Chapter II: Part 2

The term is no doubt derived from some Romanic language, perhaps a corruption of the French _vous savez_ or _savez-vous_.

Sawny-headed

»Well, you _was_ a _sawny-headed chunk_, Josiah, you _was_.» (Novel Notes 36. 15.)

= _a blockhead_, _a simpleton_.

_Sawny_ is said to be a corruption of »Sandy», the usual nickname (abbrev. of Alexander) for a Scotsman, as Taffy (Welsh pronunciation of Davy) for a Welshman, and Paddy (short for Patrick) for an Irishman.

_Chunk_ = a shapeless mass of anything, a thick piece, a lump: of wood, bread, etc.; as applied to a person = blockhead. (Cf. chump.)

shove

»What is up?» I says. »_Got the shove?_» (T. T. T. 156. 14.)

_A waiter._

= _to be dismissed_.

Cf. _to give the shove_: to send packing.

shut up

»_Shut up_, mother,» he cried at last, quite gruffly. (Sketches 197. 11.)

_A bookmaker._

= _hold your tongue!_

Vulgar synonyms: _Shut it!_ _Stow it!_

_To be shut up_: to be silenced, done for.

Cf. the French: _ferme la boite!_

sight

»She had a precious _sight_ more gumption than he had ever possessed.» (T. T. T. 213. 18.)

_A waiter._

»He tried to do others a precious _sight_ sharper than himself.» (T. T. T. 220. 20.)

_The same._

»The dog, who ought to know a durned _sight_ more about them than he does— —.» (Novel Notes 152. 25.)

_A sailor._

_Sight_ is a common vulgarism for »lot», »deal.» (_Precious_, intensive adj. and adv., is colloquial, verging towards vulgar.)

sit

»She _sits_ herself again.» (T. T. T. 225. 10.)

_A waiter._

The ordinary vulgar confusion of _sit_ and _seat_. (This phrase should not be considered as on the same level as the following: »The moment you _stand_ or _sit_ him down he begins.» (T. T. T. 67. 2.) This is only an ordinary graphic use of an intransitive verb in a transitive sense; colloquial perhaps, but not vulgar.)

skunk

»I trusted him, the _skunk_.» (Woodb. Farm 58. 20.)

_Uneducated young man._

A _skunk_ is a mean, paltry wretch (_usling_.) Originally the word signifies a _stinkard_ (Mydaus meliceps).

slap-up

»We’ll have a good, round, square, _slap-up_ meal.» (Three Men In A Boat 41. 7.)

= _fine_, _first-rate_, _of the best_.

Synonym: _bang-up_.

Cf. _slapping_: very-big, excellent; _slapper_: anything exceptional.

sort of

»This seemed to _sort of_ lighten the boat.» (Three Men In A Boat 108. 30.)

= _seemed to lighten the boat, as it were._

Often spelt and pronounced »sorter.» Compare _kind of_ (»_kinder_»). Both especially common in American vulgar language and probably imitated from America.

to do spoons

»The girl said he’d _gone to do spoons_—whatever that may mean.» (Barbara 18. 25.)

_A doctor._

= _to make love_, _to flirt_.

The expression may, I think, be characterised as a vulgarism; while _spoon_, as verb, originally student slang, may be considered as slang > colloquial.

stow

»_Stow it!_» he says. (T. T. T. 161. 14.)

_Uneducated individual._

»Oh, _stow that_», she says. (T. T. T. 141. 15.)

_The same._

= _hold your tongue!_

Cf. _Shut it!_

toff, toffy

»I’ve mixed a good deal with the _toffs_ in my time.» (T. T. T. 133. 21.)

_A waiter._

»a quiet, respectable _toff_.» (T. T. T. 138. 20.)

_Uneducated young man._

»There was a party of _toffs_ there.» (Novel Notes 213. 10.)

_A London ’Arry._

»a bit of a _toff_ in his off-hours.» (T. T. T. 211. 2.)

