Chapter I: Front Matter

[Transcriber's Note:

This is an updated version of an e-text originally produced in November 2006; see end of text for additions and corrections.

The e-text consists of two separately published books:

_Spellings for the Schools in the Chipeway Language_
_Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Language_

In the first book (Spellings...), the hyphen - is used to separate syllables. In the second book (Grammar...) the hyphen seems to represent the glottal stop.

In the word lists of the first book, the first entry in each column was sometimes-- but not consistently-- capitalized. This capitalization has been retained, whether or not the e-text layout replicates the original.

A few punctuation marks in the paradigms and vocabulary lists have been supplied or regularized. Other errors and anomalies are listed at the end of the e-text. Bracketed text is in the original unless otherwise noted.]

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Spellings for the Schools
in the
_CHIPEWAY LANGUAGE._

Ah-ne-she-nah-pay, Oo-te-ke-too-we-nun;
Kah-ke-ke-noo-ah-mah-ween-twah e-kewh,
Ka-nah-wah-pahn-tah-gigk Mah-ze-nah-e-kun.

YORK, U. CANADA:
Printed for the Canada Conference Missionary Society.
1828

A B C D E F G
H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U
V W X Y Z

a b c d e f g h i j
k l m n o p q r s
t u v w x y z &

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 0 , ; : . ? ! -

SPELLINGS.

_Words of one Syllable._

Kah Neeje Squahch
nah keeje shwahs
sah weeje quaich
wah moose paske
keene koose kaugk
neene noose mongk
weene meezhe shongk
meene peezhe jeese
owh neezhe aahe
howh weezhe tdush
ewh moozhe

_Words of two Syllables accented on the second._

Ah keh ah toon me nick
ah keeng e mah me quom
ah kik e kewh me zeh
ah mik e newh me squeh
ahn doohm e qua me tigk
ah nungk I yahdt nah maih
ah owh kah yawsk ne gigk
ah pa ke tahn ne peh
ah pweh ke quis ne peeng
ah sin ke nwazhe ne sing
ah tick mah quah

_Words of two Syllables, accented on the second._

Ne sweh oo ninje qui yuck
oo chawzhe oon taus shing quawk
oo kaudt oo pin shing koub
oo kowh oo saum shing kaugk
oo kun Oo zidt tah zheh
oo mah oo skonzhe te pigk
oo nick oo taih wah zhusk

_Words of two syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd._

Ah zheh ke kooh me kaunce
a shkum ke zhick me nance
a sance ke zis me quaich
a squach ki ya me quon
a tah koo koosh me tdush
a yaudt mah che me owh
a zheh mah kuk me zhusk
che mon mah mick nah nindt
che pywh mah noo na kowh
kah che mahn tdah na yaub
ka kate ma quah ne win
ka gooh me chim ning kah
ke kah me kun

_Words of three syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd._

noo sa poo neh wa quain
noo tdin se peh wau poose
noo tding sah keh we kah
noong koom sau kie we nin
oo jee she shebe we yause
pah mah tain ta we pidt
pa kah wa nain ween sah
pe toon

_Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and third._

Ah je chaugk ah zhoo gun nah kah mooh
ah kah mingk a me quahn ne zhe kaih
ah neen teh a yah chick oo me meh
ah ne moosh a yah yun oo nah kun
ah ne peesh a zhah yun oo ne shkaudt
ah noo kee ka yah peh oo que son
ah pa kish mah ke sin oon tah shahn
ah quing koos mah ne toonce oo ske zhick
ah she kun mah ne toosh oo se tongk
ah wah kahn mah ske moodt pe je nuck
ah wa seeh me ke seh shah wain tung
ah yah pa me sah owh shah wa nim

_Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and half accent
on the third._

E nah shka mah noo min me she nuck
e qua sance me quain tun me tig koonce
e shkoo ta me sah poose mun tah min
ke na pigk me she min nah ma koos
ke noo zhai me she kaih nah ma pin

_Words of three Syllables accented on the first and third._

Pah ke tin
wau be gun
wau bah maudt
wau be min

_Words of three syllables accented on the last._

Ah nah quodt ke she kuck pe pah kim
e we te ko se non pe she keh
ing koo che me nah wah sah ke maih
ing koo twaus me ne zis sah ke toodt
ish pe ming me ze saih se wah quahn
ka ah koo moo koo mon shah kah nosh
kah kah keh mun ne too shong qua sheh
kah nah ka mun ne toogk shoo ne yah
kah ke nick nah koo shah tah be schooch
kah ke nah nah too way tah que shin
kah shah kance neen ah windt ta pain tungk
kah sah meh ne se tum ta pwa tungk
kah moo keede ning ke che tain ta seh
kah we kah noo se non wah ne toodt
ka ka keh nowh ah quay wah wah noon
ka koo weene oo che pway wa koo nain
ka ke quait oo ke mah wa wa neh
ke me wun oo me squeem weje e shin
ke nah wah pah pah say wig ke waum
ke ke che pe me zeh we nah wah
ke she kudt pe na sheeh we wah quahn

_Words of four syllables, accented on the second and fourth._

Ah chit ah mooh oo mah kah keh
ah kuck koo jeesh oo mong ke zheh
ah sun ah kooh oo tah pe nick
ah wah se seh oo tah pe nun
e nah pe yook oo ta e min
ke pah e kun oo que se mon
ke pim oo say oo wig ke waum
ke tah e kun pah ske se gun
me squah ta seh she kah kah winzhe
ne pwah kah win ta pwa tah wick
ne wah pah tahn wah oo na seh
oo ka yah wis

_Words of four syllables accented on the sixth._

Ah quah tah sheeh na pwah kah chick
ah se ke nauk pah kah ah quaih
ah zhah wah maig too too shah boo
ain tah che yungk waug ke koo mon
ke zhe tah yook wah wah ska sheh
maun nah ta nis

