Chapter XIII: Epilogue

These sketches of social life at the close of the Republican period have been written without any intention of proving a point, or any pre-conceived idea of the extent of demoralisation, social, moral, or political, which the Roman people had then reached. But a perusal of Mr. Balfour's suggestive lecture on "Decadence" has put me upon making a very succinct diagnosis of the condition of the patient whose life and habits I have been describing. The Romans, and the Italians, with whom they were now socially and politically amalgamated, were not in the last two centuries B.C. an old or worn-out people. It is at any rate certain that for a century after the war with Hannibal Rome and her allies, under the guidance of the Roman senate, achieved an amount of work in the way of war and organisation such as has hardly been performed by any people before or since; and even in the period dealt with in this book, in spite of much cause for misgiving at home, the work done by Roman and Italian armies both in East and West shows beyond doubt that under healthy discipline the native vigour of the population could assert itself. We must not forget, however severely we may condemn the way in which the work was done, that it is to these armies, in all human probability, that we owe not only the preservation of Graeco-Italian culture and civilisation, but the opportunity for further progress. The establishment of definite frontiers by Pompeius and Caesar, and afterwards by Augustus and Tiberius, brought peace to the region of the Mediterranean, and with it made possible the development of Roman law and the growth of a new and life-giving religion.

But peoples, like individuals, if offered opportunities of doing themselves physical or moral damage, are only too ready to accept them. Time after time in these chapters we have had to look back to the age following the war with Hannibal in order to see what those opportunities were; and in each case we have found the acceptance rapid and eager. We have seen wealth coming in suddenly, and misused; slave-labour available in an abnormal degree, and utilised with results in the main unfortunate; the population of the city increasing far too quickly, yet the difficulties arising from this increase either ignored or misapprehended. We have noticed the decay of wholesome family life, of the useful influence of the Roman matron, of the old forms of the State religion; the misconception of the true end of education, the result partly of Greek culture, partly of political life; and to these may perhaps be added an increasing liability to diseases, and especially to malaria, arising from economic blunders in Italy and insanitary conditions of life in the city. All these opportunities of damage to the fibre of the people had been freely accepted, and with the result that in the age of Cicero we cannot mistake the signs and symptoms of degeneracy.

But it would be a mistake to jump to the conclusion that this degeneracy had as yet gone too far to be arrested. It was assuredly not that degeneracy of senility which Mr. Balfour is inclined to postulate as an explanation of decadence. So far as I can judge, the Romans were at that stage when, in spite of unhealthy conditions of life and obstinate persistence in dangerous habits, it was not too late to reform and recover. To me the main interest of the history of the early Empire lies in seeking the answer to the question how far that recovery was made. If these chapters should have helped any student to prepare the ground for the solution of this problem their object will have been fully achieved.

INDEX

Accius
_Aedicula_
Aediles, the
Aemilia, Via. _See_ Via Aemilia
Aemilius, Pons. See Pons Aemilius
Aeneas
Aerarium, the
Aesopus, the actor
Afranius
Africa, province of
Agrippa
Alexandria
Alexis (Atticus's slave)
Amafinius
_Ambitu, lex de_
Anio, the river
Anna Perenna, festival of
_Annona_
Antioch
Antiochus (the physician)
Antium, Cicero's villa at
Antony
_Apodyterium_
Apollinares, Ludi. _See_ Ludi Apollinares
Apollonia
Appia, Via. _See_ Via Appia
Appius Claudius Caecus
Aqua Appia
Aqua Tepula
Aqueducts
Ara maxima
Ara Pacis
_Argentarii_
Argiletum, the
Arpinum, Cicero's villa at
_Ars amatoria_ (Ovid's)
Arval brothers, the
Arx, the
Asia, province of
Astura, Cicero's villa at
_Atellanae, fabulae_. See _Fabulae Atellanae_
_Atrium_
_sutorium_,
Vestae
Atticus
house of,
wealth of,
as money-lender,
the sister of,
the slave of,
Cicero's letters to, _passim_,
Augury
Augustus
alleged proposal of, to remove the capital,
attitude of towards _plebs urbana_,
water-supply under,
the grandfather of,
as a social reformer,
marriage laws of,
furthers public comfort,
restoration of temples by,
attempts at religious revival,
Aventine hill

Baiae
Balbus, Cornelius, the younger
Bankruptcy laws
Basilicae, the
Baths, public
Bath-rooms
Bauli
Bithynia, province of
_Blanditia_
Bona Dea, festival of
Boscoreale
_Brutus_ (Cicero's)
Brutus, Decimus
_Bulla_
Byzantium

