Chapter IV: Part 4

According to the evolutionist and materialist, the reproduction of the human body from a fertilized ovum is, in substance and effect, the same thing as spontaneous generation of such a body from inorganic matter. The work to be done in the one case is identically the same as that to be done in the other. In fact the spermatozoön and the ovum are made of dead matter; and if we consider the making of the spermatozoön and the ovum as the first steps in the process of reproduction as they are; and also assume that the Creator takes no part in that process, we would then have to say that the human body arises by spontaneous generation from inorganic matter; for it is undoubtedly true that the spermatozoön and ovum are made of inorganic substances, namely: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. It is equally true that the fertilized ovum has no more intellect, memory nor will-power than its component atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen had; nor has it any more power to generate, guide and control forces and motions than they had. It follows that the same psychic and creative force is necessary to produce a new human being whether it be made from a germ of inorganic matter or from a fertilized ovum; the ovum being only one remove from inorganic matter. Moreover, the entire human body is made of dead matter except the infinitesimal fertilized ovum.

There is no middle ground between special creation on the one side and spontaneous generation on the other; either the Creator generates, guides and controls the forces and motions which build up the embryo body, its organs and parts; or the atoms and cells, of which they are made, do, spontaneously and automatically, assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations, and into the mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to make them.

The reader may argue that “nature,” “heredity” or the germ-cell (fertilized ovum) does this wonderful work of building up the embryo body; and, therefore, that neither the Creator nor spontaneous generation does it. But “nature” and “heredity” do all their work by and through the germ-cell; so their powers are identical with those of the germ-cell. This germ is a tiny bit of protoplasm composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, with a possible trace of sulphur and phosphorus. It has no brain, eyes, ears, nose, touch, nor taste; no intellect, memory, nor will-power; no knowledge of anatomy, chemical elements, chemical affinity, form, size, time, nor space; nor any constructive power nor force; has no power to generate forces nor to guide and control motions.

Therefore, it is impossible for the germ-cell, or its daughter-cells, to build up, automatically, the embryo body, with all its organs and parts. It follows that this body must be directly and specially created by Almighty God.

Again, every embryo body is made of cells (organic bricks) and these are made of dead atoms. In order to construct this body it is necessary to group a certain number of these atoms into certain chemical combinations; next these combinations must be grouped into certain mechanical arrangements. Thus, the skeleton is made of bones; they are made of cells, which in turn are made of dead atoms of lime, carbon, phosphorus, etc.; these cells must be grouped into phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, gelatin, etc. These combinations must then be grouped into the two hundred and seventy-eight bones of the embryo skeleton, giving each bone its proper form, size, structure and place in the skeleton. It is clear that neither the father nor the mother takes any part in making these chemical combinations nor in making the mechanical arrangements. It is equally clear that they are not made by chance nor by accident; nor by the “factors” of evolution.

It follows that the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is made, do, spontaneously and automatically group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to construct the several organs and parts of the embryo body without the aid or guidance of any extraneous psychic or creative force; or that every organ and part of the embryo body is directly and specially made by the Creator.

Sec. 40. Proposition 7. Human Skeleton is a Special Creation

Human bones are composed of ten chemical elements, namely: carbon, chlorin, hydrogen, lime, magnesium, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sodium and sulphur. As found in the bones, these elements are grouped into the five chemical combinations, following: phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, carbonate of soda, chloride of soda, and gelatin.

There are eight bones in the cranium, fourteen in the face and six in the ears, making twenty-eight in the skull, besides the thirty-two teeth. (Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) vol. 1, p. 822.) In the infant there are thirty-three vertebræ (joints) in the spinal column, namely: seven cervical, in the neck; twelve dorsal, in the back; five lumbar, in the small of the back; five sacral, in the sacrum; and four coccygeal, in the coccyx. But in the adult, there are only twenty-six, the five sacral joints having fused into one bone, and the four in the coccyx having fused into another; these two and the twenty-four regular vertebræ (joints) making twenty-six. (Same book, p. 820.) In the chest there are twelve pairs of ribs, the sternum or breast bone and the hyoid or tongue bone, twenty-six in all. (Same book, p. 822.) Each arm and hand, including the scapula or shoulder blade, consists of thirty-two bones, making sixty-four in the two arms and hands. In each leg and foot, including the bones of the pelvis, there are thirty-one bones, making sixty-two in the pelvis, legs and feet. So that the adult human skeleton consists of two hundred and six bones, besides the thirty-two teeth. (Johnson’s Universal Cyclopedia, 7, p. 553.)

