1122.2083 |118.7522
.9 |1128.1538 |119.0664
| |
38.0 |1134.1149 |119.3805
.1 |1140.0918 |119.6947
.2 |1146.0844 |120.0088
.3 |1152.0927 |120.3230
.4 |1158.1167 |120.6372
| |
.5 |1164.1564 |120.9513
.6 |1170.2118 |121.2655
.7 |1176.2830 |121.5796
.8 |1182.3698 |121.8938
.9 |1188.4724 |122.2080
| |
39.0 |1194.5906 |122.5221
.1 |1200.7246 |122.8363
.2 |1206.8742 |123.1504
.3 |1213.0396 |123.4646
.4 |1219.2207 |123.7788
| |
.5 |1225.4175 |124.0929
.6 |1231.6300 |124.4071
.7 |1237.8582 |124.7212
.8 |1244.1021 |125.0354
.9 |1250.3617 |125.3495
| |
40.0 |1256.6371 |125.6637
.1 |1262.9281 |125.9779
.2 |1269.2348 |126.2920
.3 |1275.5573 |126.6062
.4 |1281.8955 |126.9203
| |
.5 |1288.2493 |127.2345
.6 |1294.3189 |127.5487
.7 |1301.0042 |127.8628
.8 |1307.4052 |128.1770
.9 |1313.8219 |128.4911
| |
41.0 |1320.2543 |128.8053
.1 |1326.7024 |129.1195
.2 |1333.1663 |129.4336
.3 |1339.6458 |129.7478
.4 |1346.1410 |130.0619
| |
.5 |1352.6520 |130.3761
.6 |1359.1786 |130.6903
.7 |1365.7210 |131.0044
.8 |1372.2791 |131.3186
.9 |1378.8529 |131.6227
| |
42.0 |1385.4424 |131.9469
.1 |1392.0476 |132.2611
.2 |1398.6685 |132.5752
.3 |1405.3051 |132.8894
.4 |1411.9574 |133.2035
| |
.5 |1418.6254 |133.5177
.6 |1425.3092 |133.8318
.7 |1432.0086 |134.1460
.8 |1438.7238 |134.4602
.9 |1445.4546 |134.7743
| |
43.0 |1452.2012 |135.0885
.1 |1458.9635 |135.4026
.2 |1465.7415 |135.7168
.3 |1472.5352 |136.0310
.4 |1479.3446 |136.3451
| |
.5 |1486.1697 |136.6593
.6 |1493.0105 |136.9734
.7 |1499.8670 |137.2876
.8 |1506.7393 |137.6018
.9 |1513.6272 |137.9159
| |
44.0 |1520.5308 |138.2301
.1 |1527.4502 |138.5442
.2 |1534.3853 |138.8584
.3 |1541.3360 |139.1726
.4 |1548.3025 |139.4867
| |
.5 |1555.2847 |139.8009
.6 |1562.2826 |140.1153
.7 |1569.2063 |140.4292
.8 |1576.3255 |140.7434
.9 |1583.3706 |141.0575
| |
45.0 |1590.4313 |141.3717
.1 |1597.5077 |141.6858
.2 |1604.5999 |142.0000
.3 |1611.7077 |142.3142
.4 |1618.8313 |142.6283
| |
.5 |1625.9705 |142.9425
.6 |1633.1255 |143.2566
.7 |1640.2962 |143.5708
.8 |1647.4826 |143.8849
.9 |1654.6847 |144.1991
| |
46.0 |1661.9025 |144.5133
.1 |1669.1360 |144.8274
.2 |1676.3853 |145.1416
.3 |1683.6502 |145.4557
.4 |1690.9308 |145.7699
| |
.5 |1698.2272 |146.0841
.6 |1705.5392 |146.3982
.7 |1712.8670 |146.7124
.8 |1720.2105 |147.0265
.9 |1727.5697 |147.3407
| |
47.0 |1734.9445 |147.6550
.1 |1742.3351 |147.9690
.2 |1749.7414 |148.2832
.3 |1757.1635 |148.5973
.4 |1764.6012 |148.9115
| |
.5 |1772.0546 |149.2257
.6 |1779.5237 |149.5398
.7 |1787.0086 |149.8540
.8 |1794.5091 |150.1681
.9 |1802.0254 |150.4823
| |
48.0 |1809.5574 |150.7964
.1 |1817.1050 |151.1105
.2 |1824.6684 |151.4248
.3 |1832.2475 |151.7389
.4 |1839.8423 |152.0531
| |
.5 |1847.4528 |152.3672
.6 |1855.0790 |152.6814
.7 |1862.7210 |152.9956
.8 |1870.3786 |153.3097
.9 |1878.0519 |153.6239
| |
49.0 |1885.7409 |153.9380
.1 |1893.4457 |154.2522
.2 |1901.1662 |154.5664
.3 |1908.9024 |154.8805
.4 |1916.6543 |155.1947
| |
.5 |1924.4218 |155.5088
.6 |1932.2051 |155.8230
.7 |1940.0042 |156.1372
.8 |1947.8189 |156.4513
.9 |1955.6493 |156.7655
| |
50.0 |1963.4954 |157.0796
.1 |1971.3572 |157.3938
.2 |1979.2348 |157.7080
.3 |1987.1280 |158.0221
.4 |1995.0370 |158.3363
| |
.5 |2002.9617 |158.6504
.6 |2010.9020 |158.9646
.7 |2018.8581 |159.2787
.8 |2026.8299 |159.5929
.9 |2034.8174 |159.9071
| |
51.0 |2042.6206 |160.2212
.1 |2050.8895 |160.5354
.2 |2058.8742 |160.8495
.3 |2066.9245 |161.1637
.4 |2074.9905 |161.4779
| |
.5 |2083.0723 |161.7920
.6 |2091.1697 |162.1062
.7 |2099.2829 |162.4203
.8 |2107.4118 |162.7345
.9 |2115.5563 |163.0487
| |
52.0 |2123.7166 |163.3628
.1 |2131.8926 |163.6770
.2 |2140.0843 |163.9911
.3 |2148.2917 |164.3053
.4 |2156.5149 |164.6195
| |
.5 |2164.7537 |164.9336
.6 |2173.0082 |165.2479
.7 |2181.2785 |165.5619
.8 |2189.5644 |165.8761
.9 |2197.8661 |166.1903
| |
53.0 |2206.1834 |166.5044
.1 |2214.5165 |166.8186
.2 |2222.8653 |167.1327
.3 |2231.2298 |167.4469
.4 |2239.6100 |167.7610
| |
.5 |2248.0059 |168.0752
.6 |2256.4175 |168.3894
.7 |2264.8448 |168.7035
.8 |2273.2879 |169.0177
.9 |2281.7466 |169.3318
| |
54.0 |2290.2210 |169.6460
.1 |2298.7112 |169.9602
.2 |2307.2171 |170.2743
.3 |2315.7386 |170.5885
.4 |2324.2759 |170.9026
| |
.5 |2332.8289 |171.2168
.6 |2341.3976 |171.5310
.7 |2349.9820 |171.8451
.8 |2358.5821 |172.1593
.9 |2367.1979 |172.4735
| |
55.0 |2375.8294 |172.7876
.1 |2384.4767 |173.1017
.2 |2393.1396 |173.4159
.3 |2401.8183 |173.7301
.4 |2410.5126 |174.0442
| |
.5 |2419.2227 |174.3584
.6 |2427.9485 |174.6726
.7 |2436.6899 |174.9867
.8 |2145.4471 |175.3009
.9 |2454.2200 |175.6150
-----+-----------+--------