_A waiter._

»_Toffy_ enough she looked in her diamonds and furs.» (T. T. T. 140. 16.)

_The same._

_A toff_ = a fop, a swell. _Toffy_ (tofficky) = dressy, showy, smart.

At Oxford noblemen students used to wear a golden tassel (a tuft) in their cap. Hence they were called »tufts»; so we get _toff_.

to be up a tree

»What would he do without you?»—

»Well, I’m afraid he would be a little _up a tree_, sir, if I may be permitted a _vulgarism_.» (Woodb. Farm 31. 9.)

_A servant._

To be _up a tree_ or _treed_ means _to be cornered_, _done for_, _obliged to surrender_. _To be up the tree_ is a phrase often used by City tradesmen in the sense of _bankrupt_.

Probably the expression derives its origin from a cant-word _tree_ = _gallows_.

a wet

»’Ave _a wet_?» I declined _the wet_. (Novel Notes 205. 25.)

_A young workman._

Common vulgarism for _a drink_.

swarry

»A day’s work, and then a pipe by your own fire-side with your slippers on. That is my _swarry_.» (T. T. T. 143. 16.)

_A waiter._

_Swarry_ is here probably a vulgar corruption of the French _soirée_.

(Cf. _Dickens, Pickwick Papers_, where it is still further corrupted into _leg of mutton_.)

VULGARISM > COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH

blither

»If he was to _blither_, it was only fair that she should bleat back.» (T. T. T. 22. 21.)

_The author. Conversation between ladies and gentlemen._

»Don’t believe these _blithering_ idiots have ever seen a girl before.» (Tommy and Co. 229. 12.)

_A young journalist._

= _to talk volubly and nonsensically_.

The original form of the word is probably _blather_ (Icelandic _bladhra_, Swed. _pladdra_), _blether_ a Scottish form, while _blither_ seems to be the modern vulgar form.

(Cf. _Bletherskate_: a boaster, a noisy talker.)

the blues

»It gave me _the blues_ for a day or two—that bit of news.» (T. T. T. 146. 20.)

_A waiter._

»Nobody likes a fit of _the blues_.» (The Idle Thoughts Of An Idle Fellow 27. 3.)

A shortened form of _blue devils_ = despondency, depression of spirits.

Cf. _the dismals_.

bob, tanner, quid

»A rise of two _bob_ a week.» (T. T. T. 156. 18.)

_Uneducated young man._

»—a _bob_ or a _tanner_ as the case might be.» (T. T. T. 125. 2.)

_A waiter._

»His tie must have cost fifty _quid_.» (T. T. T. 131. 21.)

_The same._

Terms for, respectively, _shilling_, _sixpence_, and _sovereign_. The expressions are vulgar, no doubt, but in common use among all classes—among the more educated and refined only in intimate talk, of course.

chap

»A palefaced nervous sort of _chap_.» (T. T. T. 130. 4.)

_A waiter._

»A wonderful talent for swallowing, these newspaper _chaps_ has, some of ’em.» (T. T. T. 135. 3.)

_The same._

»The _chap_ who was nabbed at Birmingham.» (T. T. T. 163. 6.)

_Uncultivated young man._

»The _chap_ I am telling you about.» (T. T. T. 206. 20.)

_A waiter._

»One day she fetched ’im round to one of them revivalist _chaps_.» (Sketches 201. 2.)

_Uncultivated old woman._

= _fellow_, _man_.

The term seems to originate in an obsolete word _chap_ (abbr. of _chapman_: Swed. köpman) = merchant.

chuck

»His first move was to _chuck_ his berth.» (T. T. T. 212. 9.)

_A waiter._

»Why not _chuck_ the money.» (T. T. T. 145. 10.)

_The same._

»It will ‘_chuck_’ the whole business.» (Three Men On The Bummel 44. 11.)

= _abandon_, _give up_.

_Chuck_ is a vivid word for _throw_, standing on about the same level as _shy_ in its literal meaning, but as used here, metaphorically, it is vulgar—although used by educated people.

cotton

»’E don’t _cotton_ much _to_ them as ain’t found grace.» (Sketches 199. 28.)