The same book, (p. 533) says:

“At birth their number is 278; at the age of twenty-five, 224; in advanced old age, 194. About 660 segments are needed in the formation of the 206 bones.”

In another place it says:

“Thus, the thigh bone or femur represents the fusion of at least five distinct segments, the union not being fully completed until about the twentieth year.” (Same book, p. 553, column 1.)

There is no bone in the fertilized ovum; therefore each skeleton and each bone is produced anew; that is, it grows anew for itself. No two bones are exactly alike. In the case of pairs similar bones are on opposite sides of the body, thus half the ribs, one arm, hand, leg, and foot are on each side of the body. Each of the twenty-four regular joints in the spinal column is similar to every other joint except the atlas. But, beginning at the top and going downward, each joint is smaller than the one next below it.

The bones of the skeleton have pores, foraminæ (holes), cavities, processes, joints and sutures. Some of them are long, others short, broad and irregular. Each is attached to one or more other bones by a joint or a suture. Each is adjusted to, and correlated with every other, in structure, form, size and function. The bones in the infant body grow inside of it and while in the mother’s womb. There is no model present by which to make it.

Who determines at what points in the embryo body these two hundred and seventy-eight bones shall be built up? Who ordains that there shall be twenty-two in the skull, thirty-three in the spinal column, etc.? Who fixes the structure, form, and size of each bone? Who adjusts and correlates each bone in the skeleton to every other? Who counts them? Who guides and controls the forces and motions that build up the skeleton, in such a manner that the bones on the right side have the same structure, form and size as those on the left? How does it happen that the bones on the right side are the reverse of those on the left? How does it happen that each human skeleton is exactly like every other. Who fixes nine months as the time in which the infant skeleton shall mature sufficiently for birth?

The father contributes the spermatozoön and the mother the ovum; these two cells fuse into the germ-cell (fertilized ovum), which is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, with a possible trace of phosphorus and sulphur. Whatever qualities, characteristics, traits and potentialities pass from the parents to the child must necessarily be transmitted by and through the germ-cell (or fertilized ovum), for nothing else passes from the parents to the child. This cell is about the size of one-sixth of a common pin’s head; and is barely visible to the naked eye under the most favorable conditions. It has no intellect, memory nor will-power; no knowledge of anatomy, nor of the human body.

It is immediately divided into two daughter-cells, these into four, eight, sixteen, thirty-two and so on to infinity. Thus, it appears that the infinitesimal fertilized ovum is soon disintegrated, divided into millions of pieces and distributed among the new cells which are made from the food of the mother.

It is impossible to believe that the minute fertilized ovum when divided into a million pieces, selects the atoms, generates, guides and controls the forces and motions which build up the two hundred and seventy-eight bones in the infant body. It is preposterous to suppose that the millionth part of the germ-cell can determine the point in the embryo body, in which the skull bones, the ear bones, the spinal column, the arm-buds, leg-buds, etc., shall appear. Nor can we believe that this little cell or any of its daughter-cells can spontaneously and automatically produce any of the vital phenomena, manifested by the human skeleton.

Every one knows that neither the father nor the mother has any voluntary power, nor any control over the development and growth of the embryo.

Does the embryo develop and grow by accident or chance? Surely not; for each embryo develops and grows precisely as every other does, in every age and country, thus showing that the same ubiquitous creative force makes all of them.

“We must not assume any original creation, nor repeated creations,” says Haeckel, “to explain this, but a natural, continuous and necessary evolution.” (Evolution of Man, p. 26.) He argues that there is no personal God.

Writing in the Encyclopedia Britannica (vol. 8, p. 746, 9 ed.) Professor Huxley says:

“No exception is, at this time, known to the general law, established upon an immense multitude of direct observations, that every living thing is evolved from a particle of matter, in which no trace of the distinctive characters of the adult form of that living thing is discernible. This particle is termed a _germ_.…

“The definition of a germ as ‘matter potentially alive, and having, _within itself_, the tendency to assume a definite living form,’ appears to meet all the requirements of modern science … And the qualification of ‘potential’ has the advantage of reminding us that the great characteristic of the germ is not so much _what it is_, but _what it may, under suitable conditions, become_.…

“In all cases, the process of evolution consists in a succession of changes of the form, structure and functions of the germ by which it passes, step by step, from an extreme simplicity, or relative homogeneity, of visible structure to a greater or less degree of complexity or heterogeneity; and the course of progressive differentiation is generally accompanied by growth, which is effected by intussusception,” [interstitial deposit.]