_Words of five syllables, a full accent on the last, and half accent
on the second._

Ah kin tah soo win neeng ke te mah kis
ah nah me ah win ne skah te se win
ah ne she nah pay nin tah wa mah took
ah quah ne pe sahn ne te ke koo took
ah sin ne se kah oo kah ke qua win
ke moo te schke win oo zhe pe e kun
ke nah we schke win pah kun te se win
mah ze nah e kun pah pah ke wah yahn
me ne te we nun shah wa ne te win
me skoo te se min sah ke e te win
me tig quah ke zin ween tah mah we shin
mon nain e te win we too kah we shin
ne kah ne se took

_Words of five syllables, accented on the first, the third and last._

Pa zhe go kah zhee
peen tah kah ta waun
oo ke mah we win
oo te ke too win
she pe koo pah tick
wah ne squa se win

_Accented on the two first and last._

Too toosh pim me tay

_Words of six syllables accented on the third and last._

Kah ke pah te se win
kah ke qua we ne neh
kah nah wah pa me shin
kah nah wa ne me shin
mah noo min e ka zheeh
mah kah ta e ne neh
e she wa pe se win
ta pwa yain tah moo win

_Accented on the second and last._

Ke too ke mah me non
kah ke pah te se win
na nahn tah we e waidt
oo mah ze nah e kun
wah wah pe ko noo jeeh

_Accented on the third and two last._

ka ke noo ah mah kaidt
mah che ah ye e wish
ah koo koo pe nah gun
ah wah che wun nah gun

_Accented on the 4th and last._

Ahn e me tah koo zin.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

_Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Oo-que-son Oo-tah-nu-me-tah-koo-se-win._

Neeng-ke-che noo-se-non, Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun. Ka-che-mun-ne-too-we-ne-kah-soo-yun. Ke-ke-che-ke-too-ke-mah-we-win pe-tah-we-she-nom. A-na-ne-me-wong-kane oo-mah-ke-zhe ah-keeng ne-kah-e-she-wa-pe-se-min; tah-pe-schooch a-she-wa-buk e-we-ty Ish-pe-ming. Me-she-she-nom ka-ne-tah-soo ke-she-kuk me-chim pe-mah-te-se-win. Ki-ya pa-kah-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom che-sah-ke-che-wa-pe-nah-mah-we-yong mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish, nah-sahb-e-koo a-she shah-wa-ne-mong-ke-twah oo-kooh kah-pah-tah-e-yah-me-ke-chik, ki-ya keen e-she-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom. Ka-goo we-kah ing-koo-chee ah-ne-e-she-we-she-she-kah-kane che-nah-ne-sah-ne-se-yong; mah-noo sah-koo kah-ke-nah shah-koo-te-nah-mah-we-she-nom mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish. Keen-mah-ween ke te-pain-tahn ke-che-oo-ke-mah-we-win, ki-ya euh ke-che-e-she-wa-pe-se-win, ki-ya euh ah-nah-me-ah-win ka-che-me-nwa-tah-quok, kah-ke-nik ki-ya kah-ke-nik.--Amen.

GRACE BEFORE MEAT.

Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, che-pwah-we-se-ningk.

O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun, Shah-wain-tah-mah-we-she-nom mahn-tdah me-chim-pe-mah-te-se-win, kah-pah-ke-te-nah-mah-we-yongk; me-tdush ka-oon-je-mah-skah-we-se-yongk che-ah-noo-ke-tah-koo yun; me-owh Jesus Christ a-spa-ne-moo-yongk. Amen.

GRACE AFTER MEAT.

Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, kah-e-squah, we-se-ningk.

O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too, neeng-keche Noo-se-non, me-quaich wa-wa-neh kah-we-se-ne-yongk noo-koom, ki-ya ain-tah-soo-ke-she-kuck shah-wain-ne-me-yongk; me-sah-owh Jesus Christ kah-ke-nigk ka-ah-pa-ne-moo-yongk. Amen.

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Sketch of Grammar
of the
CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGE,

To Which Is Added a Vocabulary
of some of the most common Words.

By JOHN SUMMERFIELD,
alias,
SAHGAHJEWAGAHBAHWEH.

Cazenovia:
PRESS OF J. F. FAIRCHILD & SON.
1834.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The following pages were written as an exercise for my leisure hours, while attending the Oneida Conference Seminary during the past winter. As it is the first attempt that, to my knowledge, has ever been made to reduce the Chippeway language to any system, it cannot be expected to be otherwise than imperfect, and perhaps may hereafter be found to be, in some respects, erroneous. It is, however, as free from errors as my present means have enabled me to make it. It has been printed at the request of my friends, by a fellow student, at his own suggestion and expense.

J. SUMMERFIELD.

Cazenovia, April 10, 1834.

SKETCH OF GRAMMAR, &c.

The Letters used in the Chippeway Language, are twenty-one, viz. A, a; B, b; C, c; D, d; E, e; G, g; H, h; I, i; J, j; K, k; M, m; N, n; O, o; P, p; Q, q; S, s; T, t; U, u; W, w; Y, y; Z, z. F, L, R, V, and X, are not used.

There are, in the Chippeway Language, ten parts of Speech, namely, the _article_, the _noun_, the _pronoun_, the _adjective_, the _verb_, the _participle_, the _adverb_, the _preposition_, the _conjunction_, and the _interjection_.

OF THE ARTICLE.

There is but one Article, used definitely both in the masculine and neuter genders, viz. Owh, the, m.; Ewh, the, n.

OF NOUNS.

A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, Eneneh, man; Kahdahnahqueeng, Kingston; metig, tree.

Nouns are of two sorts, Common and Proper.