Caecilius
Caelian hill
Caelius Autipater
Caelius (M.) Rufus
Caesar, Julius
alleged proposal of, to remove the capital
extends one of the Basilicae,
reduces
corn gratuities;
regulations of, for the government of the city;
debts of;
character of;
as historian;
joined by Caelius;
restores credit in Italy;
and Cleopatra;
clemency of;
sale of prisoners by;
dismisses surrendered armies;
foundation at Corinth by;
entertained by Cicero;
habits of;
as aedile;
summons Publilius to Rome;
as Pontifex Maximus;
speech of, in Sallust;
consents to be deified;
and _passim_
_Calceus_
_Caldarium_
Calvus
Camillus
Campagua, the
Campania
Campus Martius
Caninius
Capena, Porta. _See_ Porta Capena
Capital at Rome
Capitol, the
Capitoline hill
Capua
_Carceres_, the
Carinae, the
Carmentalis, Porta. _See_ Porta Carmentalis
_Castella_
Castor, temple of
Catiline
Cato major
Cato minor
Catullus
Catulus the elder
_Cena_
Censor, the
_Censoria locatio_
Ceres
Ceriales, Ludi. _See_ Ludi Ceriales
Cethegus
Chariot-racing
Chrysippus
Cicero, birthplace of;
house of;
borrows money;
as a man of business;
and the publicani;
relation of, to the governing aristocracy;
letters of;
as a philosopher;
and Clodia;
views on education;
influence of philosophers upon;
and the slave question;
and the use of slaves for seditious purposes;
villas of;
undertakes the Ludi Romani;
religious views of;
and _passim_
Cicero, Marcus
Cicero, Quintus
Cilician pirates
Circus Flaminius
Circus Maximus
Cleopatra
Clients
Clivus Capitolinus
Clivus sacer
Cloaca maxima
Clodia
Clodius
Cluvius
_Coemptio_
_Coenaculum_
Coinage
_Collegia_
Colline gate, Sulla's victory at the,
Colosseum, the
Columella
Comedy
_Comissatio_
Comitium, the
_Commercii, ius_
_Compluvium_
Concordia, temple of
_Conducticii_
_Confarreatio_
_Coniugalia praecepta_ (Plutarch's)
_Connubii, ius_
Constantine, arch of
Consul, the
Consus, altar of
_Contubernium_
_Convivium_
_Copa_ ("Virgil's")
Corfinium
Cornelia
Cornelius
Crassus
Cumae, Cicero's villa at
Curia, the
Curio

Debtors
_Declamatio_
_Deductio_
Democritus
_Deorum, De Natura_ (Cicero's)
Diana, temple of
_Die natali, De_ (Censorinus's)
_Diffarreatio_
Diomedes, villa of
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Dionysus, worship of
Di Penates. _See_ Penates
Diphilus, the actor
Divorce
_Dolia_
_Domus_
_Dos_
Drama, the
Dyrrhachium, importation of corn
into; battle of

Egypt
Emetics, use of
Ennius
Epicureanism
Epicurus
_Epulum Jovis_
Equester, Ordo. _See_ Ordo equester
Equirria
Equites. _See_ Ordo equester
_Ergastula_
Esquiline hill
Etruscans, the
Evander
_Exedra_

Fabius, arch of
_Fabri ferrarii_
_Fabulae Atellanae_; palliatae;
_togatae_
_Familiae urbanae_
Fate
_Fercula_
_Feriae_
_Festa_
_Figuli_
Figulus, Nigidius
Flaccus, Verrius
Flamen Dialis;
Quirinalis
Flaminius
_Flammeum_
Florales, Ludi. _See_ Ludi Florales
_Foeneratores_
_Foenus_
Formiae, Cicero's villa at
Forum Boarium
Forum Romanum
Friedländer
Frontinus
_Fullones_
Funeral games
Furrina, the grove of

Gabinius
Gellius, Aulus
Genseric
Gilds. _See_ Collegia
Gladiators
Gracchus, Gaius
Gracchus, Tiberius
_Grammaticus_
_Grassatores_
Greeks

Hannibal
Hercules
Hirtius
_Honorum, ius_
Horace
Hortensius
Horti Caesaris

_Ientaculum_
_Impluvium_
_Institutio Oratoris_ (Quintilian's)
_Insulae_
_Inventione, De_ (Cicero's)
Isis, worship of
_Iura_
_Ius civile_
_Ius divinum_
_Ius gentium_

Janiculum, the
Janus, "temple" of
Julius Obsequens
Juno, temple of
Jupiter
Jupiter Farreus; Julius;
Optimus Maximus, temple of;
Stator, temple of
Juturna, spring of

"King," game of

Laberius
Lar
Lares, shrine of
_Latifundium_
Latina, Via. _See_ Via Latina
Latins, the
Latium
Law-courts, the
_Lectisternia_
_Lectus_; _consularis_
_genialis_
_Legibus, De_ (Cicero's)
Lentulus
Lepidus
Liberalia, the
_Libertinus_
Libertus
Liternum, Scipio's villa at
Livius Andronicus
Livy
Lucretius
Lucretius Vespillo, Q.
Lueullus
Ludi, Apollinares; Ceriales;
Florales;
Magni, _see_ Romani; Megalenses;
Novemdiales; Plebeii;
Romani;
Victoriae
Ludus Trojae
Lupercal, the
Lupercalia, the