“… And so far from the fully developed organism’s being simply the germ _plus_ the nutriment, which it has absorbed, it is probable that the adult contains neither in form, nor in substance, more than an inappreciable fraction of the constituents of the germ, and that it is almost wholly made up of assimilated and metamorphosed nutriment.”

This being true, it cannot be said that the germ (fertilized ovum) ever develops into a man or woman. On the contrary it is annihilated; and its identity is wholly lost among the daughter-cells which are made of the mother’s food.

Herbert Spencer invented what he calls “physiological units” or “constitutional units,” and “structural proclivity.” But neither he nor any other man ever saw one of these “units,” they being wholly imaginary. In his Principles of Biology (vol. 1, p. 368) under “Genesis, heredity and variation,” he says:

“So that though all parts are composed of physiological units of the same nature, yet everywhere, in virtue of local conditions and the influence of its neighbors, each unit joins in forming a particular structure appropriate to its place.”

Could anything be more absurd?

For Spencer’s view of “physiological units” and “structural proclivity” see Principles of Biology 1, pp. 226, 361, 362, 365, 368, 372, and vol. 2, pp. 612-618.

The effect of the above quotations is that the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is composed, do spontaneously and automatically assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to build up the human body, without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force whatever. This is necessarily the theory of the evolutionist and materialist; for they deny that there was ever any such thing as special creation. Besides, every one knows that neither the father nor the mother has any power, nor any control over the development and growth of the embryo.

It follows that the blind, unthinking, fertilized ovum and daughter-cells arising from it, spontaneously and automatically assemble themselves together in the form of the two hundred and seventy-eight bones of the embryo skeleton; or that the Creator generates, guides, and controls the forces and motions which build up the embryo body. Which theory is most plausible?

We cannot even imagine the dead atoms of carbon, chlorine, hydrogen, lime, etc., which compose the bones, assemble and group themselves into the twenty-two bones of the skull; nor into the thirty-three joints of the spinal column; nor into the bones of the arms, hands, legs and feet with all their pores, foraminæ, cavities, processes, joints and sutures.

But the evolutionist says that “heredity” produces the embryo; and another says “nature” does this wonderful work. I reply that whatever “heredity” and “nature” may do toward the production of the embryo must necessarily be done by and through the fertilized ovum, and I have already argued that this little atom is powerless to do any such thing. See index, infra, “Heredity.”

Each bone in the skeleton, and all of them as a whole, testify that they were designed and made by the Creator!

Sec. 41. Proposition 8. Each Human Eye is a New, Direct and Special Creation

Two new eyes must be made, out and out, for each embryo.

The eye is formed before birth. This fact makes it clear that the alleged factors of evolution have nothing to do with its production.

It is obvious that the father takes no part in the construction of the child’s eyes; for he contributes the spermatozoön, only; and the formation of the eye begins a considerable time after the spermatozoön fuses with the ovum. It is equally clear that the mother has no voluntary agency in the production of the child’s eyes. In brief, the child develops and grows in the mother’s womb, as a parasite, she being merely its host. Moreover, the reader will readily admit that all the scientists on the earth, acting in concert, could not make a living eye for a toad.

Each human eye has the same parts, the same construction, form, and substantially the same size that every other such eye has; and performs the same functions. So all human eyes occupy the same relative position in the face. We are, therefore, compelled to believe that human eyes are not produced by accident nor by chance; but they develop and grow by force of a universal law; or that they are made by the Creator.

But the almost universal belief is that “heredity” or “nature” causes the child’s eyes to grow, as those of the parents grew.

A cause is described as: “An antecedent, upon which an effect follows according to the law of nature.” (Cent. Dic. 1, p. 868.)

Ordinarily, the word “cause” is understood to mean a force or agency which produces a given effect or result, which could not happen without that force or agency. Such a force or agency is termed an efficient cause. (Cent. Dic. 3, p. 1849.)

It would be absurd to suppose that the eyes of the father and mother cause or produce the eyes of the child. It follows that there is no causative relation between the eyes of the parents and those of the child. The most that could be said in this direction is that the same force or agency which produced the eyes of the parents, namely: the Creator, also caused and produced those of the child.

The fact that the father and mother have eyes is no reason why the child should have them; for the forces and motions which made the eyes of the parents ceased to exist long before the formation of the germ-cell from which the child is produced.