Common Nouns stand for kinds containing many sorts, or for sorts containing many individuals under them; as, Ahwaseeh, animal; eneneh, man; kegownh, fish; penaseh, bird.

Proper Nouns are the names appropriated to individuals, as, Charles, Cazenovia, Ganges. [N.B. Proper names, with a few exceptions, are the same as in English.]

To Nouns belong gender, person, number, and case.

GENDER.

Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex.

Nouns have three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.

The masculine gender denotes males; as, Eneneh, man.

The feminine gender is applied to animals, fishes, and birds; as, Nahbak, a she bear, &c.

The neuter gender denotes things without sex; as, Wewahquon, a hat.

NUMBER.

Number is the distinction of objects as one or more.

Nouns are of two numbers, the singular and the plural.

The singular number implies but one object; as, Mahzenahegun, a book.

The plural number implies more than one; as, Mahzhenahegahnun, books.

CASE.

Nouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.

The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, &c.; as, Owh quewesanceoobahkahmegezeh, the boy plays.

The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possession, and always ends with the letter _o_; as, Noosayo wegewaum, my father's house.

The objective case expresses the object of an action or of relation; as John owejeahn Charles, John assists Charles.

Nouns may be declined in the following manner:

Singular. Plural.
_Nom. Case_, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men.
_Poss. Case_, Eneneho, man's. Enenewugo, men's.
_Obj. Case_, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men.

OF PRONOUNS.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the same word; as, Pahpenatum eneneh, the man is happy; Pahpenatum, he is happy.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

There are three personal pronouns, viz. Neen, I; keen, thou; ween, he; with their plurals, Nenahwind, we; kenahwah, ye or you; wenahwah, they.

Personal pronouns have person, number, gender and case.

The persons of pronouns are three in each number, viz.

Neen, I, is the first person, }
Keen, thou, is the second person, } Singular.
Ween, he, is the third person, }
Nenahwind, we, is the first person, }
Kenahwah, you, is the second person, } Plural.
Wenahwah, they, is the third person, }

_Number._--Pronouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural.

_Case._--Pronouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.

Pronouns cannot be declined. The cases of each person have the same form.

First person. _Singular._ _Plural._
_Nom._ Neen, I. Nenahwind, we.
_Poss._ Neen, mine. Nenahwind, ours.
_Obj._ Neen, me. Nenahwind, us.

OF ADJECTIVES.

An Adjective is a word added to a noun to express its quality; as, quahnoj eneneh, a good man; menwawezheh eneneh, an industrious man.

Adjectives are not varied to agree with their nouns, nor do they have any regular comparison.

The following is a list of Numeral Adjectives:

Pazhick, 1
Neezhe, 2
Nesweh, 3
Newin, 4
Nahnun, 5
Ingoodwahsweh, 6
Neswahsweh, 7
Shahsweh, 8
Shongsweh, 9
Metahsweh, 10
Metahsweh ahshepazhick, 11
---- ahsheneezhe, 12
---- ahshenesweh, 13
---- ahshenewin, 14
---- ahshenahnun, 15
---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 16
---- ahsheneswahsweh, 17
---- ahsheswahsweh, 18
---- ahsheshongsweh, 19
Nestahnah, 20
Nestahnah ahshepachick, 21
---- ahsheneezhe, 22
---- ahshenesweh, 23
---- ahshenewin, 24
---- ahshenahnun, 25
---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 26
---- ahsheneswahsweh, 27
---- ahsheshahsweh, 28
---- ahsheshongsweh, 29
Nesemetahnah, 30
Nemedahnah, 40
Nahnemedahnah, 50
Ingoodwahsemedahnah, 60
Neswahsemedahnah, 70
Swahsemedahnah, 80
Shonggahswehmedahnah, 90
Ingoodwak, 100
Nezhwak, 200
Neswak, 300
Newak, 400
Nahnwak, 500
Ingoodwahswak, 600
Nezhahswak, 700
Shawhswak, 800
Shongahswak, 900
Medahswak, 1000
Neezhemedahswak, 2000
Medahswehdahswak, 10,000
Nestahnahdahswak, 20,000
Nemedahnahdahswak, 40,000

OF VERBS.

A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer; as, Nedahyah, I am; Nedebahkoonewa, I rule; Nedebahkoonegoo, I am ruled.

Verbs are of three kinds, active, passive, and neuter.

A Verb Active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent and an object acted upon; as, Nezhahgeah James, I love James.

A Verb Passive expresses passion or a suffering or the receiving of an action, and implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon; as, Chezhahwaneding, to be loved; John oojezhahwanemah neen, John is loved by me.

A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but being or a state of being; as, Nenebah, I sleep; Nenahmahdub, I sit.

Verbs have number, person, mood and tense.

NUMBER AND PERSON.

Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the plural.

There are three persons in each number; as,

Pers. _Singular._ _Plural._
1. Nezhahwanega, I love. Nezhahwanegamin, we love.
2. Kezhahwanega, thou lovest. Kezhahwanegaim, you love.
3. Zhawanega, he loves. Zhahwanegawug, they love.

MOOD.

The moods are five, Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Potential, and the Infinitive.

The Indicative declares or affirms positively, or it asks a question; as, Zhahwanega, he loves; Zhahwaneganah? Does he love?

The Subjunctive expresses action or passion in a doubtful manner; as, Kespin zhahwanegaid, if he loves.

The Imperative is used for commanding, exhorting, and entreating; as, Mahjahn keen, depart thou; Noodahmooyook, do thou listen.

The Potential implies possibility, liberty, power, will; as, Tahgemewan kahnahbuge, it may rain; Kegahwesenemin kiya kahmenequamin, we shall eat and drink.

The Infinitive simply expresses the signification of the verb; as, Cheezechegang, to do; Chegegedoong, to speak.