_Old woman of the working class._

= _stick to them like cotton_: _agree with_, _like_.

dotty

»He’s just a bit _dotty_, same as you or I might get with nothing to do.» (Tommy And Co. 61. 28.)

_A journalist with a special liking for vulgarisms._

= _feeble_, _dizzy_, _idiotic_ (Cf. _dotty in the crumpet_: weak in the head). The term is probably derived from the verb _dot_: dotted > dotty.

gal, gell

»A _gal_ was at the bottom of it.» (T. T. T. 170. 14.)

_An elderly waiter._

»smutty-faced _servant-gals_.» (T. T. T. 157. 3.)

_The same._

»I’m fond enough of the _gell_.» (T. T. T. 137. 5.)

_Uneducated Londoner._

»One of the _gals_ was ill.» (Tommy And Co. 16. 12.)

_The same._

»I tell ’im it’s a fine _gell_.» (Sketches 195. 11.)

_The same._

The ordinary vulgar pronunciation of »girl», but not confined to »vulgus»; in fact quite the correct pronunciation in the middle classes of the mid-Victorian age.

When the author wants to indicate an affected pron. of the word, he writes »_gearl_».

gent, gents

»_The old gent_ said he’d see Joe.» (T. T. T. 172. 18.)

_A waiter._

»He sits down and stares at _the old gent_.» (T. T. T. 174. 16.)

_The same._

»_Commercial gents._» (T. T. T. 184. 18.)

_The same._

»It was an odd question to put to a waiter, but coming from _a gent_ there was nothing to be alarmed about.» (T. T. T. 188. 9.)

_The same._

»if you don’t want to waste your time on a rabbit-skin coat and a paste ring, and give the burnt sole to the real _gent_.» (T. T. T. 216. 2.)

_The same._

A common vulgar corruption of _gentleman_; esp. _the old gent_.

gone on

»That he was regular _gone on_ her anyone could see with half an eye.» (T. T. T. 128. 5.)

_An elderly waiter._

= _in love with_, _fond of_.

Originally vulgar, but much used with humorous intent in mid-Victorian middle-class English.

Cf. _spoony on_, _mashed on_.

Honest Injun

»_Honest Injun_—confound those children and their slang—I mean positively.» (They And I. 171. 18.)

_The author._

The term is originally an _Americanism_ = »_Honest Indian_»—a kind of mock oath, with some allusion to the supposed unusualness of honesty among the Indians.

hump, humpy

»_I’ve got the hump_ to-night.» (P. Kelver II. 166. 27.)

_A business man, former Whitechapel butcher._

»Harris said it would be _humpy_.» (Three Men In A Boat 8. 4.)

»He criticised it as the _humpiest_ funeral he had ever known.» (Tommy And Co. 74. 4.)

_An undertaker._

»That ain’t the sort of thing to be _humpy_ about.» (T. T. T. 156. 20.)

_A waiter._

A person, who is disagreeable or in low spirits may be presumed to go with his shoulders _humped_. Thence we have probably got the term _humpy_ = despondent, hurt, put out[7], or of things: dull, miserable. _To get (to have) the humps_ is probably a later formation and means about the same: to be despondent, to feel melancholy. It is rather common now-a-days in vulgar > coll. language.

look

»Joe sits down and stares at the old gent, and the old gent _looks him back_.» (T. T. T. 174. 15.)

_A waiter._

= gives him a look back.

The missis, the missus.

»Just as you or me would swear at _the missus_.» (T. T. T. 128. 15.)

_A waiter._

»He came to be pretty friendly with _my missus_ later on.» (T. T. T. 216. 8.)

_The same._

»_My missis_ kept up a sort of friendship with her.» (T. T. T. 221. 20.)

_The same._

»_My missis_ never see you till just this minute.» (Three Men In A Boat 81. 26.)