Each human eye is a new combination of the atoms and cells of which it is composed. No atom, in it, was ever a part of an eye of either parent. The atoms and cells, of which it is made, are grouped into new chemical combinations; and these are mechanically arranged in such a manner as to construct the human eye for the first and last time. The forces and motions, which build up each eye are peculiar to it. The work done in making the eyes of the parents, has nothing to do with the making of the eyes of the child; for the atoms and cells which are employed in constructing the child’s eyes must be assembled and grouped into the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements as if the father and mother had no eyes. In other words, each eye must be made anew, without regard to the eyes of the father and mother or any other person. If a man make a million bricks, it requires the same work to make the last one that it did to make the first one; so if a hundred million silver dollars are coined at a mint it requires, identically, the same work to coin each of them that it did to make every other; and so of the eyes.

While discussing “organs of extreme perfection,” and referring to the imaginary evolution of the human eye, in his Origin of Species (vol. 1, p. 228), Darwin says:

“Let this process go on for millions of years, and during each year on millions of individuals of many kinds, and may we not believe that a living optical instrument might be thus formed, as superior to one of glass as the works of the Creator are to those of man?”

In brief, Darwin’s theory is that the eyes of each individual are better than those of his parents; and that he transmits to his child all the improvements made on his eyes during his life and so on to the latest generation. In other words, according to Darwin, the eyes of today are the “accumulated improvements” of millions of years.

Apparently Darwin thinks that each individual gets the benefit of all improvements made in the eyes of every other individual of all other species without regard to genetic relations, for he says, “on millions of individuals of many kinds,” etc. According to this view, a man would avail himself of any improvement that might be made in the eye of a fly, which is preposterous.

There would be some force in Darwin’s argument if it were possible to transfer the father’s or the mother’s eyes, bodily, to the child. But such a thing is too absurd to be dreamed of.

Every one knows that each eye, and every part of it, grows anew, as if the parents of the embryo had no eyes. Neither Darwin, nor any other man has ever shown how it is possible for the eyes of the father or mother to modify or affect the development, growth, form, size, color, qualities or characteristics of the child’s eyes. According to Darwin’s theory of “gemmules” the eyes of the father and mother give off gemmules which get into his or her blood and thence into the spermatozoön and the ovum and thence into the fertilized ovum and these produce eyes, in the child, like those of its parents. But everybody saw that these “gemmules” would have great difficulty in finding the spermatozoön and ovum, and in getting into them when found; and that after they reached the fertilized ovum, which divides into two, four, eight, sixteen or a million daughter-cells, these gemmules would have great difficulty in finding the orbit where the new eye is to grow; and that they were as apt to land in the back, heel or toe of the embryo as in the orbit.

Besides, if there were any such thing as Darwin’s gemmules there would have to be at least one for each coat, muscle, artery, vein, nerve and part of the eye; and it would be impossible for them to arrange themselves in the proper order in the embryo eye. Moreover, there might be too many or too few gemmules; some of them might get lost and leave the embryo eye without one or more of its coats or parts; then the gemmules from the father’s ayes might clash with those from the mother’s.

No other man has ever suggested any more plausible theory, than Darwin’s “gemmules,” of the manner in which the organs and parts of the parents’ bodies may be supposed to modify and affect those of the child. But this theory was rejected by every one, but Darwin, as absurd and impossible.

Every human being begins life as fertilized ovum, in which there is no eye. No part of the eyes of the father is transferred, bodily, to those of the child; nor is any part of the eyes of the mother. Every part of each eye must be made anew; each part must have the proper structure, form, and size; must be adjusted to and correlated with every other; finally, the several parts must be arranged in the proper order in the eye. In other words, two entirely new eyes must be made for each child.

Either the blind unthinking atoms and cells, of which the several parts of the eye, namely: the several coats, the aqueous humor, the lens, the vitreous body, the optic nerve, the muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, etc., are built up, do, spontaneously and automatically, and without the aid of any extraneous, supernatural, psychic and creative force, assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements necessary to construct the embryo eye; or the Creator, directly and specially, makes it. Which hypothesis is most plausible?

Sec. 42. Proposition 9. Each Human Ear is a New, Direct and Special Creation

Two new ears must be made, out and out, for each embryo.

The ear is a complex acoustic apparatus; is more complex, and has more parts, than the eye; and every part of it is well fitted to perform the function assigned to it. What was said in the two preceding sections, of skeleton and eye, as tending to establish the theory of special creation, applies equally to the construction of the ear.

Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion are required to form the chemical combinations and make the mechanical arrangements necessary to construct the ear; and every part of it testifies that it was contrived and made by the Creator!

Sec. 43. Proposition 10. Each Human Brain is a New, Direct and Special Creation

An entirely new brain must be made for each embryo. What has been said of the several parts of the skeleton and of the eye, (section 40 and 41, supra), applies equally to the size, form, structure, position and number of the several parts of the brain.

Sec. 44. Proposition 11. The Sexual Organs of Each Individual are New, Direct and Special Creations

Every human being begins life as a fertilized ovum, in which there are no sexual organs whatever. It follows that a new set of such organs must be made, out and out, for each individual embryo.

Who or what determines whether the child shall be a male or female? For several weeks after the formation of the fertilized ovum there is nothing to indicate whether the child is to be a boy or girl. If it is finally decided that it shall be a male, a full set of male sexual organs is made for him. On the other hand, if it is to be a female, a set of female organs is made for her. But the production of male organs for the one, or female organs for the other is not the only thing to be done; for every organ and part of the body is modified, adjusted to and correlated with, the sexual characters whether male or female. The reader will readily recall all the distinctive differences between a man and woman, including the secondary sexual characters. In other words, if it is determined that the child shall be a male, every non-sexual organ and part of his body must be so differentiated and modified as to make a man of him, in both mind and body. On the other hand, if the child is to be a female, all of her non-sexual organs and parts must be so differentiated and modified as to make a woman of her, with all of the qualities, characteristics and traits that belong to woman.

Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion--creative force--are necessary to convert a sexless embryo body into a male or female child. This cannot be done by accident nor by blind chance; nor by the alleged “factors” of evolution; for this work is done before the birth of the child and before the “factors” have had an opportunity to do their “work;” besides, we cannot believe that the blind “factors” can metamorphose a sexless embryo into a male or female child.

Neither the father nor the mother has any power to determine the sex of their child; nor has the fertilized ovum any such power; for it has no intellect, memory nor will-power, nor any knowledge of sexual organs nor of anything else. Moreover, before the sex of the child has been determined this ovum has been annihilated by division among a million of daughter-cells, which are made of animal and vegetable food eaten by the mother, which was never a part of any other human body.

Can we believe that the blind, unthinking atoms and cells of which the embryo body is built up, do, spontaneously, automatically and without the aid of any extraneous psychic force, group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements, necessary to construct the sexual organs of a male or female child? How can these atoms and cells elect whether it shall be a boy or a girl? If they do so elect, how can they differentiate and modify all the non-sexual organs and parts of the body so as to correlate them with the sexual organs?

The evolutionist and materialist will say that “heredity” or “nature” determines the sex of the embryo. I reply that the force and power of “heredity” and of “nature” are identical with those the fertilized ovum because they can act, only, by and through it; and it has no intellect, memory nor will-power to determine the sex of the child; nor to construct the male nor the female sexual organs after electing between them, even if such a thing were possible; nor any power to correlate the non-sexual organs and parts, with the male or female sexual organs so as to produce a man or a woman. In fact the germ-cell has no knowledge of sexual organs, nor of their form, size, structure nor functions. It follows that neither “heredity,” nor “nature” has any power to determine the sex of the child, nor to correlate its non-sexual organs with its sexual ones.

We are, therefore, compelled to believe that the sex of every human being is determined by the Creator; and that all sexual organs are directly and specially made by him.

For like reasons, we are compelled to believe that the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, kidneys, muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, and other organs and parts of the body are directly and specially made by the Creator.

Sec. 45. Proposition 12. Form, Size, Structure and Position of the Several Organs and Parts of the Body and Their Number are Conclusive Evidence that Each Human Body is a New, Direct and Special Creation

For example, the form, size, structure and position of the several bones in each skeleton, and the number of them, are proof that they are all made by the Creator.

So, the form, size, structure, and position of the several parts of the brain, eye, ear, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.; and their number cannot be explained on any hypothesis, other than that of special creation. The same is true of the muscles, arteries, veins, etc.

Sec. 46. Proposition 13. Universal Sameness of all Human Bodies, is Conclusive Evidence that Each of Them was Directly and Specially Made by the Creator

Every human body that ever lived in any age or country was composed of identically the same chemical elements that were or are found in every other such body, in whatever age or country such other body may have lived. So, each normal body, in whatever age or country it may have lived, had the same chemical combinations; the same mechanical arrangements; the same structure, the same organs and parts, and substantially the same form and size, that every other such body, of the same sex, had, whenever, and wherever such other body may have lived.