TENSE.

Verbs have six tenses, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, the first and second future tenses.

The present tense represents a present action as taking place at the time in which it is mentioned; as, Nebop, I laugh; Newob, I see; Nedenadum, I think.

The imperfect tense denotes past action or event however distant, finished, but without defining the exact time of its completion; as, Oodanongezahbahneeg ahpe naquaskahwod, they were travelling to the town when he met them.

The perfect tense refers not only to what is past but also conveys an allusion to the present time; as, Ahzheh negegezhetoon nemahzhenahegun, I have finished my letter.

The pluperfect tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence; as, Ahzehnegegezhetonahbun letter chebwabedahgweshing, I had finished my letter before he arrived.

The first future tense represents the action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time when; as, Owh kezis tahbemookahum wahbung, the sun will rise to-morrow.

The second future tense represents a future action that will be accomplished before another future action; as, Negahwesenenahbun nahwahquaig, I shall have dined at twelve o'clock.

A Verb is conjugated in the following manner:

TO LOVE.--Indicative Mood.

_Present Tense._

_Sing._ 1. Nezhahwanega, I love.
2. Kezhahwanega, Thou lovest.
3. Zhahwanega, He loves.
_Plur._ 1. Nezhahwanegamin, We love.
2. Kezhahwanegaim, Ye or you love.
3. Zhahwanegawug, They love.

_Imperfect._

_Sing._ 1. Negezhahwanega, I loved.
2. Kegezhahwanega, Thou lovedst.
3. Kezhahwanega, He loved.
_Plur._ 1. Negezhahwanegamin, We loved.
2. Kegezhahwanegaim, Ye or you loved.
3. Kezhawanegawug, They loved.

_Perfect._

_Sing._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwanega, I have loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwanega, Thou hast loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanega, He has loved.
_Plur._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwanegamin, We have loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegaim, Ye or you have loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanegawug, They have loved.

_Pluperfect._

_Sing._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwaneganahbun, I had loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwaneganahbun, Thou hadst loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabun, He had loved.
_Plur._ 1. Ahzehnegezhawanegaminahbun, We had loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegamwahbun, You had loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabahneeg, They had loved.

_First Future._

_Sing._ 1. Negahzhahwanega, I shall or will love.
2. Kegahzhahwanega, Thou shalt or wilt love.
3. Tahzhahwanega, He shall or will love.
_Plur._ 1. Negahzhahwanegamin, We shall or will love.
2. Kegahzhahwanegaim, You shall or will love.
3. Tahzhahwanegawug, They shall or will love.

_Second Future._

_Sing._ 1. Negahzhahwaneganahbun, I shall have loved.
2. Kegahzhahwaneganahbun, Thou wilt have loved.
3. Tahzhahwanegabun, He will have loved.
_Plur._ 1. Negahzhahwanegaminahbun, We shall have loved.
2. Kegahzhahwanegamwahbun, You will have loved.
3. Tahzhahwanegabahneeg, They will have loved.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Sing._ 1. Tahgahneenegazhahwanega, Let me love.
2. Zhahwanegain, or } Love thou, or do thou love.
Kezhahwaneganah, }
3. Tahgahween tahzhahwanega, Let him love.

_Plur._ 1. Tahgahnenahwind } Let us love.
gahzhahwanegamin, }
2. Zhahwanegayook, or } Love ye or you, or
Kezhahwanegaimnah, } do you love.
3. Tahgahwenahwah } Let them love.
tahzhahwanegawug, }

POTENTIAL MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Sing._ 1. Nedahzhahwanega, I may love.
2. Kedahzhahwanega, Thou mayest love.
3. Tahzhahwanega, He may love.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahzhahwanegamin, We may love.
2. Kedahzhahwanegaim, You may love.
3. Tahzhahwanegawug. They may love.

_Imperfect Tense._

_Sing._ 1. Nedahgezhahwanega, I might love.
2. Kedahgezhahwanega, Thou mightest love.
3. Tahgezhahwanega, He might love.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahgezhahwanegamin, We might love.
2. Kedahgezhahwanegaim, You might love.
3. Tahgezhahwanegawug, They might love.

_Perfect Tense._

_Sing._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanega, I may have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwanega, Thou mayst have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanega, He may have loved.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanegamin, We may have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwanegaim, You may have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanegawug, They may have loved.

_Pluperfect Tense._

_Sing._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwaneganahbun, I might have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwaneganahbun, Thou mightest have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanegabun, He might have loved.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanegaminahbun, We might have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwanegamwahbun, You might have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanegabahneeg, They might have loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Sing._ Kespin zhahwanegayaun, If I love.
Kespin zhahwanegayun, If thou lovest.
Kespin zhahwahnegaid, If he loves.
_Plur._ Kespin zhahwanegayong, If we love.
Kespin zhahwanegayaig, If you love.
Kespin zhahwanegawod, If they love.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

_Pres._ Chezhahwanegang, To love.
_Perf._ Chegezhahwanegang, To have loved.
_Fut._ Ahyegwahwezhahwanegang, To be about to love.

PARTICIPLES.

_Present,_ Zhahwaneding, Loving.
_Perfect,_ Zhahwanemind, Loved.

Conjugation of the Verb TO BE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Sing._ Nedahyah, I am.
Kedahyah, Thou art.
Ahyah, He is.
_Plur._ Nedahyahmin, We are.
Kedahyaum, Ye or you are.
Ahyahwug, They are.

_Imperfect Tense._

_Sing._ Nedahyahnahbun, I was.
Kedahyahnahbun, Thou wast.
Ahyahbun, He was.
_Plur._ Nedahyahmenahbun, We were.
Kedahyahmwahbun, You were.
Ahyahbahneeg, They were.

