Chapter C: E. Duryea

ROAD VEHICLE.

No. 540,648. Patented June 11, 1895.

_Fig. 2._

_Witnesses_:
J. D. Garfield
K. I. Clemons

_Inventor_,
Chas. E. Duryea
by Chaprictlo Attys.

FIGURE 28.--A DRAWING AND THE FIRST PAGE of the specifications of the first patent issued to C. E. Duryea. It can be readily seen that this drawing was not made after the plan of the first vehicle.]

As the work moved nearer completion Frank realized that the final tests would have to be conducted on roads made icy by falling snows. He had considerable doubt whether the narrow iron tires would have enough traction to move the phaeton. Soon he devised an expedient for this situation, communicating to Charles on December 22 that he was "having Jack Swaine [a local blacksmith] make a couple of clutch rims so we can get over this snow and ice.... Our detachable rims referred to will be of 1/8 iron 1-3/4 wide and drawn together at one point by two screws, one on either side of felloe. It will be studded with calks in two rows."[34]

January 18, 1894, was a day of triumph for Frank Duryea. Writing Charles about his success the next day he said, "Took out carriage again last night and gave it another test about 9 o'clock." The only difficulty he mentioned was a slight irregularity in the engine, caused by the tiny leather pad in the exhaust-valve mechanism falling out.[35] Speaking of this trip, Frank recalled in 1956:

When I got this car ready to run one night, I took it out and I had
a young fellow with me; I thought I might need him to help push in
case the car didn't work.... We ran from the area of the shop where
it was built down on Taylor Street. We started out and ran up
Worthington Street hill,[36] on top of what you might call "the
Bluff" in Springfield. Then we drove along over level roads from
there to the home of Mr. Markham who lived with his son-in-law,
Will Bemis, and there we refilled this tank with water. [At this
point he was asked if it was pretty well emptied by then.] Yes, I
said in my account of it that when we got up there the water was
boiling furiously. Well, no doubt it was. We refilled it and then
we turned it back and drove down along the Central Street hill and
along Maple, crossed into State Street, dropped down to Dwight,
went west along Dwight to the vicinity where we had a shed that we
could put the car in for the night. During that trip we had run, I
think, just about six miles, maybe a little bit more. That was the
first trip with this vehicle. It was the first trip of anything
more than a few hundred yards that the car had ever made.

Now Frank could give demonstration rides with the motor carriage, hoping to encourage more investors to back future work. Cautious Mr. Markham finally got his ride, though Frank had to assure him that the engine of the brakeless vehicle would hold them back on any hill they would descend. The carriage on which he had spent so many hours was to see little use after that. Its total mileage is probably less than a hundred miles. Little additional work is known to have been performed on the carriage after January 1894; there is, however, a letter[37] Frank sent his brother on January 19 which tells of contemplated muffler improvements. Another message was dispatched to Charles on March 22, mentioning the good performance of the phaeton on Harrison Avenue hill.[38] This was possibly the last run of the machine, for no further references have been discovered.

Frank spent the months of February and March in preparing drawings, some of which accompanied their first patent application,[39] while others were to be used in the construction of an improved, 2-cylinder carriage. Work on the new machine started in April. The old phaeton, in the absence of used-car lots, was put into storage in the Bemis barn.[40] Later, on the formation of the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1895, it was removed to the barn of D. A. Reed, treasurer of the company.[41] There it remained until 1920, when it was obtained by Inglis M. Uppercu and presented to the U.S. National Museum.

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Footnotes

[1] S. H. OLIVER, _Automobiles and Motorcycles in the U.S. National
Museum_ (U.S. National Museum Bulletin 213, Washington:
Smithsonian Institution, 1957), p. 24.

[2] G. R. DOYLE, _The World's Automobiles_ (London: Temple Press
Limited, 1959), p. 67.

[3] Recorded interview with Frank Duryea in the U.S. National Museum,
November 9, 1956.

[4] Charles Duryea's statement to _Springfield Daily Republican_,
April 14, 1937.

[5] FRANK DURYEA, _America's First Automobile_ (Springfield, Mass.:
Donald Macaulay, 1942), p. 4.

[6] Letter from Charles Duryea to Alfred Reeves, March 25, 1920; copy
in Museum files.

[7] History notes dictated by Charles E. Duryea in the office of David
Beecroft, editor of _Automobile Trade Journal_, on January 10,
1925. Copy in Museum files. Hereinafter, these notes are
referred to as "history."

[8] Frank Duryea in statement made to the Senate Committee on Public
Administration of Massachusetts, February 9, 1952.

[9] DURYEA, op. cit. (footnote 5), p. 6.

[10] Copy of contract in Museum files.

[11] Affidavit of William Rattman, March 19, 1943, states that the
Russell ledgers give that date.

[12] Recorded interview with Frank Duryea in U.S. National Museum,
November 6, 1957.

[13] Letter from Frank Duryea to David Beecroft, November 15, 1924;
copy in Museum files.

[14] Letter from Charles Duryea to C. W. Mitman, March 21, 1922; copy
in Museum files.