_Uneducated countryman._

»She has come for _the Missus’_ night things.» (Miss Hobbs 19. 4.)

_A groom._

»_Missus_ will be out to-morrow.» (Miss Hobbs 21. 30.)

_A servant girl._

The usual expression for »my wife» among the working class; also used by servants in speaking of their mistress (vocative _ma’am_, _mum_), and frequently adopted with humorous intent by the ‘better’ classes. »The missus» is especially used to imply—with serio-comic resignation that the wife usually has her own way in the end.

»The missus», »my missis» in quotations 1-4 means »my wife».

rantan

»A quite rational person: _When not on the rantan._» (They And I. 258. 9.)

_A schoolgirl._

_On the rantan_ (or _randan_) means the same as »_on the spree_»—which does not directly imply tipsiness, but a degree of exhilaration practically unattainable without considerable indulgence in alcohol.

The expression is probably derived from the verb _rant_: to talk big, high, to boast much.

Cf. _to go on the rantan_: to go on a round of debauchery.

rocky

»Well, my spelling is a bit _rocky_.» (Tommy And Co. 45. 10.)

_A London brat of the working class._

= _difficult_, _dubious_, _debateable_; more expressive than »shaky».

The term is originally a sort of pothouse slang: _rocky_ = broken by drink.

same as

»They’ve got their feelings—_same as_ I’ve got mine.» (T. T. T. 145. 7.)

_A waiter._

»Husbands have their troubles _same as_ wives.» (T. T. T. 206. 10.)

_The same._

= _just as_, _in the same way that_.

stone-broke

»Next week we shall be _stone-broke_.» (Miss Hobbs 37. 22.)

_Easy conversation between ladies and gentlemen. The speaker is
a young man._

= _penniless_, _hard up_. Cf. _stoney_ (the same sense).

Tommy rot

»The wonderful songs that nobody ever sings, the wonderful pictures that nobody ever paints, and all the rest of it. It’s _Tommy rot_!» (P. Kelver II. 208. 14.)

_A young lady with a special liking for spirited expressions._

»I’ll make a journalist of you.»—

»Don’t talk _rot_.» (Tommy And Co. 36. 12.)

_A London brat of the working class._

_Rot_ is the most usual word at present for _rubbish_, _nonsense_; »_rotten_» is still more modern and ‘stylish’.

(_Tommy rot_: nonsense, bosh.)

toss off

»He _tossed off_ at one gulp what remained of the stranger’s Vermouth.» (P. Kelver II. 269. 22.)

_The author._

= _to drink at a draught_, _to gulp_.

tumble to

She said she could never »_tumble to_» the district visiting. (Novel Notes 81. 15.)

_An actress._

»I reckoned it the very thing she’d _tumble to_.» (T. T. T. 143. 4.)

_Uneducated young man._

The meaning of the above quotations is: (1) she could never _get to care for_ the district visiting; (2) I considered it the very thing she would _accept_, _fall in with_.

Another, rather common sense of the expression is: _to understand_.

»I’m a copper and I know my book,
You can _tumble_ by my saucy look.»
(I am a constable and I know the tricks,
as you can understand by my saucy look.)

(A Street Ballad. 1900.)

FOOTNOTES

[1] The preface of BAUMANN’s Slang and Cant Vocabulary (_Londonismen_) gives us a good, chronologically arranged catalogue—often with specimens—of the principal representatives of this literature.

[2] Such words are: _cad_ (formerly = a person performing menial offices, esp. omnibus conductor; now = an offensive or ill-bred person, irrespective of social position); _pal_; _row_; _chum_, _rum_ (formerly = splendid, magnificent, as in _Rom Vile_: the splendid city, London; now = odd, queer); _cheek_, etc.

[3] I refer, for instance, to the catalogue of »flash», »cant», and »slang» dictionaries—from the beginning of the 15th century down to the present time—given as an introduction to FARMER-HENLEY’s dictionary of slang and colloquial English.

In France, there is the same confusion of _argot_ (= slang) and _langue vulgaire_ or _triviale_.