UNITED STATES STANDARD SIZES OF WROUGHT IRON WELDED PIPE.

------+-------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Length | Length |
| | | | | | of pipe| of pipe|
| | | | | | per | per |
Inside| Actual| |Actual| | | square | square |
diam-|outside| |Inside|External|Internal| foot of| foot of|
eter | Diam- |Thick-| Diam-| circum-| circum-| outside| inside |
nom. | eter. | ness.| eter.|ference.|ference.|surface.|surface.|
------+-------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
¹⁄₈ | .405| .068 | 0.269| 1.272 | 0.848 | 9.440 | 14.15 |
¹⁄₄ | .54 | .088 | 0.364| 1.696 | 1.144 | 7.075 | 10.50 |
³⁄₈ | .675| .091 | 0.493| 2.121 | 1.552 | 5.657 | 7.67 |
¹⁄₂ | .840| .109 | 0.622| 2.652 | 1.957 | 4.502 | 6.13 |
³⁄₄ | 1.050| .113 | 0.824| 3.299 | 2.589 | 3.637 | 4.635 |
1 | 1.315| .134 | 1.047| 4.134 | 3.292 | 2.903 | 3.679 |
1¹⁄₄ | 1.660| .140 | 1.38 | 5.215 | 4.335 | 2.301 | 2.768 |
1¹⁄₂ | 1.90 | .145 | 1.61 | 5.969 | 5.061 | 2.010 | 2.371 |
2 | 2.375| .154 | 2.067| 7.461 | 6.494 | 1.611 | 1.848 |
2¹⁄₂ | 2.875| .204 | 2.467| 9.032 | 7.754 | 1.328 | 1.547 |
3 | 3.50 | .217 | 3.066| 10.996 | 9.636 | 1.091 | 1.245 |
3¹⁄₂ | 4.0 | .226 | 3.548| 12.566 | 11.146 | .955 | 1.077 |
4 | 4.50 | .237 | 4.026| 14.137 | 12.648 | .849 | 0.949 |
4¹⁄₂ | 5.0 | .247 | 4.506| 15.708 | 14.153 | .765 | 0.848 |
5 | 5.563| .259 | 5.045| 17.475 | 15.849 | .629 | 0.757 |
6 | 6.625| .280 | 5.065| 20.813 | 19.054 | .577 | 0.630 |
7 | 7.625| .301 | 7.023| 23.954 | 22.063 | .505 | 0.544 |
8 | 8.625| .322 | 7.981| 27.096 | 25.076 | .444 | 0.478 |
9 | 9.688| .344 | 9.00 | 30.433 | 28.277 | .394 | 0.425 |
10 | 10.750| .366 |10.018| 33.772 | 31.475 | .355 | 0.381 |
------+-------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------
| | | | | |
| | | Length| | |
| | |of pipe| | |
| | | con- | Weight|No. of |
Inside| | Actual|taining| per |threads|Length
diam-| Ex- | in- | one | foot | per | per-
eter |ternal| ternal| cubic | of |Inch of| fect
nom. | area.| area. | foot. |length.| screw.|screw.
------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------
¹⁄₈ | .129| .0572|2500. | .243| 27 | 0.19
¹⁄₄ | .229| .1041|1385. | .422| 18 | 0.29
³⁄₈ | .358| .1916| 751.5 | .561| 18 | 0.30
¹⁄₂ | .554| .3048| 472.4 | .845| 14 | 0.39
³⁄₄ | .866| .5333| 270.0 | 1.126| 14 | 0.40
1 | 1.357| .8627| 166.9 | 1.670| 11¹⁄₂ | 0.51
1¹⁄₄ | 2.164| 1.496 | 96.25| 2.258| 11¹⁄₂ | 0.54
1¹⁄₂ | 2.835| 2.038 | 70.65| 2.694| 11¹⁄₂ | 0.55
2 | 4.430| 3.355 | 42.36| 3.667| 11¹⁄₂ | 0.58
2¹⁄₂ | 6.491| 4.783 | 30.11| 5.773| 8 | 0.89
3 | 9.621| 7.388 | 19.40| 7.547| 8 | 0.95
3¹⁄₂ |12.566| 9.837 | 14.56| 9.055| 8 | 1.00
4 |15.901|12.730 | 11.31| 10.728| 8 | 1.05
4¹⁄₂ |19.635|15.939 | 9.03| 12.492| 8 | 1.10
5 |24.299|19.990 | 7.20| 14.564| 8 | 1.16
6 |34.471|28.889 | 4.98| 18.767| 8 | 1.26
7 |45.663|38.737 | 3.72| 23.410| 8 | 1.36
8 |58.426|50.039 | 2.88| 28.348| 8 | 1.46
9 |73.715|63.633 | 2.26| 34.677| 8 | 1.57
10 |90.762|78.838 | 1.80| 40.641| 8 | 1.68
------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------