How could this universal sameness of chemical elements, chemical combinations, mechanical arrangements, etc., in all human bodies have happened? Could it have happened by accident or chance; or by force of the blind factors of evolution; or did the blind, unthinking atoms and cells, of which each human body was built up, spontaneously, and automatically, group themselves into identically the same chemical combinations, and mechanical arrangements that the atoms and cells in every other human body had grouped themselves; thus making chemical elements, chemical combinations, the mechanical arrangements, the organs and parts in each human body, identically the same as those in every other such body, whenever and wherever it may have lived? Such a thing is impossible; specially when we consider that each body grew anew, for itself.

But the evolutionist may say that this universal sameness in all human bodies is caused by “heredity.”

I reply that each human body begins life as a fertilized ovum; that it develops and grows anew for itself, independently of the development and growth of any other body; it is a new combination of the atoms and cells--“organic bricks”--of which it is composed; it was made by new forces and motions of new materials, peculiar to itself. In order to build each body the atoms and cells, of which it was composed, must have been selected, assembled at the building site and there grouped into the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangement. Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion were necessary to do this work, in each instance.

Heredity is only a name for certain vital phenomena. It it not a material entity; it has no weight, length, breadth nor thickness; no constructive force; no intellect, memory nor will-power; nor any power to generate force nor motion. Nor has it any power to assemble the atoms and cells; nor to group and arrange them in such a manner as to form the body, its organs and parts. Nor can “heredity” “breathe the breath of life” into the fertilized ovum nor create a soul for the embryo body.

“Heredity” does all its work by and through the fertilized ovum. It has identically the same properties and potentialities that this ovum has, no more nor less. Surely this ovum has no knowledge of the bodies of its parents, nor of their organs and parts; nor can it have any memory of a thing that it never knew; nor has it any inherent power to reproduce the bodies of its parents or either of them.

It is impossible to explain and account for this universal sameness of all human bodies without assuming that each of them was made by one and the same hand, namely: Almighty God. We cannot doubt that He directly and specially created every human being that ever lived on our planet.

Sec. 47. Proposition 14. Creator’s Supervision of the Development and Growth of the Embryo is Necessary to Produce the Human Body

The watchmaker makes one piece of a watch at a time; but every organ and part of the embryo body grows all the time. Thus the body and all its internal organs and parts; and both arms, hands, legs and feet are growing continuously until it is grown. If the growth of each organ and part of the body were not so regulated as to keep pace with every other organ and part, there would be no proper proportion among them. One arm and hand would be larger and longer than the other; one leg larger and longer than the other; the five segments in the femur would not meet and unite to form the complete bone. (Johnson’s Cyclopedia 7, p. 553.)

If there were no extraneous supervising architect to adjust and correlate each organ and part to every other, there would be no harmony of form, size, nor structure in the edifice. Surely, the atoms and cells in the right leg would have no knowledge of the form, size, nor structure of the left; and no organ, nor any part of the body, would have any power to adjust itself, automatically, to any other.

Sec. 48. Proposition 15. Each Human Body is Specially Endowed with Life

Neither the spermatozoön nor the ovum is a living creature, for neither of them has the power to take and assimilate food; nor to develop and grow, alone. But when they unite and fuse, this combination begins to live, it absorbs and assimilates food or nourishment, develops, divides and produces an infinite number of daughter-cells. The atoms in the fertilized ovum are identically the same that were in the spermatozoön and ovum before the fusion occurred. Perhaps these atoms form new chemical combinations. But we cannot believe that any possible combination of atoms could automatically take on the energies and phenomena of life. Any good chemist can make the same combination of atoms that is found in the fertilized ovum; but his combination would not absorb and assimilate food, it would not live, develop nor grow.

Life is not a property of matter but something wholly different from it. Matter may exist without life; but apparently, life cannot exist without matter. It is evident that the atoms of which the human body is composed did not manifest the phenomena nor the energies of life until they were grouped into that body; on the other hand the body does not manifest vital energies after its death. Life begins at a particular moment and ceases at another specific instant.

If a piece of iron be charged with electricity, it will manifest electrical energy so long as it remains charged. But when the electricity passes from it, the iron ceases to exhibit such phenomena. So, when the human body is charged or endowed with life, it continues to manifest vital phenomena until life passes out of it.