[4] The Gipsy vocabulary seems to have influenced the secret thieves’ slang, and, accordingly, vulgar language, in other countries besides England. Thus, there are in modern Stockholm-cant words such as: _lattjo_ (pleasant), _tjej_ (sweetheart; Gipsy: _chel_?), _pirka_ (cap), etc., originating, it is said, from the Gipsy language.

[5] In the preface of his Slang and Cant Dict., H. Baumann gives us an excellent essay on _Cant_, its history and its sources, which I beg to recommend to anybody who is interested in the subject. The above lines on the sources and development of Cant are principally based on this essay.

[6] Cf. I say, mother, our Deb’s bin and _smoshed_ young W.—Done what to un?—_Smoshed_ him.—Why, _I never touched him_.—Yes, thee have, thee’ve smoshed un—that be _the new Lunnun word_; made un in love wi’ thee. (Woodb. Farm 17. 35)

[7] Cf. the synonymous _huffy_, _grumpy_. Humped > humpy; dotted > dotty, etc. are vulgar formations.

I think it ‘à propos’ to quote here the following, well-known story:

A sentimental young lady once went into a new music shop, where the young proprietor had done very little business, and asked sweetly: »Have you got the ‘Bleeding Heart’?» »No», was the answer, »but I have got ‘_the bloody hump_’!»

Index.

Avast p., 33

as; as how, 28

baccy, 25 + 39

bally, 39

bang up, 64

berth, 40

blarmed, 53

blasted, 53

blessed, 53

blime, 53

blather, 69

blether, 69

blither, 69

bloke, 48

blooming, 48

blow, 53

blue (to), 49

blues (the), 28 + 69

bob, 70

boss-eyed, 49

bricky, 25

buck up, 47

bullyrag, 49

bunk, 48

chap, 70

chatty, 25

chip in, 40

chuck, 71

chunk, 62

clout, 50

coach, 40

cockey, 50

cop, 50

copper, 50

cotton, 71

cove, 51

crammer, 40

crib, 40

curse, 51

danged, 53

damn, 52-54

darned, 53

dashed, 53

dismals (the), 28 + 54

do, 41

doorstep, 54

dotty, 25 + 71

drat, 53

dreamy, 25

dusty, 25

fair, 54

fake, 55

feeder, 40

fizzing, 55

fly, 55

funk, 56

Garn!, 56

gal, 71

gel, 71

gent, 72

gone on, 73

governor, 56

Great-go, 33

grinder, 40

grub, 57

Honest Injun, 73

hop off, 60

hop the twig, 60

hump, 73

humpy, 25 + 73

jaw, 41

kick the bucket, 60

kind of, 64

lam, 57

land, 41

let on, 58

Little-go, 33

look, 74

mash, 41

mater, 34

matey, 58

milky, 25

missis (the), 74

missus (the), 74

mug, 58

nab, 59

ninny, 25

nob, 59

nurse, 33

office, 59

pater, 34

peg out, 59

phiz, 60

pitch, 60

plough, 34

pluck, 34

posty, 25

put away, 60

queer fate, 60

queer a pitch, 60

queer the stifler, 60

quid, 70

rantan (to be on the), 75

ratty, 34

raughty, 61

rheumatics, 54

rocky, 61 + 75

rorty, 61

rotten, 76

same as, 76

savey, 61

Sawny-headed, 62

shoot, 35

shove, 62

shut up, 63

shy, 71

sight, 63

sit, 63

sivvy, 61

skunk, 64

slack, 35

slap up, 64

slapping, 64

slapper, 64

slippy, 42

sonny, 25

sort of, 64

spin, 34 + 35

spoony, 42

spoons (to do), 64

spree (to be on the), 75

stodgy, 43

stoney, 67

stone-broke, 76

stow it!, 65

stow away, 60

swag, 36

swarry, 66

sweat, 35

swot, 35

that (so-that), 29

toff, toffy, 65

tanner, 70

Tommy rot, 76

toss off, 77

tree (to be up a), 66

treed, 66

tuck, 43

tumble to, 77

twig, 43

wet, 66

SVEA ENGLISH TREATISES.

