Chapter XXXII: Act 1880: , Mundella's, 136;

made compulsory under, 136;
made free by Act of 1891, 137.

EDUCATION Department, first organisation of, in 1839, 135;
first vice-president of, appointed in 1856, 135;
not concerned with Secondary Education, 162.

EDUCATION, National, State responsibility for, ignored till 1833, 133;
Samuel Whitbread earliest promoter of, 134;
proposes foundation of National Schools for, in 1809, 134;
scheme of, brought forward by Lord Brougham, 1820, 134;
first grant towards, in 1833, 133;
Lord Melbourne's attempt to include Roman Catholics in benefit of
grant for, in 1839, 134;
Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster, first promoters of a general and
practical scheme for, 1836, 133;
previously left to be dealt with by Church of England and other
religious bodies, 133.

EDUCATION, Private, by reading and by lectures, compared, 373.

EGLINTON, Earl of, pre-eminence of, in early Victorian era, 3.

ELIOT, George, influence of Herbert Spencer on, 334;
and through her on language of literature, 334.

ENDOWED Schools Act, 1874, objects of, 138;
work accomplished by, 139.

ENDOWED Schools Commission, now merged in Charity Commission, 162.

EPPING Forest, Crown rights over, sold in 1842, 17;
declared a public pleasure ground, 1882, 17.

ETON, example of social evolution of Victorian era, 169;
not injuriously affected by the 'new rich,' 169;
expenses of education at, not increased, 170;
lessons learnt at, which books cannot teach, 171;
Latin verses, things of the past at, 171;
honours at Oxford and Cambridge during last forty years, 173;
social discipline of, shared with Harrow, 175;
successes of, boys direct from school in Civil Service examinations,
177;
at Woolwich and Sandhurst, 177;
public opinion at, favourable to work at school, 178;
new workshops at, for use of school, 178;
study of natural science at, 178;
classics and mathematics not displaced at, 178.

ETONIANS, distinguished, of Victorian era, 171-3;
the 12th Earl of Derby, the most typical of, 178.

EVOLUTION, the sociological feature of Victorian era, 169.

EXETER School, connection of, with Cambridge University extension
system, 192.

EXPLORATIONS, at Pompeii, 331;
and at Babylon and Nineveh, 331;
effects of, on Roman and Biblical histories, 331.

EXPORTS, English, stationary during early part of century, 17;
rapid increase of, on discoveries of gold, 1848-55, 23;
value of, for the twenty-five years preceding repeal of the Corn-laws,
1885 millions, 44;
succeeding repeal, 3031 millions, 44;
for last twenty-five years, 1871-96, 6290 millions, 44.

F

FALKNER, J. Pascoe, founder of Melbourne, alive in 1866, 25.

FARADAY, and the Prince of Wales, 323;
laboratory of, at Royal Institution, 323.

FARREN, the, family a race of actors, 215;
Percival, at Haymarket Theatre, 215;
William, 215.

FAUCIT, Miss Helen, now Lady Martin, 215;
Shakesperian impersonations of, 215;
abiding influence exercised by, on the profession, 215.

FERRIER, Dr, his work in connection with the brain, 395.

FINES, in factories, disapproval of, 154;
lists of, compelled to be displayed in buildings, 155.

FISCAL Reforms, effects of, of Cobden, Bright and Peel, 16.

FITZWILLIAM, Earl, descended from a Lord Mayor of London, 14.

FOOTBALL, popularity of, 416;
a recent growth, 416;
feuds among players at, 416;
dangers of a referee at modern matches, 416.

FOREIGNERS, resident in England, over 200,000, 222;
number of, doubled in twenty years, 222;
majority of, engaged in business, 222;
and nearly one-half of total number in London, 222;
European, about 170,000, 224;
American, about 26,000, 224;
remainder Asiatics or Africans, 224;
proportion of males to females among, 224;
distribution and employments of, 226;
pauperism amongst, 226;
small proportion of, employed as clerks, 227;
opinions of, on changes in appearance of English people in twenty
years, 152.

FOREIGN intelligence, no longer dependent on telegrams, 386;
vast machinery and expenditure for supply of, 386.

FRANCE, industry in, effects of revolution on, 21;
all classes in, involved in common ruin, as a consequence of
revolution, 21.

FREE Libraries, establishment of, 362;
popularity of, 363;
sketches of working-men students at, 364;
origin and gradual growth of, 365;
the Chetham Library, 365;
the Guildhall Library, 365;
the Manchester Library, 365;
the Ewart Act, and its relation to, 365;
growth of metropolitan free libraries, 366;
examination of books most in demand at the, 368.

FUSION of classes, product of Victorian era, 114;
and keynote of our epoch, 201;
a process of levelling up, not down, 201.

G

GALLOWS, in public highways until Lord Grey's Reform Act, 40.

GAMBLING, committee on, in 1844, 410;
number of, hells in 1841, 411;
'Crockfords' as a, club, 411;
'play and pay,' abolished 412.

GLADSTONE, W. E., and Sir Robert Peel, comparative popularity of, 10;
scheme of, for converting consols in 1853, 22.

GOLD, importation of, from Russian mines, 1837-47, 16;
discovery of, in California, 1848, 17;
in Ballarat, 1850, 17;
gloomy predictions of Chevalier and Cobden as to consequences of
discoveries of, 18;
views of Sir Roderick Murchison as to same, 18;
'Nature's Currency Restriction Act,' 18;
of Sir Archibald Alison as to same, 19;
'Nature's Currency Extension Act,' 19;
output of Mexican and Peruvian mines in fifteenth century, L800,000,
19;
Australian diggings in 1850-1, L18,000,000, 19;
fallacious arguments, as to effect of, based on 'grain test,' 19;
demonetization of, in Holland, 20;
advantages of supply of, recognized by Prince Consort, 20;
influx of, into Bank of England, 22;
decrease of bank rate, 22;
conversion of L3 per cent. consols, 22;
interest on Exchequer Bills, 1-1/2 per cent. per annum, 22;
Australian cities built by, 24.

GOLD fields, emigration to, in 1852, 369,000, 21;
average for five years succeeding discovery of, 250,000 per annum, 21;
maximum emigration to, in any one year, 500,000, 21;
costs of living at, 22;
rise of wages here, consequent on rush to, 23;
scarcity of agricultural labour in country, 23;
reduced to 100,000 per annum before 1859, 25.

GOLDWIN Smith, his fear of result of popularly elected Parliaments, 261.

GOLF, revival of, as an English game, 414.

GOOCH, Sir Daniel, chairman of Great Western Railway, 37;
his fortune not made in railways, 37.

GRAMMAR schools, wasteful geographical distribution of, 141;
well endowed, with insufficient scholars, 141;
cases of, Chudleigh, Ashburton, Totnes and Bovey Tracey in Devon, 141;
Walsingham, Norwich, Ipswich and Bury Saint Edmunds in East Anglia,
142;
Ossett and other schools in the north, 142;
suggestions for utilizing decayed, 143;
instances of beneficial modifications of established, 143;
Bath College, excellent work done by, 143;
amalgamation of Somerset College and Sydney Grammar School, 143;
Charterhouse, successfully removed from London to Godalming, 144;
Archbishop Holgate's, removed from Hewsworth to Barnsley, 144;
policy of maintaining the old, as machinery for Secondary Education,
144.

GRANTS for educational purposes, growth of, 135;
first grant in 1833 of L20,000, 134;
in 1857, amounted to L451,000, 135;
in 1860, exceeded L1,000,000, 135;
in 1870, were L1,125,000, 136.