_Perfect Tense._

_Sing._ Negeahyahnahbun, I have been.
Kegeahyahnahbun, Thou hast been.
Keahyahbun, He has been.
_Plur._ Negeahyahmin, We have been.
Kegeahyaum, You have been.
Keahyahwug, They have been.

_Pluperfect Tense._

_Sing._ Nedahgeweahyahnahbun, I had been.
Kedahgeweahyahnahbun, Thou hadst been.
Keweahyahbun, He had been.
_Plur._ Nedahgeweahyahmin, We had been.
Kedahgeweahyaum, You had been.
Keahyahbahneeg, They had been.

_First Future Tense._

_Sing._ Negahahyah, I shall be.
Kegahahyah, Thou wilt be.
Tahahyah, He will be.
_Plur._ Negahahyahmin, We shall be.
Kegahahyaum, You will be.
Tahahyahwug, They will be.

_Second Future Tense._

_Sing._ Negahgeahyahnahbun, I shall have been.
Kegahgeahyahnahbun, Thou wilt have been.
Tahgeahyahbun, He will have been.
_Plur._ Negahgeahyahmenahbun, We shall have been.
Kegahgeahyahmwahbun, You will have been.
Tahgeahyahbahneeg, They will have been.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Sing._ Tahgahnenegahahyah, Let me be.
Ahyaun kegeahyahun, Be thou or do thou be.
Tahgahweendahahyah, Let him be.
_Plur._ Tahgahnenahwindnegahahyahmin, Let us be.
Ahyahyook, Be ye or you or do you be.
Tahgahdahahyahwug, Let them be.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Singular._
Koonemah-nedahahyah, I may be.
Koonemah-kedahahyah, Thou mayst be.
Koonemah-dahahyah, He may be.
_Plural._
Koonemah-nedahahyahmin, We may be.
Koonemah-kedahahyaum, You may be.
Koonemah-dahahyahwug, They may be.

_Imperfect Tense._

_Singular._
Koonemah-nedahgeahyah, I might be.
Koonemah-kedahgeahyah, Thou mightest be.
Koonemah-tahgeahyah, He might be.
_Plural._
Koonemah-nedahgeahyahmin, We might be.
Koonemah-kedahgeahyaum, You might be.
Koonemah-tahgeahyahwug, They might be.

_Perfect Tense._

_Singular._
Koonemah-nedahgeahyahnahbun, I may have been.
Koonemah-kedahgeahyahnahbun, Thou mayst have been.
Koonemah-tahgeahyahbun, He may have been.
_Plural._
---- nedahgeahyahminnahbun, We may have been.
---- kedahgeahyahmwahbun, You may have been.
---- tahgeahyahbahneeg, They may have been.

_Pluperfect Tense._

_Singular._
---- nedahgeweahyahnahbun, I might have been.
---- kedahgeweahyahnahbun, Thou mightest have been.
---- tahgeweahyahbun, He might have been.
_Plural._
---- nedahgeweahgahmenanbun, We might have been.
---- kedahgeweahyahmwahbun, You might have been.
---- tahgeweahyahbahneeg, They might have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Sing._ Kespin ahyahyaun, If I be.
Kespin ahyahyun, If thou be.
Kespin ahyaud, If he be.
_Plur._ Kespin ahyahyong, If we be.
Kespin ahyahyaig, If you be.
Kespin ahyahwaud, If they be.

_Imperfect Tense._

_Sing._ Kespin ahyahyahbaun, If I were.
Kespin ahyahyahbun, If thou wert.
Kespin ahyahpun, If he were.
_Plur._ Kespin ahyahyongebun, If we were.
Kespin ahyahyaigoobun, If you were.
Kespin ahyahwahpun, If they were.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

_Present._ Cheahyong, To be.
_Perfect._ Chegeahyong, To have been.

PARTICIPLES.

_Pres._ Ahyong, Being.
_Perf._ Ahyod, Been.

Conjugation of the Passive Verb TO BE LOVED.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Singular._
Nezhahwanemegoo, I am loved.
Kezhahwanemegoo, Thou art loved.
Zhahwanemah, He is loved.
_Plural._
Nezhahwanemegoomin, We are loved.
Kezhahwanemegoom, You are loved.
Zhahwanemahwug, They are loved.

_Imperfect._

_Singular._
Nezhahwanemegoonahbun, I was loved.
Kezhahwanemegoonahbun, Thou wast loved.
Zhahwanemahbun, He was loved.
_Plural._
Nezhahwanemegoomenahbun, We were loved.
Kezhahwanemegoomwahbun, You were loved.
Zhahwanemahbahneeg, They were loved.

_Perfect._

_Singular._
Negezhahwanemegoo, I have been loved.
Kegezhahwanemegoo, Thou hast been loved.
Kezhahwanemah, He has been loved.
_Plural._
Negezhahwanemegoomin, We have been loved.
Kegezhahwanemegoom, You have been loved.
Kezhahwanemahwug, They have been loved.

_Pluperfect._

_Singular._
Negezhahwanemegoonahbun, I had been loved.
Kegezhahwanemegoonahbun, Thou hadst been loved.
Kezhahwanemahbun, He had been loved.
_Plural._
Negezhahwanemegoomenahbun, We had been loved.
Kegezhahwanemegoomwahbun, You had been loved.
Kezhahwanemahbahneeg, They had been loved.

_First Future._

_Singular._
Negahzhahwanemegoo, I shall be loved.
Kegahzhahwanemegoo, Thou wilt be loved.
Tazhahwanemah, He will be loved.
_Plural._
Negahzhahwanemegoomin, We shall be loved.
Kegahzhahwanemegoom, You will be loved.
Tahzhahwanemahwug, They will be loved.