Thread taper three-fourths inch to one foot.

All pipe below 1¹⁄₂ inches is butt-welded, and proved to 300 pounds per square inch; 1¹⁄₂ inch and above is lap-welded and proved to 500 pounds per square inch.

STANDARDS FOR WIRE GAUGES IN USE IN THE UNITED STATES.

Dimensions of Sizes in Decimal Parts of an Inch.

------+--------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+------
| | | Washburn| | | |
Number|American|Birming-| & Moen | Impe-| | U. S. |Number
of |or Brown| ham, or|Mfg. Co.,| rial |Stubs’| Stand. | of
Wire | & | Stubs’ | Worces- | Wire | Steel| for | Wire
Gauge.| Sharpe.| Wire. | ter, Ms.|Gauge.| Wire.| Plate. |Gauge.
------+--------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+------
000000| .... | .... | .... | .464 | .... |.46875 |000000
00000| .... | .... | .... | .432 | .... |.4375 | 00000
0000| .46 | .454 | .3938 | .400 | .... |.40625 | 0000
000| .40964 | .425 | .3625 | .372 | .... |.375 | 000
00| .3648 | .38 | .3310 | .348 | .... |.34375 | 00
0| .32486 | .34 | .3065 | .324 | .... |.3125 | 0
1| .2893 | .3 | .2830 | .300 | .227 |.28125 | 1
2| .25763 | .284 | .2625 | .276 | .219 |.265625 | 2
3| .22942 | .259 | .2437 | .252 | .212 |.25 | 3
4| .20431 | .238 | .2253 | .232 | .207 |.234375 | 4
5| .18194 | .22 | .2070 | .212 | .204 |.21875 | 5
6| .16202 | .203 | .1920 | .192 | .201 |.203125 | 6
7| .14428 | .18 | .1770 | .176 | .199 |.1875 | 7
8| .12849 | .165 | .1620 | .160 | .197 |.171875 | 8
9| .11443 | .148 | .1483 | .144 | .194 |.15625 | 9
10| .10189 | .134 | .1350 | .128 | .191 |.140625 | 10
11| .090742| .12 | .1205 | .116 | .188 |.125 | 11
12| .080808| .109 | .1055 | .104 | .185 |.109375 | 12
13| .071961| .095 | .0915 | .092 | .182 |.09375 | 13
14| .064084| .083 | .0800 | .080 | .180 |.078125 | 14
15| .057068| .072 | .0720 | .072 | .178 |.0703125 | 15
16| .05082 | .065 | .0625 | .064 | .175 |.0625 | 16
17| .045257| .058 | .0540 | .056 | .172 |.05625 | 17
18| .040303| .049 | .0475 | .048 | .168 |.05 | 18
19| .03589 | .042 | .0410 | .040 | .164 |.04375 | 19
20| .031961| .035 | .0348 | .036 | .161 |.0375 | 20
21| .028462| .032 | .03175 | .032 | .157 |.034375 | 21
22| .025347| .028 | .0286 | .028 | .155 |.03125 | 22
23| .022571| .025 | .0258 | .024 | .153 |.028125 | 23
24| .0201 | .022 | .0230 | .022 | .151 |.025 | 24
25| .0179 | .02 | .0204 | .020 | .148 |.021875 | 25
26| .01594 | .018 | .0181 | .018 | .146 |.01875 | 26
27| .014195| .016 | .0173 | .0164| .143 |.0171875 | 27
28| .012641| .014 | .0162 | .0149| .139 |.015625 | 28
29| .011257| .013 | .0150 | .0136| .134 |.0140625 | 29
30| .010025| .012 | .0140 | .0124| .127 |.0125 | 30
31| .008928| .01 | .0132 | .0116| .120 |.0109375 | 31
32| .00795 | .009 | .0128 | .0108| .115 |.01015625 | 32
33| .00708 | .008 | .0118 | .0100| .112 |.009375 | 33
34| .006304| .007 | .0104 | .0092| .110 |.00859375 | 34
35| .005614| .005 | .0095 | .0084| .108 |.0078125 | 35
36| .005 | .004 | .0090 | .0076| .106 |.00703125 | 36
37| .004453| .... | .... | .0068| .103 |.006640625| 37
38| .003965| .... | .... | .0060| .101 |.00625 | 38
39| .003531| .... | .... | .0052| .099 | .... | 39
40| .003144| .... | .... | .0048| .097 | .... | 40
------+--------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+------

UNITED STATES STANDARD SIZES OF BOLTS.