GRESHAM, Sir Thomas, first of the Great Loan negotiators, 64.

GROUPS, government by, as in France, 240;
as distinguished from government by party, 240;
cycle of, a possibility in store for England, 273.

GROVE, Sir George, discovery of lost scores of Schubert, 347;
dictionary of music by, 347.

GROVE, Sir William, discoveries with regard to correlation of physical
forces, 325.

GUILDHALL School of Music, founded in 1880, 341;
3496 pupils at, at Christmas 1896, 341.

H

HALLE, Charles, born in Westphalia, 1819, 345;
Beethoven's music popularized in England by, 346.

HAMLEY, Sir Edward, sketch of, 308;
his work on the _Operations of War_, 309.

HANDEL, genius of, 344;
recognized by George I. when Elector of Hanover, 344;
his _Te Deum_ performed at St Paul's in Queen Anne's reign, 344;
_Messiah_ produced at Dublin in 1741, 344.

HELPLESS, the, legislative help for, distinctive of Victorian era, 388;
initiated by Prince Consort, 388.

HENRY VIII., privileges of people as enjoyed under Plantagenets,
contracted under, 93;
and under Elizabeth, 93;
practically ceased to exist under the Stuarts, 93.

HENTY, joint-founder of Melbourne, alive 1882, 25.

HERCOMER, Professor, receives pupils into his studio, 353.

HIGHER Grade Elementary Schools, in effect secondary schools, 148;
sixty, under control of English School Boards, 149;
thirty-nine of the, organized as science schools, 149;
4606 boys and 2023 girls, students at, 149.

HIGHER Grade Schools Examination Board, 147.

HOSPITALS, Prince of Wales's fund for relief of, from debt, 390;
transformation in, during Victorian era, 391;
in character of medical students at, 392;
in management and organization of, 392;
revenues of, modern and ancient compared, 392;
St Bartholomew's in 1650 and in 1890, 392;
special and general, 392;
number of, in London, 392;
game, flowers and other presents for, the fashion and rule, 393.

HOUNDS, packs of, number of, in England in 1837, 413;
number of, in England in 1897, 413;
subscribers to and supporters of, in 1897, 414.

HOUSE of Lords, debates such as formerly took place in House of Commons
now confined almost exclusively to, 258;
composition of, similar to composition of old House of Commons, 258;
really a representative body, 264;
socially indistinguishable from Commoners in many ways, 265;
Peers in, created for political and social distinction, 266;
Peerages in, conferred on Lord Carrington, Macaulay, and Tennyson, 265;
later on, on Lord Armstrong, on widow of W. H. Smith and on Lord
Glenesk, 265.

HUDSON, George, the railway king, 6;
his gorgeous chariot, 6;
his personal appearance, 6;
his house at Albert Gate, 6;
entertains royalty, 7;
his fall, 7, 30;
hotel life at Calais, 7;
compared with Beau Brummell, 7;
born at York, son of a linen draper, 15;
drives train conveying Queen and Prince Consort to Cambridge, 29;
member for Sunderland, 30.

HUXLEY, Professor, and spontaneous generation, 330;
his observations anticipated by Schwann, 330.

HYDE Park, the social parade ground of the kingdom, 1;
originally a royal pleasure ground, 2;
visitors to, in different decades compared, 3;
bicycles admitted into, 7;
early water drinkers in, 9;
succeeded by early riders in, 9;
condition of, between 1840 and 1860, 7.

I

IMPORTS, value of, during last twenty-five years, nearly 10,000 millions.

INCOME-TAX, gradual increase of, 25;
extended to Ireland, 1855, 25.

INCOMES, assessment of, in 1855, 308 millions;
1875, 571 millions;
1882, 612 millions.

INDESTRUCTIBILITY of matter, ascertained chemically in eighteenth
century, 325.

INDUSTRIES, no increase in staple, during recent years, 236;
decrease in agricultural, 236;
new, constantly arising, 236.

INTERMEDIATE Education Act, 149.

IONIAN physicists, anticipation of modern discoveries by, 325.

IRISH Famine, compared with that at Orissa, 231;
remarks on, in connection with Malthusian doctrine, 232.

IRVING, Sir Henry, sketch of, 217.

ISLINGTON in 1840, still a country suburb, 40.

J

JACOB Omnium, nickname of Thackeray's friend, Big Higgins, 6.

JERSEY, Lady, popularity of, in early Victorian period, 10.

JEWS, sufferings of, in England, under Henry III., 54;
levies on, Westminster Abbey completed by, in reigns of Richard III.
and Henry VII., 54;
only twelve families of, in England, in 1633, 54;
re-establishment of, in England by Cromwell and Charles II., 54;
the Rodrigues and Goldsmids the heads of the, in time of George III.,
55;
the Rothschilds originally Frankfort, 55;
no magistrates or sheriffs before 1837, 60;
Lord Campbell's bill for removing this disability of, 60.

JOACHIM, Herr, popularity of, in England, 346;
director of Royal Academy of Music, Berlin, 346;
Doctor of Music of Cambridge, 346;
portrait of, by George Eliot, 346.

JOWETT, Benjamin, personal efforts of, to extend first-class education,
156;
favoured scheme of unattached students at Oxford, 183;
lecture-rooms at Balliol opened to non-collegiate students by, 183.

K

KEAN, Charles, actor, 1820-68, son of Edmund, 210;
educated at Eton, 210;
social position of, 211.

KEAN, Edmund, Byron's eulogy of, 210.

KEMBLE, frigid classicism of, 210.

KINGLAKE, A. W., historian of Crimean War, 11;
last survivor of early Hyde Park equestrians, 11.

L

LADIES College, Cheltenham, work of, in East End, 122.

LADIES of the Court, 280;
Mistress of the Robes, 280;
Ladies of the Bedchamber, 280;
Women of the Bedchamber, 280;
Maids of Honour, 280;
functions of the several, 281.

LANDSEER, Sir Edwin, elected R.A., 1830, 352;
social position of, exceptional, 352.

LANSDOWNE, Marquess of, pre-eminence of, in early Victorian days, 4.

LAW, administration of, in Colonies, 426;
Roman Dutch Law in Ceylon, Guiana, and at the Cape, 426;
French forms of, still retained in Canada, 426;
Code Civile continued in Mauritius, 426.

LAW Courts, effect of, on Fleet Street and the Strand, 422;
commemorate the unity of the Empire as well as the unity of
administration of justice, 426.

LAW reform, small results of, so long as two legal systems at work in
Westminster Hall, 423;
abolition of monopoly of serjeants-at-law, a step in, 423;
permission to take evidence of persons interested in suit, a further
important step in, 423;
appointment of commission to enquire into, 423;
Judicature Act, 1873, result of commission of 1869, 424;
fusion of law and equity by Judicature Act, 424;
principle of, laid down, that where equity and law conflict equitable
doctrines shall prevail, 424;
room for, in connection with the circuit system, 425;
benefits of, to general public, summary of, 425.

LAWN tennis, subscription clubs for, 196;
part of revolt of sons and daughters of middle class, 196.

LEGION Memorial, The, probably drawn up by Defoe, 274;
low-water mark of Parliamentary popularity, 275.

LEGISLATION, modern, salutary effect of, 140;
on governors and teachers as well as on the taught, 140.

LISTER, Lord, his discovery of the antiseptic treatment, 395.