SWEDISH DOCTORAL TREATISES

ARRANGED FOR BRITISH PUBLICATION

BY

C. S. FEARENSIDE, M.A. OXON.,

_Lector in English at Lund University_.

The academical degree of doctor brings with it so many practical advantages in Sweden that it is widely sought by the more gifted and ambitious students of Swedish Universities and University Colleges. The coveted prize is no less difficult than desirable. The essential condition for its attainment is the publication of an adequate work of original research, which shall form the coping-stone of the writer’s academical career. This original treatise cannot be undertaken until the aspirant has gone through a far more prolonged and systematic course of academical study than is required at most British Universities; while in the making, it undergoes much criticism, both formal and informal, both from the writer’s fellow-students and from the Professor with whose sanction it is essayed; and, lastly, it is subjected to a severe final examination on the day when the author publicly defends his work against the opponents chosen or approved by the appropriate Faculty of the University. Owing to the severe training and rigid scrutiny exacted, a large proportion of Swedish doctoral treatises attain a high standard of thoroughness; they are not mere scholastic exercises, testing and training the investigator for serious work in the future, but rather accumulations of valuable material, handled in a manner which is at once original, careful, systematic, illuminating and interesting.

Svea English Treatises.

Many of these dissertations, properly enough, deal with highly technical matters in a highly technical manner; and consequently most of them appeal exclusively to a limited class. In the department of Modern Languages there has been a marked preference for dealing with the dead and therefore more stable aspects of those languages; but of late years would-be doctors who have chosen a scholastic career have shown a tendency to choose modern subjects of general interest which are likely to prove directly profitable in their school-work. This tendency is aptly illustrated in two treatises included in the present Series: of which Dr. LEEB-LUNDBERG’S deals with one single aspect of the living author who, whatever may be his ultimate place in English Literature, stands preeminent to-day in his appeal to all classes and to all nations of the English-speaking world; while Dr. SERNER’S deals with Mr. Kipling’s chief master in the art of poetry, who has also been the subject of a recent dissertation in Swedish by Dr. SVANBERG.

The appended select list of recent dissertations dealing with English subjects and written in English illustrates the wide range of subjects handled in such treatises in Sweden. Should the works now issued prove acceptable to the British public, an endeavour will be made to arrange for the production in England of similar treatises bearing on English subjects in such a form that they may be likely to come within the cognizance not only of special students of Philology but of all persons interested in English Language and Literature.

Recent Swedish Treatises on English Subjects.

[IN ORDER OF PUBLICATION.]

EKWALL, EILERT. _Shakespere’s Vocabulary in its Etymological Elements._ Part I. [Native Scandinavian and Continental Germanic Elements]. 250 × 165 mm., pp. xx. + 99. Upsala, 1903.

REINIUS, JOSEF. _On Transferred Appellations of Human Beings, chiefly in English and German: Studies in Historical Sematology._ (Göteborgs K. Vetenskaps- och Vitterhetsamhälles skrifter.) 255 × 180 mm., pp. xvi. + 296. Göteborg, 1903.

PALMGREN, CARL. _English Gradation-Nouns in their relation to Strong Verbs._ 240 × 165 mm., pp. iv. + 92. Upsala, 1904.

SUNDEN, KARL. _Contributions to the Study of Elliptical Words in Modern English._ 250 × 165 mm., pp. iv. + 233. Upsala, 1904.

KNUTSON, ARTHUR. _The Gender of Words denoting Living Beings in English and the Different Ways of Expressing Difference in Sex._ 220 × 145 mm., pp. xvi. + 96. Lund, 1905.

KOCH, CARL O. _Contributions to an Historical Study of the Adjectives of Size in English._ (Göteborgs Högskolas Årskrift.) 250 × 170 mm., pp. xii + 164. Göteborg, 1906.