+------+--------+--------+--------+
| |DISTANCE| | |
| | ACROSS |DISTANCE| |
| | FLATS, | ACROSS | THICK- |
| DIAM-| SQUARE |CORNERS,| NESS |
| ETER.|AND HEX.| HEX. |OF HEAD.|
+------+--------+--------+--------+
| ¹⁄₄″| ¹⁄₂″ | ⁹⁄₁₆″ | ¹⁄₄″ |
| ³⁄₈ | ¹¹⁄₁₆ | ²⁵⁄₃₂ | ¹¹⁄₃₂ |
| ¹⁄₂ | ⁷⁄₈ | 1 | ⁷⁄₁₆ |
| ⁵⁄₈ | 1¹⁄₁₆ | 1⁷⁄₃₂ | ¹⁷⁄₃₂ |
| ³⁄₄ | 1¹⁄₄ | 1⁷⁄₁₆ | ⁵⁄₈ |
| ⁷⁄₈ | 1⁷⁄₁₆ | 1²¹⁄₃₂ | ²¹⁄₃₂ |
| 1 | 1⁵⁄₈ | 1⁷⁄₈ | ¹³⁄₁₆ |
| 1¹⁄₈ | 1¹³⁄₁₆ | 2³⁄₃₂ | ²⁹⁄₃₂ |
| 1¹⁄₄ | 2 | 2⁵⁄₁₆ | 1 |
| 1³⁄₈ | 2³⁄₁₆ | 2¹⁄₂ | 1³⁄₃₂ |
| 1¹⁄₂ | 2³⁄₈ | 2³⁄₄ | 1³⁄₁₆ |
| 1⁵⁄₈ | 2⁹⁄₁₆ | 2¹⁵⁄₁₆ | 1⁹⁄₃₂ |
| 1³⁄₄ | 2³⁄₄ | 3³⁄₁₆ | 1³⁄₈ |
| 1⁷⁄₈ | 2¹⁵⁄₁₆ | 3¹³⁄₃₂ | 1¹⁵⁄₃₂ |
| 2 | 3¹⁄₈ | 3⁵⁄₈ | 1⁹⁄₁₆ |
| 2¹⁄₄ | 3¹⁄₂ | 4¹⁄₁₆ | 1³⁄₄ |
| 2¹⁄₂ | 3⁷⁄₈ | 4¹⁄₂ | 1¹⁵⁄₁₆ |
| 2³⁄₄ | 4¹⁄₄ | 4⁷⁄₈ | 2¹⁄₈ |
| 3 | 4⁵⁄₈ | 5¹¹⁄₃₂ | 2⁵⁄₁₆ |
+------+--------+--------+--------+

UNITED STATES STANDARD SCREW THREAD GAUGE.

Some Things Personal.

In the preparation of this work the idea of self-help has never been forgotten; nothing has been held back or omitted which would, in the author’s opinion, tend to advance the student in the draughtsman’s art.

The volume contains the experience in practical drawing, as related to engineering and mechanics, of over one hundred years, i. e., the author’s, Mr. Perrott’s and Mr. Lucas’ experiences added together exceed that period.

Hence, the work should be really helpful; it has been aimed also to be entertaining and with easy tasks; all the illustrations of the book are recommended as models for practice--they have been selected with that view.

Moreover, as between author and publishers, the latter have agreed to issue the work in the most thorough style possible--as to paper, printing and binding--and to sell it at a very generously low price, considering all things.

With the closing words “hail and farewell,” the author bids adieu (God be with you) to the reader and the student.

Self
Hawkins’ Mechanical Drawing.
Help

Index.

PAGE

=Acute Angle=, def. 42

=Acute-Angled Triangle=, def. 50

=Addendum Circle=, illus. 200

=Alphabets=, Gothic, desc. 171

=Altitude=, def. 41

=Altitude of a Polygon=, def. 47

=American Machinist=, Quotation from 141

=Angle=, def. 41, 83
To bisect an 89
To draw an 89

=Angle-Iron=, illus. 75

=Angle-Plate=, illus. 75

=Angular Perspective Drawing=, illus. 260, 265

=Apex=, def. 42

=Apex of an Angle=, def. 42

=Arc=, def. 42
Complement of an 99
Cosecant of an 99
Cotangent of an 99
Sine of an 99
Supplement of an 99
Tangent of an 99
Versed Sine of an 99

=Arc of Circle=, To find the center of an 90

=Arcs=, Drawing 146
Illus. 146

=Arrow-Heads=, how made 172, 176

=Axiom=, def. 83

=Axis=, Conjugate, def. 96
Of a Figure, def. 43
Of a Solid, def. 42
Transverse, def. 96

=Backlash in Gearing= 215

=Backward Projection= desc. 152, illus. 152-3

=Base=, def. 43
Of a Polygon, def. 47

=Beacon Light=, illus. 282

=Beam Compasses= desc. 124, illus. 124

=Bending Machine=, Hydraulic desc. 221, illus. 220-1

=Benjamin, Prof. Chas.=, “How and What to Study” 23

=Bevel-Gear=, desc. 201

=Bevel Mortise Wheel=, desc. 203

=Bevel Wheel= desc. 199, illus. 203

=Bisect=, def. 43

=Bisector=, def. 43

=Blackboard=, illus. and desc. 27

=Blackboard Drawing= 28

=Blue Printing= desc. 186, illus. 187
Test pieces 188

=Blue Prints=, Office rules for 196

=Black Process Copying= 188

=Boiler-Plate=, Riveted, illus. 76

=Bolt=, Square-head, illus. 76

=Bolt and Nut=, Square-head desc. 144, illus. 145
Hexagon desc. 144, illus. 76, 144

=Bow-Dividers= desc. 123, illus. 122

=Bow-Pencil=, desc. 123

=Bows=, Use of 242

=Brick=, Section Lining, illus. 182

=Broken Lines=, How to Draw 33
Def. 46

=Bumping Post=, illus. 226

=Calipers=, illus. vi

=Cast-Iron=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

=Caulking Tool=, illus. 76

=Center Line=, def. 46

=Center Lines=, In Drawings 240-1
In Shop Drawings 192

=Chalk-Crayon= desc. 27, illus. 27, 37

=Chalk-Work= 27
Instruments for Drawing, illus. 29

=Channel-Iron=, illus. 75

=Checking Drawings= 194

=Circle=, def. 43
To describe about a square 93
about a triangle 93
through two points 90
through three points 90
To find the center 90
To inscribe in a square 94
in a triangle 94