LITERARY Leaders, of Victorian era, 373;
Dickens and Thackeray as, compared, 373;
Lord Lytton, Lord Stanhope and Monkton Milnes as patrons of, 374.

LITERATURE and art, encouraged by Crown from Henry VIII. until Queen
Anne, 282;
neglected by the Hanoverian Kings, 282;
revived encouragement of, by Queen Victoria, 282;
influence of Prince Consort in revival, 282.

LOCAL Councils of Education, proposal to establish, 164;
functions of proposed, 164;
suggested composition of, 164;
suggested machinery for carrying out, 165.

LOCAL Government Act, 1888, educational functions of County Council
under, 140.

LOCAL Government Board, establishment of, 1871, 389.

LOCAL Improvement Acts, number of, prior to 1840, 389.

LONDON, the pleasure ground of the world, 217;
the influence of Americans in making, 435;
the true mirror of England, 435.

LONDON City Mission, opinions of missioners of, on East-end progress,
126.

LONDON, Corporation of, always a popularly elected body, 103;
commission of 1853 for inquiring into affairs of, 104;
judicial functions of Lord Mayor and Aldermen preserved to, 106;
powers of an ordinary Borough Council retained by, 106;
an example to provincial townships, 106;
intense feeling of corporate life in, 106;
impression made by, on foreigners, 107;
relations of, to London County Council, 107;
four representatives of, on County Council, chosen by ratepayers, 108;
charities and hospitalities of, 108;
relation of Commissioners of Sewers to, 109.

LONDON County Council, differs from other County Councils, 103;
judicial functions of officers of corporation left untouched by, 106;
eminent men who have been chairmen of, 112.

LONDON Library, The, foundation and objects of 370;
first started in Pall Mall, 371;
its usefulness and growth, 371;
difference between, and Mudie's Library, 371.

LONGFELLOW, far-reaching influence of, as a poet, 379.

LORD-Mayors of London, number of noble houses founded by, 14;
attributes of, in minds of foreigners, 110;
not merely head officers of a great city, 110;
territorial estates, schools and other foundations controlled by the,
110.

LORD-Mayor's day, traditional entertainment of ministers on, 14;
improvement in demeanour of mob on, 140;
characteristic of improvement in the masses, 140.

LOWE, Robert, afterwards Lord Sherbrooke, early educational reformer,
135;
introduces principle of payment by results, 135;
advice of, to educate our masters, followed, 151;
his sojourn in New South Wales, 434.

LYELL, Sir Charles, his work in relation to geology, 332;
influence of the _Principles of Geology_, 332.

LYTTON, Bulwer, afterwards Lord Lytton, 327;
fifteen years in office as a public servant before being raised to the
peerage, 327.

M

MACAULAY, T. B., afterwards Lord, fifteen years in office as a public
servant before raised to peerage, 327.

MACREADY, actor, 1827, 51, born 1793, died 1873, 209;
favourite with clergy, whom he taught elocution, 210;
social acceptance of, in London, 211.

MAGISTRATES, 1000 elective, since District Councils instituted, 86;
instances of working men as, 86;
and agricultural labourers as, 86;
and an ex-policeman as, 86;
effect upon rural mind of elective element among the, 90;
powers of borough, since Corporation Act of 1835, 95;
specially qualified county, elected to County Councils, 98.

MAKING up parties, modern fashion of, for theatres, 197;
for dinners or suppers at restaurants, before or after theatres, 197.

MALLOCK, W. H., statistics relating to 'Classes' and 'Masses,' 32;
contribution of railways to prosperity of both, 34.

MALTHUS, Doctor, doctrines of Malthus, considered generally, 228;
increase of population during Victorian era considered in connection
with, 231.

MANDATES, popular, at elections, modern doctrine of, 272.

MEDICAL discoveries, English, of Victorian era, large proportion of to
whole, 396;
treatment of myxoedemia by Sir William Gull, one of the latest, 396.

MEDICAL education, scheme of in England, perfected in 1860, 396;
relation of College of Physicians to, 396.

MEMBERS of Parliament, 'English politics to the English youth,' 246;
average age of, in 1837, over fifty years, 246;
in 1897, under forty years, 246.

MENDELSSOHN, Felix, born at Hamburg, 344;
his precocious genius, 345;
his influence in England, 345;
patron of John Parry, 345.

METROPOLITAN 'Board of Works,' established 1855, 105;
product of Metropolitan Local Management Act, 1855, 105;
unity of administration for the parishes of London by, 105.

MIDDLE class, modern English, restlessness of, 194;
result of rapid locomotion and cheap press, 194;
influx of continental ideas among the, 194;
relaxation of orthodoxy of, 197;
all sections of, enfranchised by Reform Bill of 1832, 239.

MILLIONAIRES, Victorian, and their trades, 24;
sheep farmers of Australia, 24;
Brassey, the railway contractor, 35;
Jones Lloyd, a banker, 42;
Hope, a merchant, 42;
Bass and Guinness, brewers, 42;
Maple, retail tradesman, 42.

MILITARY education, establishment of council of, 304;
formation of Aldershot camp for, 304.

MILITARY resources of country, 296;
comparison of, in 1837 with those of 1897, 296;
incapacity of, to place 10,000 men in field in 1846, 303;
inadequacy of reserves of guns and stores, 303.

MILITIA, practical non-existence of, at Queen's accession, 302;
last ballot for, in 1831, 302;
strength of in 1895, 302.

MINERALS, L29,000,000 worth of, recovered in 1855, 32;
L80,000,000 worth of, recovered in 1895, 32.

MINING and steam industries compared, 32;
results of, 32.

MISSIONARY societies, activity of, during Victorian era, 405;
British and Foreign Bible Society, income of, doubled, 405;
Society for Propagation of Gospel, income of, doubled, 405;
Church Missionary Society, income of, trebled, 405.

MIXED metaphors, modern, instances of, 372;
signs of the overlapping of literature by science and art, 372.

MOLESWORTH, Sir William, pioneer of colonial self-government, 433;
Colonial Secretary, in 1853, 433.

MUDIE'S Select Library, founded in 1842, 369;
far-reaching usefulness of, 369.

MUSIC, revolution in, and in taste for, during Queen's reign, 337;
the lady teacher of, in 1837, 337;
and in 1897, 338;
patronage of, by Court, 339;
fondness for, a tradition of English royalty, 340;
Royal Academy of, 340;
triumph of German over Italian school of, 344.

MUSICAL education, in England and on Continent compared, 342;
encouraged and promoted by Prince Consort, 343.

MUSICIAN, the professional, sketch of, in 1837, 338;
and in 1897, 339.

N

NATIONAL character, insularity of, disappearing generally, 194;
cosmopolitanism of, among upper classes, 204;
imitated by the middle class, 205.

NATIONAL debt, gradual reduction of, during Queen's reign, 45;
reduced from L821,000,000 after Crimean War, in 1856, 45;
to L652,000,000 in 1896, 45.

NATIONAL Gallery, established in 1824, 354;
present building of, opened in 1838, 354;
Angerstein Collection, the nucleus of, 354;
Vernon bequest to, in 1847, 354;
L70,000 paid for Sir Robert Peel's collection, 355;
L70,000 paid for 'Ansidei Madonna' to the Duke of Marlborough, 358.

