Chapter XLIV: Appendix

Nearly all Japanese words should be spoken without accent, or,
rather, with a slight and equal accent upon each syllable. The
pronunciation should begin with a perceptible force, which
gradually softens to the last, through a quick succession of all
the syllables.

=1=. =Nippon= (N[)i]p-p[vo]n). This was the Japanese name for Japan, though foreigners had always confined or limited its use to the name of the largest island, or mainland, of the Japanese archipelago.

To those who are familiar with things Japanese the sound of this name carries a special significance, for in it are wrapped the origin and growth of Japanese life, its religion, customs, traditions, and beliefs.

Their history covers an unbroken reign, the longest of any progressive people now on earth, so far as we know, and their version of the Creation contains a principle that is pre-eminently theirs; for Shintoism knows only Japan. Their religion, like the Christian with Christians, is co-extensive with their history; each beginning the record, as do all others, at its separation from myth.

=2=. =Daimyo= (d[=i]-m[)i]-[=o]-). The highest official in a province under the shogunate. By way of comparison, his position might be said to have corresponded to that of governor of a state in America, though his powers and duties were very dissimilar. The title originated under the mikadate, but from necessity as well as policy the daimyos generally became allied with the shogunate, hence in fact a part of it.

=3=. =Shogun= (sh[=o]-g[)u]n). The official head of the shogunate (one of the dual sides, or heads, of the Japanese government) which was established in the twelfth century, and lasted until abolished in 1868.

From the beginning of recorded Japan until the twelfth century the mikado was the sole ruler, both spiritual and temporal, and during the latter part of his reign, as such, the shogun existed, but only as an inferior: the commander-in-chief of the mikado's armies. Thus intrenched behind the military forces the shogun became enabled to enlarge his powers, and finally forcibly made the office hereditary, and himself secure in the material rule of the empire.

Satisfied with temporal supremacy the shogunate never attempted to encroach upon the mikado's spiritual distinction, as ever held by the people. Nor was it alone policy that so long prompted a continuance of this dual form of government, but it was the ruling spirit quite as much of the shogunate as of the people at large. This has been repeatedly denied--in fact, it has been denied that there ever was actually two heads of government--but the facts hardly justify any such conclusion. Brushing aside all technicalities, a brilliant and polite administration of upwards of a thousand years stands out in its dual capacity as distinctly as do the two sister planets, and if that is not sufficient to establish authenticity as such then man must be at a loss to comprehend what constitutes the right of recognition.

There was, in fact, a dual form of government: the one head, the mikado, spiritual; the other, the shogun, material--each in its sphere, as related to a homogeneous whole. By a compromise these two were, in 1868, merged into one--the empire--with a discontinuance of the shogunate, and a continuance of the mikadate line of succession as the sole, reigning emperor. (See No. 9, Mikado.)

=4=. =Kimono= (k[)i]-m[=o]-n[=o]). The outer, or principal garment worn by the Japanese, both male and female.

=5=. =Harakiri= (há-rá-kâ-râ). An honourable method of committing suicide under the shogunate. It was generally done under an official decree of death, and performed by cutting or ripping open the belly with a sharp knife or dirk.

=6=. =Koto= (k[=o]-t[=o]). A kind of harp, or stringed instrument used in Japan, more for the production of classic music.

=7=. =Geisha= (g[=i]-sh[.a]). A professional singer or musician of the female sex, who sings or plays for hire, at both private and public functions.

=8=. =Etas= ([=e]t-[)a]s). The "unclean"; such as grave-diggers, etc.

=9=. =Mikado= (m[)u]-k[.a]-d[=o]). The official head of the Japanese, both spiritual and temporal, from the beginning until the twelfth century, when the shogun rose to power and seized the material functions of government.

Thence a dual form ensued, the mikado remaining the spiritual and the shogun the temporal ruler until 1868, when both were merged into the empire, with the mikado's line reigning as emperor. The office of shogun was then abolished. (See No. 3, Shogun.)

=10=. =Joro= (j[=o]-r[=o]). A woman who for hire submits herself to the practice of sexual intercourse, in accordance with custom and law. When done under stress of circumstances, such as the financial aid of a distressed parent, it was deemed a virtue, and the participant, except for the time being, did not lose caste, but when the contract time had elapsed (usually three years) was received by her friends and the community as a sort of martyr.

=11=. =Kakemono= (k[)a]-k[=e]-m[=o]-n[=o]). The predominant Japanese picture used for decorating the walls of a house. It is usually painted, or scrolled upon a long, narrow piece of silk or sheet of paper, and mounted upon a roller. Its use is similar to that of the ordinary European framed picture, and it was the means of expressing their highest art in painting and writing.

=12=. =Kuge= (koo-g[)a]). A class, consisting of nobles and members of the former mikado's court.

=13=. =Ronin= (r[=o]-n[)i]n). At first an organized band of disaffected patriots, but afterwards a malcontented clan who held themselves in readiness, for hire or otherwise, to commit some depredation upon organised society, or its members. The Band of Forty-Seven have been much written about in prose and poetry.

=14=. =Bakufu= (b[.a]-koo-foo). A class consisting of retainers and members of the shogun's court.

=15=. =Samisen= (s[.a]-m[=i]-s[)e]n). A stringed musical instrument resembling something between a banjo and a guitar. It is commonly used by the geishas, and is popular with the lower classes.

=16=. =Kokyu= (k[=o]-ky-[=u]). A kind of musical instrument.

=17=. =Sayonara= (s[=i]-y[=o]-n[)a]-r[.a]). The Japanese for "good-bye."

=18=. =Koku= (k[=o]-koo). A unit of measure, whose degree of value varied with time and locality.

=19=. =Hinin= (h[)i]-n[)i]n). The vile; such as slaughterers, beggars, etc. At one time they were by law made social outcasts.

=20=. =Obi= ([=o]-b[)i]). A kind of sash, or girdle, worn about the waist for convenience and ornament.

=21=. =Yamabushi= (yá-má-boo-sh[)i]). Mendicant monks.

=22=. =Tokaido= (T[=o]-k[=i]-d[=o]). The great military road, or highway, between Tokyo and Kyoto.

Transcriber Notes:

Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_.

Passages in bold were indicated by =equal signs=.

Small caps were replaced with ALL CAPS.

Throughout the document:
an "a" with a dot was replaced with "[.a]",
an "a" with a breve was replaced with "[)a]",
an "e" with a breve was replaced with "[)e]",
an "i" with a breve was replaced with "[)i]",
an "o" with a breve was replaced with "[)o]",
an "u" with a caron was replaced with "[vu]",
an "a" with a macron was replaced with "[=a]",
an "e" with a macron was replaced with "[=e]",
an "i" with a macron was replaced with "[=i]",
an "o" with a macron was replaced with "[=o]", and
an "u" with a macron was replaced with "[=u]".

Throughout the dialogues, there were words used to mimic accents of the speakers. Those words were retained as-is.

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.

Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected unless otherwise noted.

On page 100, there was conflict between one instance of the name Katsu and one instance of the name Kotsu, both referring to the same person. Katsu Yoshikuni was a loyal retainer of the Tokugawa regime and served in the navy. Therefore, Kotsu was replaced with Katsu.

On page 126, a period was added after "leaned back in silence.".

On page 160, a period was added after "to still the cares of men".