_Second Future._

_Singular._
Negahgezhahwanemegoo, I shall have been loved.
Kegahgezhahwanemegoo, Thou wilt have been loved.
Tahgezhahwanemah, He will have been loved.
_Plural._
Negahgezhahwanemegoomin, We shall have been loved.
Kegahgezhahwanemegoom, You will have been loved.
Tahgezhahwanemahwug, They will have been loved.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._
Tahgahnenegah zhahwanemegoo, Let me be loved.
Tahgahkegah zhahwanemegoo, Be thou loved or do thou be loved.
Tahgahween tahzhahwanemah, Let him be loved.
_Plural._
Tahgahnenahwind } Let us be loved.
negahzhahwanemegoomin, }
Tahgahkenahwah kahzhahwanemegoom, Be you loved or do you be loved.
Tahgahwenahwah tahzhahwanemahwug, Let them be loved.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Singular._
Nedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoo, I may be loved.
Kedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoo, Thou mayest be loved.
Tahkoonemahzhahwanemah, He may be loved.
_Plural._
Nedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoomin, We may be loved.
Kedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoom, You may be loved.
Tahkoonemahzhahwanemahwug, They may be loved.

_Imperfect Tense._

_Singular._
Nedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoo, I might be loved.
Kedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoo, Thou mightest be loved.
Tahgekoonemahzhahwanemah, He might be loved.
_Plural._
Nedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoomin, We might be loved.
Kedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoom, You might be loved.
Tahgekoonemahzhahwanemahwug, They might be loved.

_Perfect Tense._

_Singular._
Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoo, I may have been loved.
Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoo, Thou mayest have been loved.
Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemah, He may have been loved.
_Plural._
Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomin, We may have been loved.
Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoom, You may have been loved.
Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahwug, They may have been loved.

_Pluperfect Tense._

_Singular._
Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoonahbun, I might have been loved.
Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoonahbun, Thou mightest have
been loved.
Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahbun, He might have been loved.
_Plural._
Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomenahbun, We might have been loved.
Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomwahbun, You might have been loved.
Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahbahneeg, They might have been loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

_Present Tense._

_Singular._
Kespin zhahwanemegooyaun, If I be loved.
Kespin zhahwanemegooyun, If thou be loved.
Kespin zhahwanemind, If he be loved.
_Plural._
Kespin zhahwanemegooyong, If we be loved.
Kespin zhahwanemegooyaig, If you be loved.
Kespin zhahwanemindwah, If they be loved.

_Imperfect Tense._

_Singular._
Kespin zhahwanemegooyahbaun, If I were loved.
Kespin zhahwanemegooyahbun, If thou wert loved.
Kespin zhahwanemindebun, If he were loved.
_Plural._
Kespin zhahwanemegooyonggebun, If we were loved.
Kespin zhahwanemegooyaiggoobun, If you were loved.
Kespin zhahwanemindwahbun, If they were loved.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

_Present._ Chezhahwanemegoong, To be loved.
_Perfect._ Chegezhahwanemegoong, To have been loved.

PARTICIPLES.

_Present._ Zhahwanemegoong, Being loved.
_Perfect._ Zhahwanemind, Loved.

OF PARTICIPLES.

A Participle is a word derived from a Verb, and has the nature of a verb and also of an adjective.

Verbs have two participles, the present and the perfect.

The present participle denotes action or being continued, but not finished. It generally ends in _ing_, _eng_, or _g_; as, Tebahkooneding, Ruling, &c.

The perfect participle denotes action or being, finished. This can also be distinguished by its ending in _ed_ or _d_; as Pahpid, laughed; Shoshomequanid, smiled.

OF ADVERBS.

An Adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, &c.; as, Kagate quahnoj eneneh, a truly good man.

List of Adverbs:

1. Ingooding, once; neshing, twice; nesing, thrice.

2. Netum, first; Esquache, lastly.

3. Omah, here; ahnedeh, where; negoojee, somewhere; kahweenegoojee, nowhere; ishpeming nahkayah, upward; nesahye-ee nahkayah, downward; esquayong nahkayah, backward; negaun nahkayah, forward, &c.

4. Noogoom, now; chekezheguk, to-day; mawezhah, long ago; pejenahgooh, yesterday; noomahyah, lately; wahbung, to-morrow; bahmah, by and by; kahmahsheh, not yet; kahyahsekah, instantly; waweeb, immediately.

5. Pahgee, little; ahneenmenik, how much.

6. Koonemah, perhaps; mekahweh, perchance.

7. Kagate, verily; aahe, yes, &c.

8. Kah, no; kahweengahnahga, not at all.

9. Ahneen, how; ahneeshnah, why; ahnahpe, when.

10. Nahwuj, more; kagahkoo, most.

OF PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions serve to connect words with one another and to show the relation between them; as, Cazenove angkeojemahjahkezhodt York, he went from Cazenovia to York.

List of Prepositions:

Pahzhejahye-ee, over; ahnahmahye-ee, under; shepahye-ee, through; ishpeming, above; nesahye-ee, below; keoonjee, from; peoonjee, from; ahwashema, beyond; chegahye-ee, near; negaun, before; Ishquayong, behind; wahsah, off; oogejahye-ee, on or upon; magwaahye-ee, among; ahzheh, after; ahpahgahjeahye-ee, against; ahgahmahye-ee, across; kewetahye-ee, around; nahwahye-ee, amidst; enahkayah, toward, &c.

OF CONJUNCTIONS.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, so as out of two to make one.

Conjunctions are of two sorts, the Copulative and the Disjunctive.

The following are some of the Conjunctions:

_Cop._ Kiya, and; Kespin, if; Owh, that; nahyanze, both; dushween, then; ahpe, since; mesah, therefore; ahnesh, wherefore.

_Dis._ Atah, but; ahzheh, as; dush, than; koone, though; mahmesahwahwah, unless; kespuge, except; pooch, yet.