NAVY, training of officers and men of, 307;
reduction of, on conclusion of Napoleonic Wars, 311;
132 vessels on, list on Queen's accession, 311;
461 vessels on, list at Queen's diamond jubilee, 311;
Parliamentary vote for, in 1837, L3,000,000, 312;
in 1897, L23,000,000, 312;
establishment of H.M.S. _Excellent_ as gunnery school for, 313;
manning of the, 313;
the naval reserve of the, 314;
institution of H.M.S. _Britannia_ for education of midshipmen for, 314;
introduction of steam into the, 315;
five paddle-wheel steamers in, at Queen's accession, 315;
condition of, at outbreak of Crimean War, 316;
recognition of value of, by Kinglake, 317;
and of the special value of steam in, 317;
the floating batteries of Crimean War, first ironclads of, 317;
the _Warrior_ first sea-going ironclad of, 317;
turret and broadside armaments in, of to-day compared, 319.

NEEDLEWORK, embroidery and lace, as fashionable amusements, 419.

NEIGHBOURHOOD guilds, the, of New York, 121.

NEW educational authority, the want of a, 161;
must have an elastic operation, 161;
necessary functions of a, indicated, 162.

NEW South Wales, colony of, 25;
no foreign trade before 1848, 25;
exports from, in 1878 amounted to L13,000,000, 25;
imports into, in 1878 amounted to L17,000,000, 25;
valuable coalfields of, 25.

NEW York, advantages of intimate social connexion between, and London,
437.

NEWSPAPERS, English, number of in 1837, only 479, 381;
number of in 1897, 2396, 381;
heavily taxed by Harley in 1712, 381;
and by North and Pitt afterwards, 381;
taxation of, lowered by Spring Rice in 1836, 381;
repeal of paper duty in 1851, and rise of penny, in consequence, 381;
the _Echo_, the first of the halfpenny, 385;
increase of halfpenny, of late years, 385;
reviews of books in, 385;
great improvement in general character of, 387;
growing tendency of, towards political impartiality, 387.

NEWSPAPER writers, growth of, as a class, 374;
instances of, Russell, Forbes, Dicey, Sala and others, 375;
action and reaction of, on the public press, 375;
Macaulay as one of the, father of the leading article style, 378;
no longer really anonymous, 385;
the recruiting of writers with well-known names for, 385;
the youth of modern, 386.

NEWTON, Sir Isaac, his discovery of law of gravitation, 324.

NIGHTINGALE, Florence, her training in Germany, 390;
the trained nurses who accompanied, in 1854, 390;
influence of, on origin of nursing as a profession, 390;
supercession of the 'Mrs Gamp' and decayed billiard-markers of former
days, 391;
tributes to efficiency of system started by, 391.

NONCONFORMISTS, subject to greater numerical fluctuations than
established churches, 405;
reasons for same, 405;
the numbers of the Congregationalists in 1837 and 1897, 404;
the numbers of Baptists in 1837 and 1897, 404.

NOVEL writers of eminence since Sir Walter Scott, 375;
commercial successes of, 375;
George Eliot, Dickens, Thackeray, Wilkie Collins and Charles Reade, as
instances of, 375;
Bulwer Lytton and Disraeli as, compared, 376.

O

ORGANIZATION, faculty for, of Prince Consort, 320;
of exhibition of 1851, by Prince Consort, 320.

OVERLAPPING of schools, waste of educational energy caused by, 161.

OXFORD, number of unattached students at University of, 183;
system of control over unattached students at, 183;
system of teaching the unattached at, 183;
honours gained at, by the unattached students, 184;
exemplary conduct of unattached at, 185;
professor of modern history at, formerly an unattached student, 186;
social clubs for undergraduates at, 188;
effect of social clubs at, on 'union society,' 188.

OXFORD and Cambridge, middle class examinations, beginnings of, 147;
still uphold the standard of general culture in England, 150.

P

PALMERSTON, Lord, sketch of, 4;
descent from Sir John Houblon, Lord Mayor of London, 15.

PARISH Councils, apparent tendency of, 80;
female members of, 80;
subjects of discussion at, 81;
'one man one vote' for, 81;
effect of, to restore many old manorial rights, 82;
sense of responsibility developed by, 83;
seldom convened more than once a year, 84;
differences between, and County Councils decided by the Local
Government Board, 84;
obliged to hold their sittings in the evening, 90.

PARISHES, English, prior to 1894, 77;
State represented by squire in, 77;
Church by vicar in, 77;
the village by the village club in, 77;
subjects of interest to inhabitants of rural, 78;
change which has come over, since 1894, 78;
the village meeting halls, modern centres of, 78;
home rule in, since 1894, 79;
the grouping of, great care taken in, 80.

PARLIAMENT, an assembly of business men, 268;
abhors rhetoric, 268;
submits to ascendency of great masters of eloquence, 269;
will not tolerate commonplace speeches, 269;
local Houses of, 269;
Houses of, burnt in 1834, 239;
temporary building for the meeting of, 239;
the new Houses of, several years building, 239;
House of Lords side of, opened after thirteen years, 240;
House of Commons side, opened after sixteen years, 240;
peeresses' gallery in, 241;
ladies' cage in, 242;
members of (see members of Parliament);
types of members, in the past, 247;
more modern types of, 251;
acceptance of position of delegates by, 256.

PARLIAMENTARY, oratory, change in fashion of, 248;
classical quotations no longer a feature of, 248;
business language used in modern, 249;
proceedings, foreign interest taken in, 249;
hospitality, five o'clock tea on Terrace, 245;
stage, and theatrical stages, parallel between, 250;
humorists, a succession of, 251;
children of the church, a regular supply of, 251;
obstruction, methods of, practised by Parnell, 255;
closure, the remedy for obstruction, 256.

PAROCHIAL schools, first suggested by S. Whitbread in 1807, 134.

PAUPERISM, statistics of, in England, 45;
50 per cent. less in 1897 than in 1857;
enormous reduction of, in the Midlands, 88;
and in Sussex, 88;
reduction in, a direct consequence of Act of 1834, 88;
less frequent application of workhouse test in cases of, 89.

PEEL, Sir Robert, sketch of, 4;
his seat on horseback, 4;
popular respect in which held, 10.

PEERAGES, modern, conferred on representatives of science and art, 327;
on Tennyson as a poet, 327;
Playfair as a physician, 327;
Kelvin as a physicist, 327;
Lister as a surgeon, 327.

PEOPLE'S Palace, The, a fanciful sketch of Sir Walter Besant, 362;
difficulties of administration in connection with, 125.

PERIODICALS, magazines and reviews, their popularity, 267;
used as substitutes for parliamentary speeches, 267;
mutual advantages to publisher and member of Parliament of the use of,
as substitutes for speeches, 267.

PHELPS, pupil of Macready, his position on stage, 216.

PHOTOGRAPHY, a production of the Victorian era, 333.

PHYSICAL investigations, appliances for, former want of, 324;
perfection of appliances now, product of Victorian era, 324.

PICTURES, prices of, in 1649, 46;
gradual rise in, 47;
great sums paid by Russian Emperor, 48;
L30,000 realised by sale of the Walpole, in 1842, 49;
L60,000 by sale of the Bernal Collection of, in 1856, 50;
Gainsborough's picture of the 'Sisters' sold for L6615 in 1873, 52;
resold in 1887 for L9975, 52.

PITT, William, peerages bestowed on wealthy men by, 13;
his theory that L40,000 per annum should command a peerage, 42.

PLUTOCRAT, education of the, by painters, as prophesied by Rossetti, 359;
the prophecy fulfilled, 359.

POOR, ignorance respecting the condition of the, 71;
the brothers Mayhew and the London, 71;
the Greenwoods and the casual ward, 72;
Leighton, Hicks-Beach and Denison, their work amongst the, 73;
the Dilke Commission for inquiry into the housing of, 389.

