Chapter IV: Part II

589-615. Missionary labours of St. Columban 205
612. Mahomet begins to publish his religion 169
627. Jerusalem taken by the Mussulmans 169
632. Death of Mahomet 169
635. Settlement of Scottish missionaries in Holy Island 172
664. Council of Whitby 172
724. Beginning of controversy as to images 170
732. Victory of Charles Martel over the Saracens 174
734. Death of the Venerable Bede 173
715-755. Missionary labours of St. Boniface 174
752. Pipin becomes king of the Franks 177
787. Second Council of Nicaea 180
794. Council of Frankfort 180
800. Charles the Great crowned as emperor 178
-- (about). Forgery of Constantine's donation 192
814. Death of Charles the Great 181
826-865. Missionary labours of Anskar 187
846 (about). Forgery of the False Decretals 192
860-870. Conversion of Bulgarians, Moravians, Bohemians, &c. 185
912. Foundation of the Order of Cluny 206
962. Otho I., emperor 183
988. Conversion of Basil, great prince of Russia 188
999. Sylvester II., pope 184
994-1030. Conversion of Norwegians 189
1046. Council of Sutri 185
1048. Pope Leo IX.--Beginning of Hildebrand's influence over
the papacy 193
1073. Hildebrand elected pope (Gregory VII.) 193
1074. Foundation of the Carthusian Order 207
1085. Death of Gregory VII. 197
1098. Foundation of the Cistercian Order 208
1099. Jerusalem taken in the First Crusade 202
1113. Order of St. John (or Hospitallers) founded 209
1116. Order of the Temple founded 210
1123. Agreement between the pope and the emperor at Worms 198
1147-1149. The Second Crusade 213
1153. Death of St. Bernard 214
1154. Nicolas Breakspeare, an Englishman, chosen pope
(Adrian IV.) 214
1170. Murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket 216
1189. The Third Crusade 217
1198. Innocent III. elected pope 218
1203. Constantinople taken by Crusaders 222
1208. England put under an interdict 219
1208-1229. War against the Albigenses 223
1215. Fourth Council of the Lateran--Innocent sanctions the
Dominican and Franciscan Orders of Mendicant Friars 227
1240. First Crusade of St. Lewis 230
1270. Second Crusade and death of St. Lewis 231
1274. Second Council of Lyons 232
1294. Election of Pope Celestine V. 233
---- Election of Pope Boniface VIII. 235
1300. Boniface celebrates the first jubilee 235
1303. Death of Boniface 239
1310. The popes settle at Avignon 240
1312. Council of Vienne--The Order of the Temple dissolved 243
1377. Gregory XI. removes the papacy from Avignon to Rome 253
1378. Beginning of the Great Schism of the West 254
1384. Death of John Wyclif 251
1414-1418. Council of Constance 258
1415. Pope John XXIII. deposed 260
---- John Huss burnt by order of the Council 261
1417. Election of Pope Martin V., and end of the Schism 262
1418. Religious war of Bohemia breaks out 264
1431. Council of Basel opened 265
1438. Council of Ferrara and Florence 267
1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks 268
1455. Invention of Printing 269
1464. Pope Pius II. vainly attempts a crusade 270
1498. Death of Savonarola 274
1503. Death of Pope Alexander VI. 275
1517. Appearance of Martin Luther as a reformer 276

EXPLANATION OF THE MAP.

(_To be read after Chapter XXII._)

The Map is meant to give the names of such places only as are mentioned in the History.

The bounds of the patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem are marked as they were settled at the Council of Chalcedon, in the year 451.

Only the northern part of the Alexandrian patriarchate is seen, as the Map does not reach far enough to take in Abyssinia, which belonged to it.

At the time of the Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) the bishop of Rome's patriarchate was confined to the middle and the south of Italy, with the Islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. It afterwards grew by degrees, until at length it took in all the countries of the west, although it had lost Illyricum, which was once a part of it. But this was not until long after the time to which our little book relates, and in the meanwhile its extent varied very much. The reason why its bounds, at the time of the Council of Chalcedon, or in the days of Gregory the Great, cannot well be marked in a map is, that in some countries the bishops of Rome had much _influence_, but had not _power_. They gave _advice_ to the bishops of Gaul (or France), Spain, and Africa, and sometimes ventured to give them _directions_. But they could not make the bishops of those countries obey their directions, and had not _authority_ over them in the same way as the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, or Jerusalem had over the bishops within their patriarchates. To mark such countries as belonging to the Roman patriarchate would be too much; to mark them as if they had no connexion with it would be too little.

SKETCHES

OF

CHURCH HISTORY.