_Magister_
Magna Mater
_Mancipes_
_Manes_
_Mangones_
_Manus_
Marcius Rex, Q.
Marius
Mars; temple of
Martial
_Matrimonium, iustum_
Megaleuses, Ludi. See Ludi Megalenses
_Mensa_
_Mensae_; _rationes_
_Meridiatio_
_Metae_, the
Metellus Celer
Metellus Macedonicus
Milo
Mimes
Minerva, temple of
_Missio in bona_
_Missus_
Molo
Mommsen
Money-lenders
_Moretum_ ("Virgil's")
_Mos majorum_
_Muliones_
_Munera_

_Nefas_
_Negotiatores_
_Negotium_
Nepos, Cornelius
Neptunalia, the
Nicomedes, king of Bithynia
Novemdiales, Ludi. _See_ Ludi Novemdiales
_Novas homo_
Numa
_Nummularii_

_Obaerati_
_Oecus_
_Officiis, De_ (Cicero's)
_Operarii_
_Opifices_
Oppia, lex
Oppius Mons
_Oratore, De_ (Cicero's)
Ordo equester;
senatorius
Oseans, the
Ostia
Ovid

Pacuvius
Palatine hill
_Palliatae, fabulae_. See _Fabulae
palliatae_
Panaetius
_Pantomimus_
_Participes_
_Patronus_
Paullus, L. Aemilius
_Paupereuli_
_Peculium_
Penates, the;
temple of the
Pergamum
_Peristylium_
_Permutatio_
_Pero_
_Perscriptio_
_Persona_
Phaedrus the Epicurean
Philippi, battle of
Philippus (tribune)
Philo the Academician
Philodemus
_Pietas_
Piso, Calpurnius
_Pistores_
Plaetoria, lex
Plautus
Plebeii, Ludi. _See_ Ludi Plebeii
Pliny, the elder; the younger
Plutarch
Pollio, Asinius
Polybius
Pomerium
Pompeii
Pompeius
house of
theatre of
Pomponia
Pons Aemilius
Ponte Rotto
Pontifex Maximus
Porta Capena
Carmentalis
Esquilina
Portunus
Posidonius
Praecia
_Praedes_
_Praediola_
Praetor, the
_Prandium_
Priesthoods
_Promagister_
_Pronuba_
Provinces, the
_Provocations_, _ius_
Ptolemy Auletes
_Publicani_
_Publicum_
Publilius Syrus
Punic wars
Puteoli, Cicero's villa at
_Puticulus_
Pythagoreanism

_Quaestiones Conviviales (Plutarch's)_
Quaestorship, the
Quintilian
Quirinal (hill)
Quirinus

Rabirius Postumus
_Redemptor_
Regia, the
_Religio_
Religion
_Repetundis, quaestio de_
_Republica, De_ (Cicero's)
_Res_, _mancipi_
_Rex, the_
_Rex sacrorum_
_Rhetorica ad Herennium_
Romulus
Roscius, the actor
Rostra, the
Rutilius

Sabines, the
_Saccarii_
_Sacra_,
_privata_;
_publica_;
via, _see_ Via Sacra
St. Peter, church of
Salaminians, the
Sallust
Samnium
San Gregorio, via di
Sarpedon
Sassia
Saturnalia, the
_Saturninus_
Saturnus, temple of
Scaevola, Mucius
Scaurus
Scipio Aemilianus,
Asiaticus,
Nasica,
Sempionia
Senate, the
Senatorius, ordo. _See_ Ordo senatorius
Senec,
"Servian wall"
Servilius
Sibylline books, the
Slaves
_Societates publicanorum_
_Socii_
_Sodalicia, collegia_. See _Collegia_
_Soleae_
_Somnium Scipionis_ (Cicero's)
Spanish silver mines
Spartacus
_Spina_
_Sponsalia_
_Sportula_
Stoics, the
_Stola matronalis_
Strabo
Subura, the
_Suffragii, ius_
Sulla
Sulla, P.
Sulpicius (S.), Rufus
Sun-dials
_Supplicationes_
_Synthesis_

_Tabellarii
Tabernae
Tabernae argentariae
Tablinum
Tabulae
Tabulae novae_
Tabularia, the
_Tepidarium_
Terence
Terentia
Theatre, the
Theatre, building of a
Thurii
Tiber
Tiber island
_Tibicines_
Tibur
Time, divisions of, in the day
Tiro (Cicero's slave)
_Tirocinium fori_
Titus, arch of
_Toga_; _libera_; _praetexta_; _virilis_
_Togatae, fabulae_. See _Fabulae togatae_
Tragedy
_Tributum_
_Triclinia_
Triumph, a
Trofei di Mario
Tullia (Cicero's daughter)
Tullianum, the
_Tunica_
Turia, the story of
Tusculum, Cicero's villa at
_Tutela_
_Tutor_
Twelve Tables, the

_Usus_

Valerius Maximus
Varro
Varro, Terentius (consul)
Veii
Velabrum, the
Velia, the
_Venationes_
Venus Victrix, temple of
Verres
Vesta; temple of
Vestal Virgins
Veterans, Roman
Via Aurelia; Appia; Collatina; Latina; Sacra
Victoriae, Ludi. See Ludi Victoriae
Vicus Tuscus
_Vilicus_
_Villa pseudurbana_
Vinalia, the
_Vindicta_
Virgil
Voconia, lex

Water-clocks, introduction of

THE END