POOR-LAW, under the Act of 1834, 87;
the Unions under the Act, called the New Bastilles, 87;
marked improvement in condition of working class since, 87.

POPULAR, constituencies organised by Reform Bill of 1832, 238;
franchises, a few abolished by Bill, 239;
meetings, displacement of great parliamentary speeches by, 257.

POPULATION, increased, 30 per cent. during last sixty years, 234;
comparison of, with increased means of subsistence, 235.

PRE-RAPHAELITE, the, revolution in art, 360;
its effect on English art, 360.

PRESBYTERIANISM and the Free Kirk of Scotland, 404.

PRESS, the, anonymous system of, modified by various agencies, 384;
enlarged staffs employed on, 384;
amateurs and others, 384;
proprietorship of the newspaper, a fashion, 266;
a reflex of English thought and life, 266;
reptile of Germany, unknown in England, 266;
connection of leading men with special portions of, 267;
competition of periodicals with the newspaper, 267;
result of Gladstone's Irish policy on the, 383;
political independence of, affected by that policy, 383.

PRESTON, strike at, the first great struggle between labour and capital,
24.

PRINCE Consort, sagacity of, early discovered, 20;
cultivation of artistic sense in English manufactures, due to, 20;
influence of, in shaping monarchy of to-day, 276;
sets example of royal sympathy with extra political activities of
daily life, 276;
early training of, in view of his possible future home, 277;
reforms the domestic economy of the palace, 278;
attacks on, in clubs and drawing-rooms, 279;
as well as in the inferior press, 279;
institutes office of master of the household, 280;
promotion of science and art by, 282;
skill of the, as an organist, 284;
first public speech of, on the slave trade in 1840, 285;
revives the taste for classical music, 285;
initiates royal platform speeches on non-political matters, 285;
influence of Sir Robert Peel on the, 286;
Sir Charles Eastlake and the, friendship of, 288;
visits of Queen and, to Sir Robert Peel, 289;
to Louis Philippe, 289;
to Birmingham, Liverpool, Glasgow and Leeds, 289;
elected chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 289;
declines the post of commander-in-chief, 294;
suggestions of, for a system of national defence, 294;
acts as director of Ancient Concerts, 339;
rescues the Raphael cartoons from decay, 349;
efforts of, to make Court the centre of literary, scientific and
artistic efforts, 323.

PRINCE of Wales, ubiquity of, 289;
untiring energy of, derived from his father, 289;
visit of, to tomb of George Washington in 1860, 437.

PRISONS, no new, built since 1870, 367;
several, converted into public libraries, 367;
one of the, now the site of a fine art gallery, 367.

PRIVATE theatricals, local clubs for, 197.

PRIVY Council, judicial committee of, 427;
functions of, 427;
constitutional modifications of, 427.

PRIVY Purse, succession of able men who have acted as, 281;
distinction between, and Privy Seal, 281.

PROBLEM, the educational, awaiting solution, Higher grade schools, 139.

PUBLIC Health Act, 1875, embodiment of efforts of individuals extending
over forty years, 99.

PUBLIC Schools, increased numbers at, 96;
Bedford, Ipswich, Bath, Cheltenham and others;
products of Victorian era, 96.

PUBLIC School Act, 1868, effect of, 139.

'PUNCH,' Staffordshire miner, as delineated by, no longer true, 154.

PURCELL, Henry, born 1675, 344 (note);
organist at Westminster when eighteen years old, 344;
prolific composer, 344;
German unintentional compliment to, 344.

Q

QUAKER School at Ackworth, specially complimented by the Education
Commission, 146.

QUARTER Sessions, sketch of county town during, 97;
before Corporation Act and afterwards, 97.

QUEEN Elizabeth, comparison of, with Queen Victoria, 275.

R

RACEHORSE, the, indispensable to breed of horses, 412;
antiquity of, 412;
introduction of Arab blood into, 412;
social diploma to breeders of, 413.

RAILWAY, the Manchester and Liverpool, death of Huskisson on, 28;
pays ten per cent. dividend in 1836, 29;
Queen did not travel by, until 1842, 28;
1800 miles of, open in England in 1843, 28;
enterprise, reaction in, in 1846, 31.

RAILWAYS, capital invested in, in 1850, L230,000,000, 31;
in 1894, L985,000,000, 31;
receipts of, in 1855, L21,000,000, 32;
in 1895, L84,000,000, 32;
how far, have enriched the landowners, 36;
wealth derived from, compared with that from other sources, 37;
nationalisation of, objections to, 38;
State control of, 38;
England and America, the two exceptions to, 38.

REACTION, signs of, against educational enthusiasm, 165;
grounds of, 165.

READING School, connection of, with Oxford University extension system,
192.

RELIGIOUS education, struggle over, sketch of the, 137.

RELIGIOUS thought, various phases of, 398;
gratitude of Oxford verger for remaining a Christian, 398;
modern scepticism and, 398;
influence of Court on, 399;
Tractarian movement as a phase of, 399;
agnosticism as a phase of, fillip given to, by Dr Mansel, 406;
progress of, stayed by Benjamin Jowett, 406;
the 'hard' church, 407;
Dr Temple as representative of, 407;
_Lux Mundi_, 407.

ROMAN Catholicism, increase of, in large towns, 405;
and in colonies, 405;
increase of numbers of priests and churches, 405.

ROTHSCHILD, Lionel, issues Irish famine loan, 1847, 59;
lends L16,000,000 to English Government in 1854, 59;
advances L4,000,000 for purchase of Suez Canal shares, 1876, 60;
elected to Parliament as member for London, 1847, 60;
unable to take his seat until 1866, 60;
hospitalities at Gunnersbury, 61;
death of, in 1879, 61.

ROTHSCHILD, Mayer A., of Frankfort, founder of the family in the
eighteenth century, 55;
known as the Croesus of Europe, 55.

ROTHSCHILD, Nathan Mayer, arrives in England at end of the eighteenth
century, 56;
buys bills on English Government during Napoleonic Wars, 56;
transmits funds to English forces in Peninsula, 56;
wrongly said to have watched the Battle of Waterloo, 56;
story of his agent at Ghent, 57;
early news of victory received by him from Ghent, 57;
causes dividends and interest on foreign stocks and loans to be paid
in London, 57;
lends L12,000,000 to the English Government in 1829, 58;
buys Gunnersbury, 58;
death of Mayer Amschel in 1836, 59.

ROTHSCHILDS, the foreign loans of the firm, 61;
connection of the, with Egypt, 62;
monthly advances by the, to Egyptian Government, 62;
take security of private letter of English Foreign Secretary, 62;
charitable generosity of the, 62;
patrons of sport, 65;
and of art, 65;
loyalty of the, to England, 66;
influence of the, on Judaism generally, 66.

ROWING, the, of 1837 and 1897 compared, 414.

ROYAL Academy of Music, 340;
foundation of, in 1822, 340;
original site of, 340;
charter granted to, 1830, 340;
number of students at, in 1837, 340;
and in 1897, 340.

ROYAL Academy of Painting, 350;
Crown represented at dinner of, for the first time in 1851, 350;
speech of Sir Charles Eastlake at, 350;
and reply of the Prince Consort, 350;
visitors to Exhibition of, in 1837, 358;
and in 1897, 358.

ROYAL College of Music, 340;
founded in 1875 as a training school, 340;
reformed in 1882, 340;
charter granted to, in 1883, 340;
present endowment of, 341;
scholarships at, 341;
opened by H. R. H. Princess of Wales, 341.

