Chapter XX: Appendix: III

A NOTE ON SOME PORTRAITS OF WREN

The following brief particulars of several portraits of Wren, some of which are reproduced in the preceding pages, may lead to more precise information being disinterred:

(_a_) _Wren as a Man of Forty_ (Plate II.).--When I saw this, it
was in the possession of the late Mrs. Catherine Pigott. It is now,
I believe, in the possession of the Bishop of Southwell, to whom
it passed on Mrs. Pigott’s death. It is unsigned, and there is no
record as to its authorship. It shows Wren as a young man, and I
had thought it represented him while in the twenties. Mr. Richard
W. Goulding, F.S.A., dates the cravat about 1675, which would make
Wren forty-three. The modelling of the face is not unlike that of the
Pearce bust, which tends to confirm the age as about forty.

(_b_) _The Wadham College Portrait_ (Plate XIII.).--This is in
itself a poor piece of painting, and has a vague history. It is an
1825 copy by John Smith, of Oxford, deriving ultimately, it is said,
from a Kneller portrait at Lambeth Palace, which, I am informed,
has disappeared. It seems rather to be based on the Sheldonian
portrait, which was attributed by Dallaway to Thornhill, “painted in
conjunction with Verrio and Kneller.” I give the unlikely story of
its authorship as it is told, adding only that as the plan in Wren’s
hand shows the St. Paul’s of the Warrant Design or later, it must be
after 1675, and therefore Wren is depicted as a man of forty-three or
more, probably a good deal more, for he is markedly older than in the
last mentioned.

(_c_) _Bust by Edward Pearce at the Ashmolean_ (Plate V.).--This
beautiful work has been dated 1673, by a letter written by
Christopher, the architect’s son, and quoted by Mr. Lionel Cust. It
may well be Wren as a man of forty-one, and the younger Christopher’s
date can be accepted, but he was very casual in his chronologies.

(_d_) _The Royal Society Portrait._--The legend on the frame says
this picture is by Michael Wright, but Mr. Collins Baker attributes
it, on the ground of style, to Riley and Closterman in collaboration.
He claims that it is the basis of the Kirkall engraving (see next
note). If so, Kirkall turned the face the other way. The view of St.
Paul’s shows a transitional design between the Warrant Design with
its nightmare steeple and the dome as built. The clock towers are
almost exactly like the intermediate design preserved at All Souls. I
suggest it shows a man of seventy.

(_e_) _The Kirkall Engraving after Closterman_ (Plate XV.).--This
rare portrait was given to me by Mrs. Pigott shortly before her
death, and apart from its having been, as she told me, an heirloom
in the Wren family, it has an interest as showing Elisha Kirkall’s
“chiaroscuro” style of engraving interpreting Closterman’s portrait.

(_f_) _The St. Paul’s Deanery Portrait_ (Plate XIV.).--This is a
copy of the best known portrait of all, the Kneller at the National
Portrait Gallery, and an inferior copy, for it reveals a man of far
less distinction, both in character and feature, than the National
portrait. The latter is attributed to the year 1711, and is therefore
of Wren when he was nearly eighty.

(_g_) _The Welbeck Portrait_ (Plate IV.).--The picture is a small
whole length on panel. The architect wears a red dressing-gown
with white lining, white stockings, and red shoes; his right hand
is placed on his hip, and in his left hand he holds a drawing of
the elevation of the façade of St. Paul’s. On the left side of the
picture there is a lurid sky indicative of the burning of the City;
in the right-hand top corner is a bust of Charles II., flanked
by an amorino weighing the insignia of royalty (crown, sceptre,
etc.), against four shields of arms (England, France, Scotland, and
Ireland), and round the waist of the amorino is a scroll lettered
“Justum est.”

This picture was acquired by the fifth Duke of Portland in 1861.
It was then attributed to H. Gascar, who is stated to have been in
England _circa_ 1674-80, and who might consequently have painted Sir
Christopher soon after he made his design for the new Cathedral. The
West Front is shown in the picture with the single Order, an early
stage of the design. The architect looks very young for a man of
about forty-two years of age, but in the case of painted portraits it
is often difficult to reconcile the actual age of a sitter with his
_apparent_ age.

(_h_) _The Queen’s College Bust._--This posthumous portrait has been
attributed to Rysbrack; it is certainly worthy of him. Wren is shown
as a very old man.