OF INTERJECTIONS.

An Interjection is a word used to express the sudden emotions of the speaker; as, Tahwah! pemahdezewin nelojegootoge! Alas! I fear for life! O neboowin! Ahneshekewesahgandahmoowin? O death! Where is thy sting?

List of Interjections:

_Earnestness_ or _Grief_; O! ah! tahwah, alas!
_Joy_; Yahhahne! yahhahne! &c.
_Wonder_; Mahmahkahdahkahmig, strange! hahe, hah!
_Aversion_; Saih! ahwas, away!
_Attention_; Nah, hark! Nahbin, behold!
_Surprise_ or _Fear_; Ingee! Tauneyohne! yohe!
_Laughter_; Ha! ha! ha!
_Requesting silence_; Easta, hist! pezahnahbin, silence!
_Calling_; ahneene, halloo!
_Salutation_; Mequaich, welcome!

A FABLE--[Translated from the English.]

OWH WAHGOOSH KIYA EWH MASK.

Kegahweendahmoonin kache dahkooahyod ahdesookaun, kecheoneshesheh dushweengooh.

Wahgoosh ingooding keezhahgoobun haberdashero dahdahwawegahmig. Emah metahskahkahmig ahyahtanegoobun kache gwahnahjewong mask, keoonje ozhechegahdagoobun ahwegah cheahyood mamahjenood ahpe herongh azhe obahkahmegezhejin. Ewh mask egewh mawezhah, meowh ahpe owh ahdesookaun tebaindahgowk, ahgwahnahung kahkenah ewh ostegwan dahgooh helmiting, kiya kahwekah mamahjenood ezheoobahkahmegezhese ayahsenenegoon. Mahmahdah wechegawenebun, owhdush ezhechegang kahweendush kedahwahbahdah zhenon ewh odangowh owh wabahkahmegezid, kiya koonemah anahnookewenegwain nahchebahpid or mahwid, ewh mask ahpun ewh nahsob azhenahgowk.

Owh wahgoosh kahgezheyaindum, wahjapezeh. Oge quakenon ewh mask menahwah kiya menahwah. Oge gahnahwahbahdaun emah ahgwahjeeye-ee, kiya gahnahwahbahdaun emah peenjahye-ee.

Ewh ahgwahjeeye-ee keche shooshoo ahyahgoobun kiya kegezhechegahdagoobun! Ewh peenjahye-ee webahgoobun. Kagate onesheshin oostegwan ayaug omah, ekedoo owh wahgoosh; kagate mejenahwa yahdahkahmig kahwenaindib ahyahsenoog!

Nahnind quahnoj quewesansug ahyahwug kiya equasansug kemahzheh ekoogenedwah oowh enaindahmoowod kahween kagoo ohbahbah mahndahsenahwah, ewh atah oobeshegadahgoosewenewah, ahgoonwatahtesuwod kagoo chekekadahmoowod medush azhe quakeskahwod enahkahkayah wahwazheowening. Koonemah eneneh odah ahtood ewh onindj emah ostegwahning onowh pazhik kiya tahekedooh kahekedood owh wahgoosh kagate sahquahnoj owh oostegwan omah ayog kagate sah mejenah wayahdahkahmig ahyah senoog ewh wenaindib.

Eneneh tahezhah ishpeming, ahyahnzig menoo bemahdezewin, ahyahnzig kechetwahwezewin, ahyahnzig ogemahwewin, ahyahnzig kekenooahmahdewin, ahyahwahsig wejekewayun; kah dushween tahezhahsee ewhety ishpeming ahyahwahsig Christ.

A man may go to heaven without health, without wealth, without honor, without learning, without friends; but he can never go to heaven without Christ.

OF THE FORMATION OF WORDS.

It is difficult with us to speak the words themselves.--The words _odoon_, _onik_, _okod_, _ozid_, _okun_, do not mean respectively, _mouth_, _arm_, _leg_, _foot_, _bone_; but _his mouth_, _his arm_, _his leg_, _his foot_, _his bone_. By leaving out the letter _o_ we have the words _mouth_, _arm_, _&c._ themselves: thus, _doon_, _nik_, _kod_, _zid_, _kun_. The former is the usual way of speaking, the latter is correct.

By the following illustration it will be better understood how words are formed:

_my_ _thy_ or _your_ _his_
Nindj, _a hand_, nenindj, kenindj, onindj,
Nik, _an arm_, nenik, kenik, onik,
Doon, _a mouth_, nedoon kedoon, odoon,
Bid, _a tooth_, nebid, kebid, owebid,
Daih, _a heart_, nedaih, kedaih, odaih,
Kown, _a liver_, nekown, kekown, okown,
Kun, _a bone_, nekun, kekun, okun,
Skunze, _a nail_, neskunze, keskunze, oskunze,
Kod, _a leg_, nekod, kekod, okod,
Bowm, _a thigh_, nebowm, kebowm, obowm,
Dis, _a navel_, nedis, kedis, odis,
Pun, _a light_, nepun, kepun, opun,
Zid, _a foot_, nezid, kezid, ozid,
Yos, _flesh_, neyos, keyos, oweyos,
Yowh, _a body_, neyowh, keyowh, oweyowh,
Oose, _father_, noose, koose, osun,
Gah, _mother_, negah, kegah, ogeen,
Siyahn, _brother_, nesiyahn, kesiyahn, osiyayun,
Shema, _sister_, neshema, keshema, oshemayun,
Tahwug, _an ear_, netahwug, ketahwug, otahwug.

VOCABULARY.

[Transcriber's Note:
Alphabetization is as in the original.]

A.