Life is bestowed on the several species of animal under divers conditions. Thus, it is bestowed on the fertilized human ovum in the genital organs of the mother, for the reason that this is the best, if not the only, place for it to develop and grow. It is bestowed on the eggs of fishes in the water; and upon the eggs of birds, after they have passed out of the bodies of the mother bird. Let us consider the hen’s egg for a moment. When laid it contains a fertilized ovum and “the white and the yellow” of the egg. It is a complete and finished egg. But it has no life. Unless it be placed under a sitting hen or in an incubator, it will decay and disintegrate.

The hen or incubator merely keeps it warm during the period of incubation. By the end of the twenty-first day, the contents of the egg-shell have been converted into a live bird, with a skeleton, muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, brain, eyes, ears, heart, lungs, liver, wings, legs, feet, etc. There is no skeleton, model, nor any other performed outline of the coming chick, in the egg; for the contents of the egg-shell are a homogeneous mass of protoplasm. There is no reason to suppose that the warmth of the hen’s body, nor that the heat of the incubator, is, alone, adequate to impart life to the egg. Each part of the egg is necessarily kept at the same temperature as that of every other part. For this reason we cannot believe that mere heat differentiates one part of the white and yellow into bones, another part into muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, etc.

In his Principles of Biology, (vol. 1, p. 116), Spencer says:

“There is experimental proof that seeds may, under conditions unfavorable to germination, retain for ten, twenty, and some even thirty years, the power to germinate when due moisture and warmth are supplied.”

Now if these seeds are alive, what becomes of the life in them during these long periods of quiescence? There are untold millions of grains of wheat and of corn. None of these grains will germinate until they are supplied with “moisture and warmth.” Can we believe that heat and moisture alone have any creative forces? If so, all the sands of the sea shore ought to be living creatures.

Let us consider the acorn. When mature, it falls to the ground. If it be supplied with a proper degree of heat and moisture, it will germinate in a short time. But it will never germinate, so long as it is kept in a cool, dry place. Suppose an acorn is deprived of heat and moisture for five years; that it is then supplied with them and immediately germinates. When did the life of the acorn begin? Did it begin when the acorn ripened and dropped to the ground or when it germinated? If it was alive when it first matured, and germinated five years afterward, what became of its life between its maturity and its germination? Is it not reasonable to suppose that the Creator endowed it with life when it germinated?

Can we believe that the heat of the mother’s body is, alone, adequate to generate life in the fertilized ovum? Can we believe that the heat of the sun, and the moisture of the earth are, of themselves, sufficient to generate life in a grain of wheat, a grain of corn or an acorn?

It follows that the fertilized human ovum must be directly and specially endowed by the Creator with the power to absorb and assimilate food, to develop, grow and live! The Creator in every instance strikes the vital match!

Sec. 49. Proposition 16. Every Human Soul is a New, Direct and Special Creation

The soul is defined as: “A substantial entity, believed to be that, in each person, which lives, feels, thinks and wills.” (Cent. Dic. 7, p. 5781.)

I hope and believe that every human being has an immortal soul; and if this be true it must be his or her own, for we cannot imagine that the same soul ever occupied more than one body; unless we believe in the transmigration, metempsychosis or reincarnation of souls; and this belief is too absurd for serious consideration. The child does not take his father’s soul nor his mother’s, nor is there any reason to suppose that either parent transmits to the child, any part of his or her soul; nor that either of them transmits any germ of a new soul for it. No man can even imagine a division of himself--his ego or self--into two or more parts. It follows that each human body has its own soul; which is separate from and independent of every other soul.

We cannot believe that the spermatozoön nor the ovum has any soul prior to their fusion into the fertilized ovum. We are therefore compelled to infer that the soul comes into existence at the moment this fusion occurs, or shortly afterward. We cannot even imagine that the soul is created by the father, nor by the mother, nor by the body in which it resides; nor by accident nor chance.

It follows that a new soul must be directly and specially created for each embryo body, if it ever gets one.

It may be that life is an attribute or property of the soul. If this be true, the creation of the soul would include the creation of life.

If one believes that he has a soul, separate and apart from his body, as most of us do, he is compelled to assume, that it was directly and specially created by Almighty God.

If we believe that the soul is a special creation, we may well assume that the body is also a special creation.

Sec. 50. Objection to this Theory of Special Creation

I admit that there are serious objections to my theory of special creation. But like objections may be brought against any other theory. For example, many serious objections have been brought against Darwin’s theory of organic evolution. Yet a majority of all the scientists believe it is true.