(_k_) _The Medal at Wadham College_ (Plate XVI.).--As it is commonly
said that this medal was struck to celebrate the completion of St.
Paul’s, it is a little unkind to have to set down the fact that it
was cast and chased (not struck) by G. D. Gaale, a German, about the
year 1783, when he exhibited it in London, sixty years after Wren’s
death in 1723.

(_l_) _Art Union of London Medal._--A medal was issued in 1846:
obverse, with bust of Wren, signed H. Wilson, Sc.; reverse, St.
Paul’s, signed B. Wyon.

I hope the above notes may lead people better informed than myself to bring out facts which will enable a full and correct catalogue of Wren portraits to be prepared. Their publication in the Bicentenary issue of _Architecture_ brought Mr. Richard W. Goulding to my aid in correcting some mistakes I then made, and he has added the facts about the Welbeck portrait.

A list of engravings after the Kneller portrait is given in Mr. F. O’Donoghue’s “Catalogue of Engraved English Portraits in the British Museum.”

INDEX

Abbey, Westminster, Wren and, 137, 138, 139

Aims of architecture, Wren on the, 153

All Hallows, Lombard Street, Church of, 81

Armoury and Mint at the Tower of London, 107

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 110

Association between architecture and military engineering, 13

Astronomy, Wren as a Professor of, 19, 36

Bacon, influence on Wren of, 30, 31

Barometer:
Torricelli’s work on the, 36
Wren’s work on the, 36

Belton House, 105

Benson, William, Surveyor-General, 74

Bernini:
Lay-out in front of St. Peter’s, Rome, 53, 108;
meeting with Wren, 48, 49;
referred to, 108

Bird, Robert, coppersmith, 120

Birth of Sir Christopher Wren, 1

Building materials, Wren’s views on, 93, 94

Busby, Dr., of Westminster School, 4, 10, 11

Cambridge:
Pembroke College Chapel, 109
Trinity College Library, 46, 47, 109, 110, 125

Campbell, Colin, work at Greenwich Hospital by, 103

Carlyle, Thomas, on the City churches, 97, 98;
on Chelsea Hospital, 97

Cathedrals:
Lincoln, Honywood Chapel at, 110
St. Paul’s, London. See St. Paul’s Cathedral
Salisbury, 137

Chapels:
Pembroke College, Cambridge, 46, 109
Trinity College, Oxford, 110
Wadham College, Oxford, 16, 17

Charles I., design for the tomb of, 107, 108;
pedestal for statue of, Charing Cross, 104

Chelsea Hospital, 97, 98, 99, 108, 125

Childhood of Wren, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Christ Church:
Newgate Street, 90
Oxford, College, 111

Christ’s Hospital, London, 107, 130

Chronology, an attempt at a Wren, 160

Church:
St. Andrew, Holborn, 87
St. Clement Danes, Strand, 78, 125
St. James, Piccadilly, 78, 90, 94, 95
St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, 21, 22
Temple Church, 21

Churches, City:
Christ Church, Newgate Street, 90
St. Alban, Wood Street, =80=, 81
St. Andrew-in-the-Wardrobe, 90
St. Anne and St. Agnes, 81
St. Antholin, Watling Street, 90
St. Augustine, Watling Street, =55=, 86, 119, 126
St. Benet, Paul’s Wharf, 86, 119
St. Benet Fink, 90
St. Bride, Fleet Street, =87=, 88, 90, =92=
St. Clement, Eastcheap, 81
St. Dunstan-in-the-East, 78, 81, =82=, 136
St. Lawrence Jewry, 86, 89
St. Magnus, London Bridge, 81, =85=
St. Margaret, Lothbury, 86
St. Margaret’s Pattens, Rood Lane, 84, 85, =86=
St. Martin, Ludgate, =56=, 85
St. Mary Abchurch, 90
St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 81
St. Mary Aldermary, 76, 136
St. Mary-at-Hill, 81
St. Mary-le-Bow Cheapside, 87, 88, 145, =146=
St. Mary Somerset, 78
St. Mary Woolnoth (by Hawksmoor), 79
St. Michael, Cornhill, 136
St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 81
St. Mildred, Bread Street, 86, 90, =91=, 120
St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, 80
St. Sepulchre, 78
St. Stephen, Coleman Street, 81
St. Stephen, Walbrook, 81, 88, 89, 119
St. Swithin, Cannon Street, 84, 90
St. Vedast, Foster Lane, =79=, 80