=Circles=, Drawing desc. 146, illus. 146

=Circumference of a Circle= 43

=Circumscribe=, def. 43

=Circular Pitch Line=, illus. 200

=Classifying Drawings=, Office Rules for 191

=Clearance in Wheel Teeth= 215

=Cog-Wheel= def. 201, illus. 201
Section Lining, illus. 183

=Coin=, Perspective View of a, illus. 248

=Color and Tints= 185

=Compass=, Mariners’, illus. 268

=Compasses=, Beam, desc. and illus. 124
Desc. and illus. 121
For holding chalk, illus. 29
How to hold, illus. 136

=Complement of an Arc= 99

=Composition=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

=Concave=, def. 44

=Cone=, def. 44

=Conjugate Axis=, def. 96

=Construction=, def. 44
Line, def. 46

=Contents=, Table of 24

=Contour=, def. 44

=Convergence=, def. 44

=Convex=, def. 44

=Copying Drawings=, Black Process 188
Blue Printing 186
Tracing 184

=Copyright= viii

=Corner=, def. 44

=Corollary=, def. 83

=Co-secant of an Arc=, def. 99

=Co-sine of an Arc=, def. 99

=Co-tangent of an Arc=, def. 99

=Crane=, desc. 219
Working drawing of, illus. 218

=Cross-Hatches=, def. 44

=Cross-hatching Drawings= 182

=Crown Wheel=, illus. 208

=Curve=, def. 44

=Curved Line=, def. 46

=Curved Lines=, Drawing, desc. 69
Drawing Figures of 70, 72, 73
How to Draw 35
Illus. 70

=Curved Surface=, def. 49

=Curve or Scroll=, illus. 117

=Cut Gears=, desc. 215

=Cylinder=, def. 44

=Cylindrical=, def. 44

=Cylindrical Projection=, illus. 161

=Dash Line=, def. 46

=Decimal Equivalents=, Table of 269

=Dedication= ix

=Definitions=, Preliminary 41

=Degree=, def. 41, 44

=Describe=, def. 44

=Design=, def. 44
Symmetry in, def. 50

=Designing Gears= 209

=Detail Drawings=, Office Rules for 191

=Develop=, def. 45

=Diagonal=, def. 45

=Diagonals of a Polygon=, def. 47

=Diameter=, def. 45

=Diameter=, Of a Circle 43

=Diameters of Wheels=, How to Measure 199

=Diametral Pitch=, desc. 200
Of Gears 212

=Dimensioning Drawings= desc. 176, illus. 177, 179

=Dimension Line=, def. 46

=Dimensions on Drawings=, Office Rules for 192

=Dividers and Compasses=, desc. 119

=Dividers=, illus. 82, 119
Bisecting, desc. 119
Bow, illus. 122
“Point” 242
Proportional desc. 119, illus. 120
Spring Bow, desc. 124

=Dodecahedron=, def. 48

=Dot-and-Dash Line=, def. 46

=Dotted Line=, def. 46

=Draughtsmen=, Useful Tables for 269-280

=Drawing=, Blackboard 28
Free hand 55
Linear Perspective 247
Parallel Perspective 260-1
Projection, desc. 148
Scale Perspective 257
Spur Gear, illus. 163, 211
Spur Wheel, desc. 162
Straight Line Figures desc. 65, illus. 66-7-8
Symbols 193
The Pitch Line 209
To Scale, desc. 126
Working, def. 51

=Drawing-Board= desc. 107, illus. 102, 106, 108
Expansion and Contraction of 108
How to Construct 107
Trestles, illus. 110, 111

=Drawing Instruments=, desc. 103
How to Select 104
Illus. 105
Outfit Recommended 104

=Drawing Materials=, desc. 103

=Drawing Office Rules= 191

=Drawing Paper=, desc. 132
Erasing Lines 140
Fixing of, illus. 102
Fixing on the Board 139
Pasting 184
“Points” 243
Patent Office Sizes 234
Sizes of 133

=Drawing Pencils=, desc. and illus. 118
How to Use 56

=Drawing Pen=, Filling with ink, illus. 130

=Drawing Pens=, desc. and illus. 129

=Drawing-Pins=, desc. 110

=Drawing Scales=, desc. 126

=Drawings=, Cleaning, desc. 169
Color and Finish, note 185
Dimensioning, desc. 176
Inking in, desc. 167
Lettering, desc. 171
Patent Office Rules for 233
Reproducing 186
Section-Lining, desc. 182
Shading desc. 180, illus. 180, 225
Size of, Office Rules 191
Tint and Color, desc. 184

=Drawing-Table=, desc. 111
Folding Legs, illus. 104

=Edge=, def. 45

=Elevation=, def. 45

=Elevation and Section=, Spur Wheel desc. 216, illus. 212

=Ellipse, An=, desc. 96, 118
To describe when length and breadth are given 96

=Envelopes=, Portfolio, desc. 142

=Equiangular Triangle=, def. 45

=Equilateral Triangle=, def. 50

=Erasing=, “Points” on 242

=Eye=, illus. and desc. 253
Effect of Light on 253

=Face=, def. 45

=Faced Surfaces=, Points, etc. 242

=Figures=, Drawing Straight-line 65
Numerals, examples of 173
Straight-line, illus. 66