[15] See "history" (footnote 7), p. 6.

[16] DURYEA, op. cit. (footnote 5), p. 8.

[17] Copy of letter in Museum files.

[18] DURYEA, op. cit. (footnote 5), p. 12.

[19] Letter from Frank Duryea to Charles Duryea, November 3, 1893,
states that the engine could be run at 700 as well as 500 rpm.
Copy in Museum files.

[20] DURYEA, op. cit. (footnote 5), p. 14. Also in letter from Charles
Duryea to C. W. Mitman, January 11, 1922; copy in Museum files.

[21] Letter from Charles Duryea to C. W. Mitman, January 11, 1922;
also letter from Frank Duryea to David Beecroft, November 15,
1924. Copies in Museum files.

[22] Letter from Charles Duryea to F. A. Taylor, December 5, 1936,
says he "thought" they had five teeth. Copy in Museum files.

[23] Frank later wrote his brother, January 1894, that he fixed the
tank so it would not draw sediment from the bottom. Copy of
letter in Museum files.

[24] The number of mufflers Frank Duryea constructed is not known. He
wrote Charles, December 22, 1893, that he "will try a new
muffler also."

[25] Selden Patent Evidence, vol. 9, p. 110.

[26] See "history" (footnote 7), p. 2. Charles wrote, "Some parts of
these [referring to the batteries], like the jars, I had on hand
for six or eight years, and did not need to buy."

[27] Ibid., p. 15.

[28] Ibid., p. 15

[29] Frank stated in this letter that the friction drum originally had
two belts, forward and reverse, but since they tended to foul
each other, he removed the reverse belt and left the other to
serve for both directions. How the shipper fork might have
handled two belts is not understood.

[30] As actually constructed there are only two gears on the secondary
shaft. He obviously discovered that one gear secured to two
clutches would serve for both forward and reverse. Space was
also limited.

[31] Recorded interview with Frank Duryea in U.S. National Museum,
November 9, 1956.

[32] Letter from Frank Duryea to Charles Duryea, November 8, 1893.
Copy in Museum files.

[33] Frank Duryea, in a recorded interview in the U.S. National Museum
on November 6, 1957, said that he believed these had been
purchased from Rochester Rawhide Company.

[34] Letter from Frank Duryea to Charles Duryea, December 22, 1893.
Also letter from Frank Duryea to David Beecroft, November 15,
1924. Copies in Museum files.

[35] Telling of the first use of the car in later days, Frank Duryea
mentions the many noises and vibrations that accompanied the
trip: the vibrating tiller, the tinny sounding muffler, the
clattering chains. He later reported speeds of 3 mph in low gear
and 8 mph in high gear.

[36] Letter from Frank Duryea to Charles Duryea, Jan. 19, 1894, says
they went up hill via Summer and Armor Streets, then out Walnut
to Bemis' at Central Street School.

[37] The letter read: "I have designed a new muffler and we will
proceed to make it before long, in a day or two. Instead of one
shell 1/8-inch thick I shall put a shell 1/16-inch thick inside
another of equal thickness, but about 1 inch greater diameter
i.e., one chamber within another so as to cause sound to turn
corners to get out. Still another shell will be added if it
prove insufficient, making it turn about again--taking care in
each case to give ample room for expansion--outer one need not
be more than 1/32 inch possibly. Will let two threaded rods with
nuts hold heads on both or on three cases, if the 3d be
essential."

[38] This letter gives further proof that the car never had a brake.
Frank said the car came back down the hill with no brake, but
that the engine held the vehicle back.

[39] DURYEA, op. cit. (footnote 5), p. 37.

[40] It is possible that a few parts were removed at this time to be
used on the two-cylinder car. The muffler may have been one of
these, and even more likely, the governor parts. Charles Duryea
wrote to C. W. Mitman December 27, 1921, stating that his
younger brother Otho and a Henry Wells had put in a battery and
gasoline in 1897 and started the engine. Because the chains were
not on the car they could not attempt to operate it; but the
engine ran too fast, and finally something broke, probably the
engine frame, found to be broken during the recent restoration.
Charles thought the engine ran too fast because some of the
governor parts were already missing.

[41] Recorded interview with Frank Duryea in the U.S. National Museum,
November 9, 1956. On the formation of the Duryea Motor Wagon
Company, Mr. Markham was rewarded for his part of the venture.
He had invested nearly $3000 in the work, and sold out his
rights in the company for approximately a $2000 profit.

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Paper 34 - Transcriber's Note

The transcriptions retain all typographical and gramatical errors.

* * * * *

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM
THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY:

PAPER 35

THE BORGHESI ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK IN THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY

by

_Silvio A. Bedini_

DEVELOPMENT OF ASTRONOMICAL CLOCKS 32

DESIGNER BORGHESI 33

CLOCKMAKER BERTOLLA 34

FIRST BORGHESI CLOCK 38

SECOND BORGHESI CLOCK 41

BORGHESIAN THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE 54

LAST YEARS 57

THE CLOCKS OF BARTOLOMEO ANTONIO BERTOLLA 59