City Churches, referred to, 97, 98, 119, 120, 124, 126, 136, 145, 146,
160

Coghill, Faith, Wren’s first wife, 20, 21

College:
All Souls, Oxford, 11, 12
Christ Church, Oxford, 111
Emmanuel, Cambridge, 110
Morden, Blackheath, 108, 109
Pembroke, Cambridge, 46, 109
of Physicians, Warwick Lane, 107
Queen’s, Oxford, 110
Trinity, Cambridge, 46, 47, 109, 110, 125
Wadham, Oxford, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16

Cox, Mary, mother of Wren, 2

Custom House, London, 107

De l’Orme, Philibert, referred to, 50

Denham, Sir John, Surveyor-General, 43, 101

“Dome of London, The,” 59

Draughtsman, Wren as a, 129, 130

East Knoyle Rectory, Wilts, Wren’s birthplace, 1

Emmanuel College, Cambridge, chapel and cloister at, 110

Etching on glass, Wren’s experiments in, 40

Evelyn, John, 15, 24, 25, 43, 53, 60, 62, 98, 102, 112, 113, 114, 115,
137

Family life of Sir Christopher Wren, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27

Fitzwilliam, Jane, Wren’s second wife, 21, 22

Fitzwilliam of Lifford, Lord, father of Wren’s second wife, 21

France, Wren’s travels in, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

Gibbons, Grinling, 71, 104, 106, 107, 108, 114, 115

Gothic Architecture, Wren and, 138, 139

Greenwich Hospital, 83, 101, 102, 103, 125

Groombridge Place, Kent, 106

Hampton Court Palace, 99, 100, 101, 121, 156

Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 79, 103, 104, 110, 126, 149

Holder, Dr. William, a tutor and brother-in-law of Wren, 3, 20

Honywood Library and Cloister, Lincoln Cathedral, 110

Hooke, Robert, 4, 8

Hospital:
Chelsea, 97, 98, 99, 108, 125
Christ’s, London, 107, 130
Greenwich, 101, 102, 103, 125
Kilmainham, Dublin, 108

Houses by, or attributed to, Wren:
Belton, 105;
Groombridge Place, Kent, 106;
Hampton Court Palace, 99, 100, 101, 121, 156;
Kensington Palace, 105;
Marlborough
House, London, 106;
Pallant House, Chichester, 106;
Winchester Palace, 107;
Wren’s House, Chichester, 106

Inventions of Wren, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Jennings, Richard, master-carpenter, 71

Jones, Inigo, referred to, 13, 43, 51, 52, 53, 70, 101, 106, 144, 145,
146, 147

Kempster, Christopher, 119

Kensington Palace, 105

Kent, William, and Kensington Palace, 105

Kilmainham, Dublin, Royal Hospital at, 108

Knighting of Wren, 121

Lansdowne Chronology, MS. by Christopher Wren junior, 9

Letter of Wren to his son, 22, 23, 24

Library:
Honywood, Lincoln Cathedral, 110
Trinity College, Cambridge, 109, 110, 125

Love-letter from Wren to Faith Coghill, 20, 21

Marlborough House, London, 106

Mathematics, Wren’s study of, 4, 31

Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Wren’s conjectural restoration of the,
132, 133, 134

Middleton, Constance, wife of Christopher Wren junior, 25

Mint, the, in the Tower of London, 107

Monument, the, London, 34, 104

Morden College, Blackheath, 108, 109

Morris, William, and the City churches, 97, 98

Museum, Ashmolean, Oxford, 110

“News from the Dead,” pamphlet by Wren, referred to, 16

Oughtred, Mr., Wren’s letter to, 7

Oxford:
Ashmolean Museum, 110
Christ Church College, 111
Incident at, 16
Queen’s College, 110
Sheldonian Theatre, 45, 46
Trinity College Chapel at, 110
Wren’s education at, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Palace:
Hampton Court, 99, 100, 101, 121, 156
Kensington, 105
Winchester, 107

Palladio’s influence on Wren, 52

Pallant House, Chichester, 106

Parentage and pedigree of Wren, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