=File Handle=, desc. and illus. 144

=Finger and Thumb Lines=, illus. 64

=Finished Surfaces=, How to indicate 193
“Points” 242

=Finishing=, def. 45

=Flanged-tooth Wheel=, desc. 205

=Flat Pattern=, def. 47

=Foreshortening=, def. 45

=Forward Projection= desc. 151, 152, illus. 155

=Free-hand=, def. 45

=Free-hand Drawing= 55, 78
First Lesson in 30
Penciling, illus. 54

=Free-hand Illustration=, a Water Wheel 78

=Friction-Clutch and Pulley=, desc. 224

=Friction Gear-Wheels=, desc. 201

=Full Line=, def. 46

=Gear=, def. 199

=Gearing=, desc. 199
Drawing desc. 162, illus. 163

=Gearing and Design= 197

=Gears=, A Train of, desc. 208
Speed of 208

=Gear-Wheels=, Spur, illus. 198

=Generated=, def. 45

=Geometric=, def. 45

=Geometrical Axioms= 84

=Geometrical Drawing=, desc. 81
Problems in 86

=Geometrical Signs= 84

=Geometry=, defs. 249
Elements of 81

=Gothic Letters=, illus. 173

=Grooved Friction Wheels=, desc. 201

=Ground-Plane= def. 249, 255, illus. 249

=Half-Tint=, def. 45

=Hand-Wheel=, illus. 77

=Hanger=, illus. 179

=Helical Wheel= desc. 199, illus. 207

=Hemisphere=, def. 45

=Heptagon=, def. 47

=Hexagon=, def. 47
To Construct a 95

=Hexagon-Head Bolt=, illus. 144

=Hexahedron=, def. 48

=Horizontal=, def. 45, 250

=Horizontal Line=, in Drawing, illus. 250
How to Draw 32
In Perspective 252

=Hypothesis=, def. 83

=Icosahedron=, def. 48

=India Ink=, desc. and illus. 131
Dish or Tile, illus. 131

=India Rubber Eraser=, illus. 132
Use of 240

=Ink=, Preparing, for Drawings, desc. 167
Test for Good, desc. 167

=Ink Eraser=, Steel, desc. and illus. 132

=Inking=, illus. 166, 169
Long Lines, illus. 170
Rules of Procedure 168
Short Work, illus. 169

“=Inking in=” Drawings, desc. 167
“Points,” etc. 239, 243
Patent Office Drawings 234

=Inscribe=, def. 45

=Instrumental=, def. 45

=Instruments= for Chalk-work, illus. 29

=Internal Gear=, desc. 201

=Internal-Gear Wheel=, illus. 207

=Introduction= 15

=Isosceles Triangle=, def. 50

=Lantern-Wheel=, desc. 201

=Lathe-Dog=, illus. 76

=Lemma=, def. 83

=Lettering=, Blow-Off Valve, illus. 175
Drawings, desc. 171

=Light=, and Sense of Seeing 254
Experiment with, illus. 255
Laws of 252

=Line=, def. 82
To Divide into Equal Parts 89

=Linear Perspective Drawing= 247

=Lines=, def. 45
Note 65
Parallel, def. 83

=Link Motion=, Stephenson’s, illus. 225

=Longitudinal=, def. 46

=Lucas, Theo.=, Acknowledgement 23, 266

=Marking Measurements= on Drawings 243

=Mechanical Drawing= 137, 247
Elevation 138
Examples 143
Procedure 141

=Minerva=, Free-hand Sketch of iii

=Miter-Wheel= desc. 199, 204, illus. 204

=Model=, def. 46

=Nonagon=, def. 47

=Numbering= Drawings, Office Rules for 194-5

=Numerals=, illus. 173

=Oblique=, def. 46

=Oblique Lines= How to Draw, 32, 58, illus. 59, 63

=Oblong=, def. 46

=Obtuse Angle=, def. 42

=Obtuse-Angled Triangle=, def. 50

=Octahedron=, def. 48

=Octagon=, def. 47
To Describe on a given straight line 95
To Inscribe in a circle 96

=Oil Can=, illus. 77

=Optic Nerve=, illus. 253

=Optics=, in Drawing, def. 252

=Outline Picture=, desc. 152

=Oval=, def. 46
How to Draw an 71

=Overall=, def. 46

=Paper=, Fastening Drawing on 184
Rule or Scale 242
Sensitized, desc. 188
The Right Side of 241

=Parallel=, def. 46

=Parallel Lines=, def. 83, 252
To Draw 88
In Perspective 251

=Parallel Perspective Drawing=, illus. 260 to 263

=Parallel Rule= desc. 115, illus. 114-5

=Parallelogram=, def. 47
To Construct 93

=Pasting Drawing Paper=, “Points” 243

=Patent Office Drawings= 235, illus. 236
Rules of Great Britain 236
Rules of U. S. 233

=Patterns=, def. 46
Numbering, from drawings 194

=Pedestal=, illus. 178-9

=Pen=, Hand holding, illus. 166, 169, 170

=Pencil=, Function of a 142
How to Cut, illus. 57
How to Hold, illus. 54, 59, 60
How to Use 56

=Pencil-Compasses=, desc. 143
How to Hold 143

=Penciling=, desc. and illus. 139
“Points” 143, 240

=Pencil Lines=, How to Make 119

=Pencils=, Sharpening Points of 143, 241

=Penknife=, illus. 52

=Pens=, Drawing, illus. 129
Lettering and Figuring, illus. 172

=Pentagon=, def. 47
To Inscribe in a circle 94

=Perimeter=, def. 47
Of a Polygon, def. 47

=Periphery of a Wheel=, def. 200

=Perpendicular=, def. 47, 252

=Perpendicular Lines=, How to Draw 31, 61, 62

=Perrott, Geo.=, Acknowledgement 23, 266

=Personal=, Note from the Author 266

=Perspective Drawing= def. 47, illus. 250
Definitions of Terms used in 249
Geometrical Terms used in 248
Of a Bridge, illus. 249
Scale or Approximate 257
Vanishing Point, illus. 251
Water Reflection, illus. 246