Aahe, adv. yes
Ahbenoojhee, n. a child
Ahbewin, n. a room
Ahnind, adj. some
Ahpe, adv. then, when
Ahkeh, n. the earth
Ahkeeng, in the earth
Ahzheh, adv. after
Ahneendeh, adv. where?
Ahyahyun, v. art thou
Ahweyah, n. a certain one
Ahnung, sing. } n. a star
Ahnungoog, plu. }
Ahyah, v. he is, was
Ahneen, adv. how?
Ahwon, n. fog, dew, mist
Ahsin, n. a stone
Ahnweh, n. a bullet
Ahnahquod, n. a cloud
Ahnookewin, n. a work
Ahnemeke, n. thunder
Ahkoozewin, n. sickness
Ahpahbewin, n. a saddle, or a thing to sit on
Ahpwahgun, n. a pipe
Ahnahpe, adv. when
Ahgwahnahung, pt. covered
Ahgwahjeeng, outdoors
Ahpequashemoon, n. pillow
Ahkookoobenahgun, } n. a basket, the latter signifies a vessel
Ahwahjewahnahgun, } to carry or gather with
Ahnahmeahwin, n. religion
Aindahnahbid, v. sitteth
Aindahyaun, n. my house or home
Aiskum, adv. more
Anwahchegaid, n. a prophet
Amequahn, n. a spoon
Atah, conj. but
Ahsamah, n. tobacco
Ahnahmahkahmig, } under the earth or ground
Ahnahmahkeeng, }
Ahgahming, n. other side
Ahyahmook, v. receive it, or take it
Ahshum, v. feed him, or give him something to eat
Ahgahwahta, n. a shadow
Ahwashema, prep. beyond
Ahgwewin, n. a garment
Ahgookayowh, n. a bait, or something to allure animals to a snare
Ahgahjewin, n. bashfulness
Ahquahnebesohn, n. rainbow
Azhenekahdaig, } n. name of a thing or place. In asking a question
Adahming, } we say what is the name of that thing or place?
Ahgwahjeeye-ee, n. outside
Anahnookewenegwain, business, or it was his business
Anaindahmon, n. thy will
Azheahyog, v. as it is
Azhegooh, v. as we
Azhemahmahjenoojin, part. played or acted
Ahgoonwatahdezoowod, v. they refuse
Ahyahsenenegoon, when there is none or no
Ainind, pt. called
Ahwas, adv. away
Ahsub, n. a net
Ahyog, is here
Ahpugn, adv. always, usually, the same
Ahmooh, n. a bee
Ahmik, n. a beaver
Ahnim, n. a mean fellow
Ahnit, n. a spear
Ahnebeesh, n. a leaf
Ahnwabewin, n. a rest
Ahnahmeawegahmig, n. a church, meeting-house, or praying-house
Ahskekoomon, n. lead
Ahskahtowhe, n. a skin or hide
Asquach, adv. falsely, vain
Ahdesookaun, n. story, fable
Ahnwahtin, not boisterous
Ahwebah, n. or adj. calm
Ahkahkahzha, n. coal
Ahyegagah, adv. soon, directly
Ahnoodezeh, adv. greedy
Ahnowh, prep. though
Ahtoon, put it down
Ahneenmenik, adv. how much
Ahneendeh, adv. where
Ahneendehnahkayah, adv. which way
Ahnahmahye-ee, prep. under
Ahpahgahjeahye-ee, prep. against
Ahyahwug, v. there are
Ahgahmahye-ee, prep. across
Ahneeshnah, adv. why
Ahdick, n. a rein-deer
Ahjedahmoo, n. a red squirrel
Ahsahnahgoo, n. a black squirrel
Ahgwegoos, n. a chip-monk
Ahkuckoojeesh, n. a ground-hog
Ahdoomahkoomasheeh, n. a monkey, which signifies louse catcher
or hunter
Ahnemoosh, n. a dog
Aasebun, n. a raccoon
Aayabegoo, n. an ant
Aayanee, n. opossum
Ahzhahwahmaig, n. a salmon
Ahshegun, n. rock-bass
Ahgwahdahsheh, n. sun-fish
Ahwahsesee, n. cat-fish
Ahmahkahkee, n. a toad
Ahgoonaqua, n. tree-toad
Ahndaig, n. a raven
Ahshahgeh, n. a crane
Ahsegenak, n. a black-bird
Ahjegahdashib, n. water-hen
Ahsenesekab, n. gravel
Ahkik, n. a kettle
Ahbewh, n. a paddle
Ahzod, n. poplar
Ahneshenahbay, n. an Indian man
Apahgeeshemoog, n. west
Ahahwa, n. a species of duck
Ahwahkaun, n. cattle
Ahgahwosk, n. gypsum
Ahshahwask, n. a sword
Ahgwesemon, n. a pumpkin
Ahgwejekinzhaegun, n. an and-iron
Ahskebug, n. a green leaf
Ahgahwahtaown, n. an umbrella
Ahdahwaweneneh, n. a merchant
Ahkahnok, n. a corn-cob
Azheshahwask, n. a rifle
Ahnejemin, n. pease
Auskig, n. a seal
Ahgookewahsegun, n. sealing-wax
Ahpahgedoon, v. throw it

B.

Bakah, v. to stop
Bahmah, adv. by and by
Bazhig, adj. one
Bahtay, n. smoke
Bahgaun, n. a nut
Bahbegwon, n. a bugle
Bakahnuk, adj. the other
Bahnahjetoon, v. destroy it
Bahtahzewin, n. sin
Bahgundahegawegahmig, n. a barn, or a house to thresh grain in
Bewegahegun, n. a chip
Bemahdezewin, n. life
Beezhahyaun, v. if I come
Bemoosain, v. to walk
Bewahbik, n. iron
Bedoon, v. bring it, or fetch it
Benetoon, v. clean it
Boodahwahgun, n. chimney, fire-place
Bewuyh, n. fur