_Parentalia_, the, 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 13, 15, 22, 24, 26, 34, 41, 65, 109,
124, 125, 132, 149

Paris, Wren’s journey to, referred to, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

Parliament, Wren as a member of, 120, 121

Pascal’s problem and Wren’s solution of it, 34, 35, 36, 158, 159

Pedestal of the Charles I. statue, Charing Cross, 104

Pembroke College Chapel, Cambridge, 46, 109

Pepys, Samuel, 14, 114, 130

Physicians, College of, Warwick Lane, 107

Pigott, Mrs. Corbett, 26

Plan for rebuilding London after the Great Fire, Wren’s, 53, 54, 55,
56, 57, 58

Portraits of Sir Christopher Wren, some, 164, 165, 166

Pulpits and pews, Wren’s views on, 95

Queen’s College, Oxford, 110

Ripley, Thomas, and Greenwich Hospital, 103

Royal Society, Wren and the, 12, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

Ruskin, John, and Renaissance Architecture, 137

Ryland’s pedigree of the Wren family, 18

St. Alban, Wood Street, 81

St. Andrew, Holborn, 78

St. Andrew-in-the-Wardrobe, 90

St. Anne and St. Agnes, 81

St. Antholin, Watling Street, 90

St. Augustine, Watling Street, =55=, 86, 119, 126

St. Benet, Paul’s Wharf, 86, 119

St. Benet Fink, 90

St. Bride, Fleet Street, 87, =87=, 88, 90, =92=

St. Clement Danes, Strand, 78, 125

St. Clement, Eastcheap, 81

St. Dunstan-in-the-East, 78, 81, =82=, 136

St. James, Piccadilly, 78, 90, 94, 95

St. Lawrence Jewry, 86, 89

St. Magnus, London Bridge, 81, =85=

St. Margaret, Lothbury, 86

St. Margaret Pattens, Rood Lane, 84, 85, =86=

St. Martin, Ludgate, =56=, 85

St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, 21, 22

St. Mary Abchurch, 90

St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 81

St. Mary Aldermary, 78, 136

St. Mary-at-Hill, 81

St. Mary-le-Bow Cheapside, 87, 88, 145

St. Mary Somerset, 78

St. Mary Woolnoth, 79

St. Michael, Cornhill, 136

St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 81

St. Mildred, Bread Street, 86, 90, =91=, 120

St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, 80

St. Paul’s: Old, Wren’s plans for the restoration of, =56=, 59, 60,
61;
Cathedral, London, balustrade on the upper cornice of, 74;
cost of, 73;
dome of, =55=, =56=, 59, 71, 103;
first design for, 63;
mean treatment of Wren over, 73, 74;
opening of, 73;
“rejected” or “model” second design for, 63, =64=, 64, 65, =66=, 66;
South Staircase of, referred to, 34;
third or “warrant” design for, 67, =68=;
Wren’s achievement in, 76, 77;
reference to, 83, 116, 121, 122, 126, 143, 145, 147, 148, 154, 155,
156

St. Peter’s, Rome, 53

St. Sepulchre, 78

St. Stephen, Coleman Street, 81

St. Stephen, Walbrook, 81, 88, 89, 119

St. Swithin, Cannon Street, 84, 90

St. Vedast, Foster Lane, =79=, 80

Salisbury Cathedral, 137

Scarborough, Sir Charles, a tutor of Wren, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10