BERGSTRÖM, G. A. _On Blendings of Synonyms or Cognate Expressions in English: a Contribution to the Study of Contamination._ 240 × 165 mm., pp. xvi. + 211. Lund, 1906.

UHRSTRÖM, WILHELM. _Studies on the Language of Samuel Richardson._ 225 × 145 mm., pp. vii + 180. Upsala, 1907.

BORGSTRÖM, EDVARD. _The Proverbs of Alfred, re-edited from the Manuscripts, with an Introduction, Notes and Glossary._ 240 × 165 mm., pp. xc. + 100. Lund, 1908.

GABRIELSON, ARVID. _Rime as a Criterion of the Pronunciation of Spenser, Pope, Byron and Swinburne._ 240 × 160 mm., pp. xvi. + 211. Upsala, 1909.

ZACHRISSON, ROBERT. _Anglo-Norman Influence on English Place-Names._ 240 × 165 mm., pp. xv. + 169. Lund, 1909.

_Messrs. W. Heffer and Sons Ltd., of Cambridge, England, having special connections in Sweden, will be pleased to procure for British purchasers copies of such of these treatises as are still in print._

Svea English Treatises.

_Price (bound in cloth), 2s. 6d. net. each._

Each Work has a bibliography, list of works consulted, and (usually) an index.

W. LEEB-LUNDBERG. =Word Formation in Kipling: a Stylistic-Philological Study.= 210 × 130 mm., pp. viii. + 116. 1909.

_Introduction_: Character and Style; i., Kipling and the
Short Story; ii., Development of Character; iii., General
Characteristics; iv., Vocabulary.

I. _Stylistic Survey_: General stylistic principles; use of
hyphen; mannerisms; formative principles; onomatopes.

II. _Grammatical Survey_: Substantives; adjectives;
parasynthetics; participles; verbs; adverbs; onomatopes.

CARL EFVERGREN. =Names of Places in a Transferred Sense in English: a Sematological Study.= 235 × 155 mm., pp. xii + 123. 1909.

I. General Terms of Locality used in a Transferred Sense.

IIA. Names of Places in Appellative Use: Metaphor, Metonymy,
Synecdoche.

B. The Place-Name first serves as an Attribute to a Noun,
which afterwards drops off: Human Beings; Animals; Minerals,
Salts, etc.; Trees, Plants, Wood, etc.; Fruits; Beverages;
Foods; Tobaccos, Cigars, Snuffs; Medicines, Drugs, Perfumes,
etc.; Colours, Varnishes, etc.; Fabrics and Materials; Articles
of Dress; Earthenware and Porcelains, etc.; Steels, Weapons,
Weights, Coins, etc.; Carriages, Ships, etc.; Miscellaneous;
Dances and Steps; Games, etc.; Winds; Languages, etc.

Excursus: Scriptural Phrases with place-names in a transferred
sense; place-names in humorous allusion; place-names in
appellative use through popular etymology; place-names used as
verbs.

GUSTAF L. LANNERT. =An Investigation into the Language of Robinson Crusoe as compared with that of other Eighteenth-Century Works.= 235 × 155 mm., pp. xxxvii. + 124. 1910.

_Introduction_: Earlier work on Eighteenth-Century English;
general remarks in the language of _Robinson Crusoe_;
orthography; phonological notes.

_Accidence_: Indefinite article; substantives; adjectives;
numerals; pronouns; verbs (simple and periphrastic tenses);
adjectival adverb.

GUNNAR SERNER. =On the Language of Swinburne’s Lyrics and Epics.= 235 × 155 mm., pp. viii. + 138. 1910.

_Introduction_: General characteristics of Swinburne’s language.

I. _Grammar_: Accidence; syntax (general and individual);
sematology.

II. _Vocabulary_: Substantives; adjectives; verbs; present
participles; past participles (genuine and non-genuine);
adverbs.

=W. HEFFER & SONS Ltd., 4, Petty Cury, Cambridge, England=