ROYAL Society, Queen's signature in register of, 321.

RURAL population, decrease in, during last twenty years, 325.

S

SANITARY reform, reduction in death-rate due to, 394;
work of John Simon in connection with, 395;
and of the Budds and Dr Snow, 395.

SAVINGS banks, deposits in, doubled in ten years ending 1896, 45.

SCHOOL Board, instances of successful, boys, 156;
at universities and in Civil Service examinations, 156;
and of girls, 157;
at Girton College and elsewhere, 157.

SCHOOL Board children, increase in number of, under the Free Education
Act, 1891, 137;
numbers of, for five years preceding Act, 269,903, 138;
for five years succeeding Act, 521,860, 138.

SCIENCE and art, slowness of State recognition of, 320.

SCIENCE and Art Department, grants made by, to schools, 138.

SCIENTIFIC Corps, the, engineers and artillery, 305;
recent recognition of rights of, in army, 305.

SCULPTORS, Alfred Stevens, effigy of Wellington by, 361;
Hamo Thornycroft and Sir E. Boehm, works of, 361;
growing popularity of English, 361.

SCULPTURE, our climate not favourable to exhibitions of, 361;
progress of, in England, notwithstanding, 361.

SEASIDE resorts, imitation of continental examples at, 208.

SECONDARY schools, estimated proportion of population educated at, does
not exceed 2.5 per 1000, 145;
proportion very variable, 145;
from 1.1 per 1000 in Lancashire, 145;
to 13.5 in Bedfordshire, 145;
private, efficient service rendered to education by, 146;
plea for State help to private, 146;
of the great city companies, 149;
especially those of the drapers', the goldsmiths' and the grocers',
149.

SKATING rinks, shock to old-fashioned ideas caused by, 195;
first revolt of sons and daughters of middle class illustrated at, 195.

SLANEY, Colonel, motion by, for enquiry into health of towns, 389.

SMALLER endowed schools, old practice of farming out, 140;
evil effects of, 141;
vigorous dealing of corporations with the practice, 141;
closing of, recommended by the commissioners, 141.

SOCIETY, still a close corporation, 198;
but more and more subject to external influences, 198;
recruited from alien elements, 199;
ideal standard of, unaltered, 202.

SOCIETY of comparative legislation, 427.

SOMERSET, Duchess of, the Queen of Beauty at Eglinton tournament, 3.

SOUTH America, English loans to Republics of, 16.

SOUTH Kensington, the whole of, market gardens in 1840, 41;
contrast between the, of 1840 and that of 1890, 321;
labours of Prince Consort in connection with, 322;
entirely the growth of the Victorian era, 354;
an artistic 'Mecca,' 354;
Department of Practical Art at, 356;
under control of Board of Trade, 356;
Department of Science and Art at, 356;
under control of President of the Council, 356;
Marlborough House Collection, removed to, in 1856, 356;
Forster bequest of Dickens's manuscripts to, 357;
institutions affiliated to, 357;
30,000 pupils annually pass through the Science and Art Department at,
357.

SOVEREIGN, constitutional influence of, 261;
increased since days of absolute monarchy, 261;
surrender of political initiative by, 261;
compensated by increase of social ascendancy of, 261;
technical right of, to nominate and dismiss ministers, 261;
exercise of that prerogative in 1834 by William IV., 262;
the permanent head of a department of the State, 262;
view of Prince Consort, as to Sovereign's position, 262;
self-effacement of, impossible under Parliamentary Governments, 264;
the sole guarantee for continuity of policy, 271;
duty of Sovereign to judge which party in state can best carry on the
government of the country, 271.

STEAM, transformation of country by, 27.

STEPHENSON, George, his invention at first decried, 28;
sums up relations between the railways and the country, 37.

SULLIVAN, Sir Arthur, his work and public services, 347.

SUNDAY Schools, started by Robert Raikes late in eighteenth century, 133.

SURGEONS, work of eminent, 395;
exemplified by Caesar Hawkins, Benjamin Brodie and Spencer Wells, 395.

T

TAIT, Archbishop and family, riders in Hyde Park, 9.

TEACHERS, profession of, no proper representation of, 163;
assistant, in secondary schools, underpaid, 164.

TECHNICAL Education Act, 1890, for teaching handicrafts, 160;
grants authorised to be made by, 100.

TERRY, the family, a family of actors and actresses, 216;
Kate (Mrs Arthur Lewis), peerless in melodrama, 215;
Ellen, as a comedian, 216.

THACKERAY, W. M., distinguished figure in Hyde Park, 6.

THAMES, shocking condition of, between 1804 and 1866, 40.

THEATRE, The, position of, in early Victorian times, 41;
advice of Matthew Arnold, to organize, 209;
Macready, first organizer of, 1827 to 1851, 209;
difficulties experienced by him in attempt, 209;
dulness of, long after it became respectable, 212;
Lord Lytton's _Money_, dramatized for, 212;
Robertson's _Society_ produced at Prince of Wales's, 212;
revival of popularity of, 213;
caused by production of Robertson's plays, 213;
Lyceum, under Bateman, 214;
Miss Bateman as Leah at, 214;
first appearance of H. Irving at, 214;
opinions expressed by George Lewes and George Eliot on Irving at, 215;
result of influx of strangers into London, on Victorian, 218;
the suburban, of recent times, 218;
status of, raised by succession of high-class actors, 219.

TOLLEMACHE, Lord, of Peckforton, sketch of, 12;
the harness and trappings of his team, 12.

TROLLOPE, Anthony, sketch of, 12;
his sturdy cob, 12.

U

UNIVERSITIES, advice to settlers in East End, from, 130;
extension lectures of, 180;
Oxford and Cambridge brought to people's doors by, 180;
revolution in domestic life at the, 180;
less noticeable at Oxford than at Cambridge, 180;
unattached or non-collegiate students at, 181;
a return to mediaeval usage, 181;
comparative cost of education to unattached students at, 182;
fellows and tutors of colleges at the, 189;
altered habits and duties of fellows and tutors, 189;
alteration due to extension lectures and similar causes, 190;
scope of, extension lectures, 190;
synopsis of course, distributed beforehand, 190;
local schools and colleges in communication with, 192.

UNIVERSITY settlement in East End of London, 115;
clubs for adults encouraged by, 117;
dominant idea of, 120;
multifarious duties of a settler in, 121.

URBAN population, increase of, during last twenty years, 435.

V

VANDERBILT, Commodore, sells fleet of ships to buy railway shares, 34.

VICTORIA, colony of, indebted mainly to gold for its progress, 24;
gold raised in, between 1851 and 1859, 89 millions, 25;
imports rose to L30 per head of population, 26;
exports to L56 per head of population, 26.

VICTORIAN squire, often a self-made man, 200;
seldom violates old traditions, 200;
life of, at hall or manor, 200;
not very different from his predecessor, 200;
supports the subscription pack, 201;
breeds shorthorns, 201;
and becomes a judge of cattle, 201.

VOLUNTEERS, instructions to Lords-Lieutenant in 1859 to raise, 303;
Prince Consort's influence in securing issue of, 303;
first review of, in Hyde Park, 23d June 1860, 303;
number of, in 1860, 119,000, 303;
in 1886, 226,752, 303;
800,000 men, still of military age, in Great Britain, have been, 304.

W

WAGES, increase of, of working classes, in Victorian era, 43.

WAKEFIELD, Gibbon, sketch of his career, 433;
his _Art of Colonization_, 433.