Shaw, Norman, and Hampton Court Palace, 100

Shepheard, Rev. William, a tutor of Wren, 3

Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford, 45, 46

Soane Museum, Wren relics at, 121
Sir John, 99

Sons of Sir Christopher Wren, 25

Spires, City church, by Wren, 84

Strong, Edward, master-mason, 22, 23, 24, 69, 71, 73, 119, 120

Talman, William, architect, 101, 156

Temple Bar, 104, 105

Temple Church, 21

Thermometer designed by Wren, 8

Thornhill, Sir James, paintings in St. Paul’s by, 74

Tijou, Jean, metal-worker, 71, 101, 120, 121

Tomb, Wren’s design for a, 108

Tom Tower, the, Oxford, 111

Torricelli, his work on the barometer, 36

Tower of London, 107

Town-planning, Wren and, 53

Trinity College, Cambridge, Library of, 46, 47, 109, 110, 125

Trinity College, Oxford, Chapel at, 110

University degrees, Wren’s, 11, 12

Vanbrugh, Sir John, 103, 106, 110, 149, 157

Ward, Dr. Seth, 9

Webb, John, 43, 101, 106

Wilkins, John, Warden of Wadham, 9, 12, 13

Winchester Palace, 107

Wotton, Sir Henry, 139, 140, 141, 142, 157

Wren, Sir Christopher:
_Family and relations_:
Father, 1;
mother, 2;
sisters, 18;
grandfather, 1;
great-grandfather, 1;
sons, 21, 22, 23;
daughter, 13;
brother-in-law, 2;
uncle, 2, 18;
cousin, 18
_Education and Studies_:
Studies at home, 3;
at Westminster School, 4;
under Sir Charles Scarborough, 5;
Assistant at the Surgeon’s Hall, 7;
at Oxford, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17;
matriculation of, 11;
University degrees of, 11, 12;
Fellowship of All Souls, 16
_Personal_:
Critical mind, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142;
death, 122;
epitaph of, 75;
health of, 4, 10, 18;
heirlooms at Soane Museum, 121;
Kirkall engraved portrait, 26;
legible penmanship, 4;
letter to his son, Christopher, 22, 23, 24;
letter in Latin to his father, 5;
love-letter to Faith Coghill, 20;
marriage, first, to Faith Coghill, 21;
marriage, second, to Jane Fitzwilliam, 21;
patience of, 8;
poetic gift of, 16;
portraits of, 164, 165, 166;
retirement, 75;
social relaxations, 114, 115, 116;
theories of beauty, 150, 151;
will, 25, 26, 27
_Scientific Studies and Achievements_:
As an astronomer, 32, 33, 34, 37;
as a classical archæologist, 132, 133, 134;
as a student and scholar, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,
140, 141, 142, 143;
essays, 15;
experiments in etching on glass, 40;
experiments in natural science, 38, 39, 40, 41;
inventions of, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17;
part in the development of natural science, 28, 29;
place as a mathematician, 34, 35, 36;
scientific labors of 116, 117, 118;
solution of Pascal’s problem, 34, 35, 36, 158, 159;
transactions with the Royal Society, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
_Professional and Public_:
“Architect of Adventure, The,” 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 157;
as a Member of Parliament, 120, 121;
as a professional man, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,
131;
influence of Inigo Jones, 51, 52;
influence of Palladio, 52;
introduction to Bernini, 48;
knighting of, 121;
plan for rebuilding London, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58;
remuneration and fees, 124, 125;
Surveyor-General of His Majesty’s Works, 43, 124, 125, 127, 128,
129;
travels in France, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

Wren, Dean Christopher (father), 1, 2, 3, 20, 142

Wren, Christopher (second son) 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 119, 125
Constance (daughter-in-law), 25
Cuthbert (great-grandfather), 1
Faith (mother), 2, 18
Francis (grandfather), 1
Gilbert (eldest son, died in infancy), 21
Jane (daughter), 13, 21, 22
Margaret (great-granddaughter), 26
Matthew, Bishop of Ely (uncle), 2, 18
Matthew (cousin), 18
Stephen (grandson), 26
William (great-great-grandfather), 1
William (third son), 22, 24, 25, 27

Wren chronology, an attempt at a, 160

Wren’s House, Chichester, 106

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
BILLING AND SONS, LTD., GUILDFORD AND ESHER

FOOTNOTES:

[A] _English Leadwork: Its Art and History_, chapter vi.

[B] “The Complete Building Accounts of the City Churches (Parochial) designed by Sir Christopher Wren,” _Archæologia_, vol. lxvi.

[C] _A History of Renaissance Architecture in England._

[D] I dealt with this subject in detail some years ago in the _Architectural Review_.

[E] In _Form in Civilization_ (Oxford University Press), 1922, a volume to be read by everyone, for it contains the ripe judgment on many matters of a very stimulating critic of the part played by architecture in thought and life.

[F] In Wren’s petty cash accounts is the entry: “For a booke on Vitruvius for the use of ye office--£3.”

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:

Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.

Emboldened characters are surrounded by equals signs: =bold=.

Superscripted text is preceded by a caret character: S^T or w^{ch}.

Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.

Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.

Emboldened page numbers in the Index indicate illustrations.