=Perspective=, Linear, def. 247

=Perspective Plane=, def. 250

=Picture Plane=, desc. 255
In Drawing, illus. 249, 250
In Perspective, illus. 258

=Pinion-Wheel=, desc. 201

=Piston Rod=, desc. 223

=Pitch Circle= in Gearing 200

=Pitch Line=, Drawing the 209
In Gearing 200

=Plan=, def. 47

=Plan of the Work= 21

=Plane=, in Perspective, def. 249

=Plane of the Picture=, def. 250

=Plane Surface=, def. 49

=Point=, def. 82

=Point of Sight=, in Perspective Drawing 251

=Points=, relating to Chalk Drawings 36
To be observed in Sketching 141-2
Useful Hints and 170, 239

=Polygon=, def. 47

=Polyhedron=, def. 48

=Postulate=, def. 83

=Pounce=, How to Use, desc. 170, 186

=Preface= 13

=Preparatory Practice= in Drawing 30

=Prism=, def. 49

=Problems=, def. 83
Geometrical 86

=Produce=, def. 49

=Profile=, def. 49

=Projection=, Backward, illus. 153-4
Def. 49
Cylindrical Outline, desc. 159
Cylindrical Surface, illus. 161
Forward desc. 152, illus. 155
Hexagon Nut, illus. 160
Marking Dimensions 150
Lines of Sight 150
Scaling and Measuring in 149
Sight-Lines, illus. 151
Sloping Surface, desc. 159
Spur-Wheel, desc. 162

=Projection Drawing=, desc. 148
Illus. 149, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163
Principles of 148
Spur-Wheel, illus. 163, 212

=Proportional Dividers=, illus. 120

=Proportions= of Teeth of Wheels 210

=Proposition=, def. 83

=Protractor=, desc. 128

=Pulley and Friction Clutch=, illus. 224

=Punching Press= illus. 222, desc. 223

=Quadrant=, def. 49

=Quadrilateral=, def. 47

=Quadrisect=, def. 49

=Rack and Pinion=, desc. 205

=Radius of a Circle= 43

=Reading Working Drawings=, desc. 229

=Rectangle=, def. 48
To Construct a 92

=Reproducing Drawings=, desc. 186

=Reverse Curve=, def. 44

=Rhomboid=, def. 48

=Rhombus=, def. 48

=Right-Angle=, def. 42
Triangle, def. 50

=Robinson, A. W., M. E.=, note, Office Rules 191

=Rolling-Circle= in Gear-Wheel 200

=Rule=, Area of a Circle, To find the 271
Circumference of a Circle, To find the 271
Cylinder, To find the contents of a 271
Diameter of a Circle, To find the 271
Illus. 82
Inscribed Square, To find side of an 271
Parallelogram, To find the area of a 271
Pyramid or Cone, To find the contents of a 271
Radius of a circle, To find the 271
Sphere, To find the contents of a 271
Square, To find the side of an equal 271
Trapezoid, To find the area of a 271
Triangle, To find the area of a 271
Two-foot desc. 127, 128, illus. 128
Wedge, To find the contents of a 271

=Rules= for Drawing Office 191
Wheels, To find proportions of 209

=Sand Paper=, Removing surface of paper 168

=Scale=, Drawing to, desc. 126

=Scale Drawings=, To read 230

=Scale=, Flat, illus. 127
Triangular, illus. 127

=Scalene Triangle=, def. 50

=Scale or Approximate Perspective= 257

=Scale Rule=, for Proportions of Teeth 214

=Scales=, Drawing, desc. 126

=Scholium=, def. 83

=Screw-Thread=, U. S. Standard Gauge 280

=Scroll or Curve=, desc. 117
Universal Curve, illus. 134

=Secant of an Arc= 99

=Section=, def. 49
Drawing illus. 163, desc. 160

=Sectional=, def. 49

=Section-Liner=, illus. 116

=Section Lines= in Drawings 240

=Section-Lining=, Cast-iron, etc., illus. 182
Cog-Wheel, illus. 183

=Section-Lining Drawings= desc. 182, illus. 183
Wheel Hub, illus. 184

=Selecting Drawing Instruments= 103, 240

=Semi-Circle=, def. 43

=Sensitized Paper=, desc. 188

=Set-Square=, illus. 102, 114

=Shading Curves=, illus. 181

=Shading Drawings= 180

=Shadow=, def. 49

=Shadow Line=, def. 46

=Shadow Lines=, “Points” 241

=Sharpening Pencils= 57

=Shop Drawings=, Office Rules 192

=Sight=, Point of, in Perspective Drawing 252
Sense of 254

=Sight Lines= in Projection, illus. 157

=Sine= of an Arc 99

=Skew-Gearing=, desc. 203

=Sketch Books=, desc. 142
Office Practice 194

=Sketches=, details 142

=Sketch=, Free-hand, Advantage of 55

=Sketching= desc. 141, note 17
Points to be observed in 141-2

=Sloping Surface= in Projection desc. 159, illus. 166

=Solid=, def. 49, 83

=Solid Pattern=, def. 47

=Speed of Gears= 208

=Sphere=, def. 49

=Spiral Curve=, def. 44

=Spring Bows= illus. 122, 123, desc. 124

=Spur-Gear= desc. 201, illus. 211

=Spur Mortise-Wheel=, illus. 202

=Spur-Wheel=, desc. 199, 216
How to Draw 209
Illus. 198
Projection desc. 162, illus. 163
Teeth of cast-iron, desc. 202

=Square=, def. 48
To Convert into an Octagon 95
To Describe about a Circle 94
To Inscribe in a Circle 93

=Standards=, for U. S. 278
Office Rules for 193

=Steady Rest=, Scale, illus. 228

=Straight Line=, def. 46
To Draw a Perpendicular to a 86
Drawing Figures of 66-7-8
How to Draw a 57, 59
To Bisect a 86