In his “Man’s Place in Nature” (p. 149), Huxley says:

“Our acceptance of the Darwinian hypothesis must be provisional so long as one link in the chain of evidence is wanting: and so long as all animals and plants certainly produced by selective breeding from a common stock are fertile, and their progeny are fertile with one another, that link will be wanting.”

This link is still missing and probably will be forever.

Although there are serious objections to my theory, yet there is none so serious as there are to the alternative theory that dead atoms and blind, unthinking cells do spontaneously and automatically group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to produce the human body; and that this body becomes, spontaneously and automatically, a live human being with intellect, memory and will.

Index

Figures refer to pages.

=Animals=, their sizes determined how, 66
first appeared at a certain time, 106
first were specially created or arose by spontaneous generation, 107
none produced by spontaneous generation, 109

=Atoms=, defined and discussed, 20

=Body.= See Human body; Embryo body.

=Brain=, is a special creation, 129

=Cell=, defined and discussed, 21
their distribution and grouping, 69
their differentiation or metamorphosis, 77
their waste, discussed, 80
See Germ-cell; Daughter-cell.

=Chemical elements=, Composing the body, 19

=Creator=, could have made a million animals or plants as easily as
one, 111
if He made the first animal and the first plant he made all others,
112
His supervision is necessary to produce the embryo body, 135
bestows life on each individual, 136

=Daughter-cells=, their production, etc., 65

=Differentiation of Cells= (metamorphosis), 77

=Distribution and grouping= of cells, 69

=Ear= is a special creation, 128

=Elephant= grows larger than a mouse, why?, 66

=Embryo body=, distribution and grouping of cells in, 69
differentiation (metamorphosis) of cells in, 77
is built of inanimate matter, 81
each is produced anew, 82

=Eye= is a special creation, 123

=Fertilized ovum=. See Germ-cell.

=Force and motion=, defined and discussed, 35

=Generation, spontaneous=. See spontaneous generation.

=Germ-cell= defined and discussed, 53
does not contain any skeleton or model of the coming embryo, 57
has no power to evolve the embryo automatically, 61

=God.= See Personal God, 11

=Grouping of cells=, in embryo body, 69

=Heredity=, has no power to generate a new human being, 85
has no power to evolve one from the germ-cell, 85
and environment are inadequate, etc., 18

=Human being=, each is a special creation, 105

=Human body=, chemical elements in it, 19
is a compound physical structure, 25
is built of cells, “organic bricks”, 25
is a complex animal machine, 30
is constructed on a definite plan, 33
each is unique and peculiar, 35
is either specially created or spontaneously generated, 113
is specially endowed with life, 136

=Intellect, etc.=, are necessary when, 9, 43, 51

=Life= is specially bestowed on each individual, 136

=Memory, etc.=, are necessary, when, 9, 43, 51

=Metamorphosis of cells=, discussed, 77

=Model of embryo=, none in germ-cell, 57

=Motion and force.= See Force and Motion, 35

=Mouse= is smaller than the elephant, why?, 66

=Materialist=, his theory of the universe, 14-15

=Nature=, has no power to generate a new human being, 103
has no power to evolve one from the germ-cell, 103

=Newton’s first law= of motion, stated, 35

=Objections= to this theory of special creation, 141

=Organs, Sexual.= See Sexual Organs, 129

=Organs=, their form, size, structure, position and number are proof
that the human body is a special creation 132

=Ovum=, defined and discussed, 47
is a special creation 49
its production, 65
fertilized, see Germ-cell, 53

=Personal God=, belief in His existence, 11

=Plant=, first was specially created or arose by spontaneous generation,
which?, 107
none produced by spontaneous generation, 109

=Protoplasm=, defined and discussed, 23

=Question=, the real stated, 12, 102

=Real question= stated, 12, 102

=Reproduction=, its phenomena stated, 64

=Sameness of human bodies= is evidence, etc., 133

=Sexual Organs= are special creations, 129

=Sizes of animals= are determined, how?, 66

=Skeleton= is a special creation, 116
of embryo none in the germ-cell, 57

=Soul= is a special creation, 139

=Spermatozoön=, defined and discussed, 44
is a special creation, 49
its production, 64

=Spontaneous generation=, none of animals and plants, 109

=Stem-cell.= See Germ-cell, 53

=Supervision= by the creator is necessary to produce the embryo
body, 135

=Universal sameness= of human bodies, proof of their special creation,
133

=Waste of cells=, discussed, 80

=Whence and whither=, 12

=Will power.= See Intellect, etc., 9, 43, 51