WARD, Samuel, sketch of, 437;
nicknamed 'Uncle Sam,' 438;
founds a social and literary Anglo-American school, 438.

WARWICK, Earl of, descended from Sir Samuel Dashwood, vintner, a Lord
Mayor of London, 15.

WATKIN, Sir Edward, exceptional position of, 37.

WEALTH, aristocracy of, unknown before 1851, 42.

WELLINGTON, Duke of, personal sketch of, 4;
popular respect shown to, at all times, 10.

WHEWELL, Dr, historian of the Inductive Sciences, 325.

WINDSOR, compared with Weimar, 323.

WORKING Men's Club, established at Lancaster in 1860, 118;
and Institute Union, functions of, 126;
founded by Lords Brougham and Lyttleton, 118.

WORKING Men's College, Great Ormond Street, 118;
founded by Maurice and Thomas Hughes, 118.

Y

YOUTH, change in figure and appearance of English, 202;
improved expression on countenances of, 203;
taller and better set up, 203;
women as well as men, 203;
lofty stature and Junonian majesty of modern English feminine, 203.

THE END

_Colston & Coy., Limited. Printers, Edinburgh._

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Edited by Dr Ernst Regel--Berlin, 1894.

[2] The grandfather of the fifth Marquess. As Lord Henry Petty, he had so long since as 1806 been Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1848 he was President of the Council, and led the peers in the Russell Government. Died 1863.

[3] But much of the Forest being saved by the Common rights had not at any time been enclosed.

[4] _The Age of Gold_, vol. i. p. 37.

[5] While these lines are being prepared for the press there appears in a London newspaper a statement of the prices current at the Western Australia gold fields in the summer of 1896. They may be compared with the figures given in the text and are as follows:--Tea 3s., flour 10d., sugar 1s., bacon 3s., beef and mutton 4d. to 8d., cheese 2s. 6d., coffee 3s., tobacco 8s., and preserved potatoes 1s. 9d. per lb.; milk (condensed) 1s. 9d. per tin; flour 20s. per 50 lbs.; and eggs 10s. a dozen; but the cost of living generally, as compared with earnings, is low. On the Ashburton River gold fields mutton is 4d., beef 6d., flour 10d., tea 3s., sugar 9d. to 1s., preserved potatoes 1s. 6d., salt 1s., rice 1s., and oatmeal 1s. 3d. per lb. On the Yilgarn gold fields meat is 9d. to 1s. a lb., flour 10s. to 30s. per 50 lb. bag, tea 3s. 6d. a lb., and other provisions are equally scarce and dear. At Coolgardie, to the east of Yilgarn, flour costs L3 per 200 lbs., bread 1s. per 1-1/2 lb. loaf, butter 2s. 3d. per lb., potatoes 6d. per lb., sugar 8d. per lb., tinned milk 1s. 3d. per lb., bacon 1s. 9d. per lb., salt 6d. per lb., and board and lodgings L3 to L7 a week. On the Murchison gold fields in the North, the prices per lb. are: Flour 8d., sugar 8d., tea 3s. 6d., tobacco 6d., fish 1s. 6d., mutton 8d., beef 8d., butter 3s., and tinned meats 1s. 3d.

[6] Still more than this was given to get men on the home voyage from Melbourne.

[7] See _Our Railways_. By John Pendleton. Cassell & Co.

[8] Brought down to 1897 instead of 1881, these _mutatis mutandis_ figures are derived from Mr Mallock's most useful book.

[9] In the West of England, with which the writer is specially acquainted, this is generally the case.

[10] These figures are taken from 'Art Sales,' by George Redford, privately printed, 1882.

[11] Now Sir William Agnew.

[12] All the details of art prices given in this chapter are derived from Mr G. Redford's authentic record of art sales, first privately printed in 1888. For other information the writer is indebted to the late Sir J. E. Millais, P.R.A.

[13] See Picciotto's Anglo-Jewish History for all these early facts about the Jews.

[14] The idea of the Exhibition being 'universal' was not that of the Prince, but of the Committee of the Society of Arts. It was first suggested in fact by Mr Thomas Winkworth.

[15] Most of the time he was at Ghent. His stay there is known in French history as _La cour de Gand_.

[16] These anecdotes are given from Mr Reeves' volume already mentioned. They are suggestive of incident if not uniformly accurate in fact. The correction of the Waterloo incident given above commended itself to some among Baron Lionel's friends who would be likely to know.

[17] While Lord Palmerston has become a historical name, Lord Beaconsfield's precedents are daily, alike by friends and foes, cited as living forces.

[18] See _Quarterly Review_, July, 1896.

[19] This anecdote was often told by Lord Shaftesbury.

[20] Not, however, the most appreciated by his master.

[21] Now of course Battersea Park.

[22] Who, to the regret of all who knew his abilities, died February 1897, having exercised influence rather than achieved distinction.

[23] While he yet lives, his enduring monuments are his blocks of working men's dwellings in the King's Cross district and elsewhere.

[24] The guarantees against undue delegation are stringent and successful.

[25] Opinions vary as to the workability of this clause in the shape in which it left the Lords.

[26] _E.g._ In a typical Surrey village, where there are no Nonconformists, the Chairman is the Vicar, but of 38 Gloucestershire parishes, where dissenters abound, only in two or three.

[27] Urban District Councils have taken the place of Local Boards; they are in fact town councils of those districts which are not incorporated into municipalities.

[28] Molesworth's _History of England_, vol. i. p. 19.

[29] As a fact, the County chairman is most likely a J.P. already.

[30] For valuable facts and figures, bringing this chapter down to the latest date the writer is indebted to Mr Henry Chaplin and his staff at the Local Government Board, as for much other useful help to Sir Henry Fowler, Sir Charles Dilke, the Rev. Charles Cox, D.D., and to Mr G. W. E. Russell.

[31] In addition to Sir Charles Dilke, Sir Henry Fowler and others already mentioned, the writer is indebted for invaluable help in the preparation of facts and the revision of proofs in this portion of the book to Mr W. J. Soulsby the accomplished private secretary to a succession of Lord Mayors of London.

[32] An account of the University Settlements in East London. Edited by John M. Knapp, Oxford House, Bethnal Green. Rivington, Percival & Co. 1895.

[33] _England: Its People, Polity and Pursuits._ 2 vols. Cassell & Co. 1 vol. Chapman & Hall.

[34] This usage varies under different Administrations and at different epochs. Mr Forster [1870] was an actual Education Minister. His Liberal successors have been so since; his Conservative successors only in a qualified sense.

[35] See Report of the Secondary Education Commission, vol. i. _passim_, but especially, pp. 44, and seq.

[36] These have produced not a few famous men even in this generation: Thus Bishop Stortford shares with Oriel, Oxford the honour of educating Mr Cecil Rhodes.

[37] As the writer has a personal reason for knowing, this is the year in which the amalgamation first took a definite shape, though it was not perhaps fully carried out till a little later.

[38] This point was dwelt upon strongly in the letters of London correspondents to the French press at the time of the 1887 Jubilee.

[39] Recent legislation providing for the information of the working classes on this point, by the display of lists in factories, has not given entire satisfaction to the persons interested.

[40] The statistics showing the new rungs in the educational ladder in this chapter have been supplied to the writer by Mr G. H. Croad of the London School Board, by other gentlemen in like positions and by private friends in the Education Department. Thanks are also due to Sir John Gorst, and to Mr Mundella for the kind trouble they have taken in checking the facts of the narrative portion, and for making valuable suggestions.