=Steel=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

=Steel Gears=, Economy of 216

=Surface=, def. 49, 82

=Symbols=, representing Materials 193

=Table= of Areas of Circles 273-277
Bolts, Standard Sizes of 280
Circular Measure 272
Circumferences of Circles 273-277
Contents 24
Decimal Equivalents 269
Diameters of Circles 273-277
Land Measure 272
Metric Equivalents 270
Pipe, Standard Sizes of Welded 279
Roman Figures 272
Solid Measure 272
Wire Gauges 278
Useful for Draughtsmen 266-280

=Tangent= of an Arc, def. 99
To Draw a, to a Circle 91

=Tee-Iron=, illus. 75

=Tee-Square=, Adjustable, desc. and illus. 113
Desc. 112
How to Use, illus. 111, 147
Illus. 102, 112
Points about 242

=Teeth in Bevel Gears=, desc. 204

=Terms and Definitions=, Preliminary 41

=Test-Pieces=, Use of, in Blue Prints 188

=Tetrahedron=, def. 48

=Theorem=, def. 83

=Thumb-Tack= illus. 109, desc. 110

=Tints and Colors=, desc. 184

=Title and Date=, on Sketches 142

=Title, Date, Scale, etc.=, Office Rules for 192

=Title Page= vii

=Tracing-Cloth=, desc. 186

=Tracings=, Office Rules for Keeping 195
Tinted and Shaded, desc. 184

=Trammels=, desc. and illus. 125

=Trapezium=, def. 48

=Trapezoid=, def. 48

=Trestles=, Drawing-Board, desc. and illus. 110

=Triangle=, def. 50
To Describe a Circle about a 93

=Triangle, or Set-Square=, desc. and illus. 114
How to Use desc. 147, illus. 166

=Triangles=, illus. 102
To Construct 92

=Trigonometry=, principles and def. 98

=Trisect=, def. 50

=Trundle Wheel= desc. 201, illus. 208

=Two-foot Rule=, illus. 128

=U. S. Standards=, Pipes 279

=Upright Lines=, How to Draw 61

=Useful Tables for Draughtsmen= 269-280

=Valve=, Blow-off desc. 174, illus. 175

=Valve Gear=, or Link Motion, illus. 225

=Vanishing Point=, def. and illus. 251
In Drawing, illus. 250
In Perspective Drawing 252

=Varnish=, Shellac, for Drawings 241

=Versed Sine= of an Arc 99

=Vertex=, def. 51
Of an Angle, def. 42

=Vertical=, def. 51, 251

=Vertical Lines=, in Perspective 257

=Vertical-Plane=, def. 249

=View=, def. 51

=Visual Ray= in Perspective Drawing 256

=Visual Rays of Light= desc. 252, illus. 255

=Vulcanite=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

=Water Reflection= in Perspective Drawing, illus. 246

=Wheel=, Bevel, A, illus. 203
Crown, illus. 208
Helical, A, illus. 207
Hub, Section-Lining, illus. 184
Internal Gear, desc. 201, 207
Miter, A, illus. 204
Proportions of the Teeth of a 210
Spur illus. 198, desc. 199, 201
Worm, desc. 201

=Wood=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

=Working Drawing=, Bending Machine 220-1
Def. 51
Illus. 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228
Bumping Post, illus. 226
Points, etc. 243
Power Punching Press 222
Numbering a, Office Rules for 195
To Read a 229

=Working Drawings=, desc. 219, 227

=Worm-Gear=, desc. 206

=Worm-Wheel= desc. 201, illus. 206
Speed of a 216

=Wrench=, illus. 75

=Wrist-Lines=, illus. 64

=Wrought-Iron=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistent and unusual spelling, capitalisation and hyphenation have
been retained, unless mentioned below. The discrepancies between the
General List of Contents and the structure of the text have not been
corrected.

Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their
settings, not all elements may display as intended. Where scales are
given for illustrations, these can, of course, not be relied upon for
measurements.

The numbering of illustrations in the book is inconsistent.
Illustrations that have no numbered captions may or may not be
counted; this has not been standardised, except as listed below.
Missing illustration numbers have been added only where they are
referenced in the text. The illustrations referred to in the text as
Figs. 242 and 243 are captioned Fig. 243 and 244.

Page 65-69 and Figs. 66-71: the text uses upper case reference
letters, the illustrations lower case, which has not been
standardised.

Page 84, table of symbols: the source document uses letters (O and L)
rather than symbols for circle and angle.

Page 94, Bisect two of the angles _A C_ of the triangle: presumably
the unmarked point A is in the lower left-hand corner of the
illustration.

Page 113, The tee-square, as shown, ...: there is no illustration with
the relevant reference numbers; probably the reference is to Fig.
151/152.

Page 239, rough irregular lines, as in fig. 134, on page 131: there is
no Fig. 134 on page 131; page 134 nor page 131 show the rough
irregular lines. Several other illustrations in the book do show such
lines.

Index: the order of entries is as printed in the source document.

Changes made:

Illustrations and Notes have been moved out of text paragraphs.

Some obvious minor punctuation and typographical errors have been
corrected silently.

In some tables the ditto symbol („) has been replaced with the dittoed
text; some tables have been split or re-arranged. The use of × and x
in multiplications and dimensions has been standardised to ×.

Page 48: Figure numbers 45-49 added to illustration.

Page 89: and on _B_ on _B I_ changed to and on _B_ on _B D_.

Page 177: D = diam. of collar changed to d = diam. of collar.

Page 193: Bbt.--Babbit. changed to Bbt.--Babbitt.

Page 203: as described on page 191 changed to as described on page
199.

Page 214: 4 tenths measured at the 2′ line changed to 4 tenths
measured at the 2″ line.