[41] This, during the youth of the late Rev W. G. Cookesley was said by that authority to be, not hyperbole, but historical fact.

[42] This title has been denied to the King here named, but Waynflete, also an Eton benefactor as well as official, was himself transferred by Henry from Winchester to Eton, becoming Headmaster and Provost successively.

[43] For the facts and figures in this chapter showing the relations of the old public schools to the new educational tests, as for the facts of Eton expenditure, the writer is indebted to the Rev. Edmond Warre, D.D., the Headmaster, who has placed at his disposal all the necessary data.

[44] See _Eothen_, edn. 1896--Blackwood, p. 7.

[45] Now in vogue at nearly all the pleasure towns in southern England.

[46] The name of Frank as well as of Charles Mathews was often on the bills of this theatre during the sixties.

[47] Census of England and Wales, 1891. Vol. iv. General Report, pp. 64 and fg.

[48] For a valuable dissertation, to which the present writer is much indebted on this subject, see A. J. Ogilvy--_Westminster Review_, 1891. Vol. 136, pp. 289 to 297.

[49] W. Cunningham on the Malthusian theory--_Macmillan's Magazine_, Dec. 1883.

[50] In addition to the published official statistics from which the above facts and figures are taken, the writer is indebted to the Registrar-General for much useful information, and to Mr G. Shaw-Lefevre for further friendly help.

[51] See Molesworth's _History of England_. Vol. i. p. 90 and fg.

[52] Commons Journal, xci. 319.

[53] In the Upper House, there is perhaps no one to whom the classics are more familiar as literature than Lord Morley.

[54] For nearly all the details as to the structural arrangements of the two Houses of Parliament, and to the particulars of what may be called their social life, the writer desires to express his grateful acknowledgments to Mr Archibald Milman, C.B., a Clerk of the House of Commons. On other parliamentary points, he is not less indebted to Sir Charles Dilke, and to many more Members of Parliament, only a few of whom now survive.

[55] See the following extract from the _Daily News_, Dec. 16, 1896:--

MR GLADSTONE ON PARLIAMENTARY CHANGES.--Mr Gladstone having read an article in the _Westminster Review_ entitled 'The Old M.P. and the New,' by George A. B. Dewar, writes that, speaking from recollection, he thinks there were not five members of the Conservative party in 1835 who sat in the House of Commons by reason of their connection with trade or industry. He describes the change which has come about in the composition of the party since then as 'simply marvellous.'

[56] 'It is the Queen's doing,' is the statement of the newspapers of that year; but seems to apply not to the dismissal of Lord Grey, but of Lord Melbourne who had followed him.

[57] The reference to Lord Palmerston and the _Morning Post_ is historical.

[58] It might be argued of course with much plausibility that this order of things has begun long since, and that, the verbal distinction notwithstanding, government by party has always, from another point of view been government by groups.

[59] This (1701) followed the Kentish petition to the Commons protesting against distrust of the King, and desiring that the addresses of the loyal petitioners might be turned into Bills of Supply.

[60] Sir Theodore Martin's 'Life,' chapter i. These references are in all cases to the People's Edition.

[61] 'Life,' p. 11.

[62] Before Prince Albert's reforms, the jurisdiction of the Palace interior was divided between the Lord Chamberlain and the Lord Steward. The Lord Chamberlain was responsible for providing the lamps, the Lord Steward for lighting them; before a pane of glass or cupboard could be repaired, months sometimes passed; all external repairs were in the hands of the Woods and Forests, on which it therefore depended how much daylight should be admitted through the windows. More than two-thirds of the indoor servants seemed without control, coming in, going out, when, and with whom they chose.--'Life,' pp. 26-27.

[63] 'Life,' p. 21.

[64] 'Life,' p. 21.

[65] Not, as was long said, Mr Disraeli, but Mr Disraeli's then titular leader, Lord George Bentinck.

[66] At this interval, traditions as to the merits of the quarrel may differ. The account here given is from the most authentic source existing.--Martin's 'Life,' p, 29.

[67] This opinion used to be expressed very strongly by Lord Raglan who commanded in the Crimea. It was shared by the French military experts of the day.

[68] The figures in the earlier estimate are taken from the _Imperial Federation Journal_, June 1886: Those of the later date are supplied by the Army Estimates, and by the courtesy of Lord Lansdowne and his colleagues at the War Office.

[69] This (_i.e._ distribution of honours according to property) seems from _Ethics_, Book viii. ch. 10, the exact meaning of the convenient compound.

[70] For the chief facts in these remarks on the army, where they are not directly drawn from the Blue Books, or as above specified from the Imperial Federation Journal, the writer is indebted, and would express his thanks, to Lord Lansdowne, Secretary of State for War; to Field Marshal Lord Wolseley, and to his old and distinguished friend General Sir Henry Brackenbury.

[71] Quoted by Captain Eardley Wilmot in _The Development of Navies_, p. 1.

[72] _The Development of Navies_, p. 12.

[73] P. 27.

[74] The 'Warrior,' at this time standing by herself, was a vessel of 9,210 tons. Thirty-five years later the advance made in our ideas of dimension and power may be judged from the fact that on Jan. 31, 1895, the 'Majestic' was launched. Her tonnage was 14,900, an increase of 5,690 on her predecessor. Unlike the 'Warrior' of an earlier date, the 'Majestic' was only one of several, the building of which began at the end of 1894, the last parliamentary record of which reaches to the spring of 1896. Briefly to summarize the results that emphasize the contrasts between the two epochs, the average size of vessels built at the present time approaches thrice that of twenty years ago. Then too, steel was not used for ship building; now it is gradually supplanting iron. Of late there have been more ships built than formerly on a less colossal scale. The result is partially due to the dimensions of the Suez Canal whose depth is not equal to an ironclad of the first magnitude. Time, apparently, is still needed to show if our seamen can develop a skill as great in handling these iron leviathans as in controlling those wooden craft, their management of which was the admiration of the world.

[75] Apart from the parliamentary papers bearing on the navy, Captain Eardley Wilmot's _The Development of Navies_ is the literary authority that has been found most useful in preparing this chapter. The writer is however, chiefly indebted to the details with which he has been kindly and copiously supplied by the present First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr Goschen and his staff, especially Lord Encombe.

[76] In the nineteenth century, on a much smaller scale, exhibitions had been held in Paris 1801, 1806, 1836, 1849, as well as in Belgium, Germany and Spain. The true precursor of the '51 Exhibition has been discovered by Mr Molesworth (History ii. p. 363) in the Covent Garden Free Trade Bazaar 1846.

[77] Macaulay's House of Commons speeches in the 1832 Reform Bill debates are famous. When he was best known as a writer, he had been Secretary at War (1839) and Paymaster General (1846). Lytton at the zenith of his literary fame had been Colonial Secretary under Lord Derby in 1858, before he was made a peer in 1866.

[78] The vitality of Purcell's fame at the 200th anniversary of his death was attested by the celebrations of 1895. Since then a very remarkable tribute to his greatness has been given accidentally in an unexpected quarter. The great German classical authority, the Bach Gesellschaft (vol. xlii. p. 250) prints as a doubtful work of Bach, Purcell's Toccata in A which is given in the Harpsichord and Organ volume of the Purcell Society (p. 42). That a work of Purcell's should have been mistaken for one of the very greatest organ writer's who has ever lived, and that by Bach's own jealous countrymen, is a panegyric more significant than words on our own great national composer.

[79] _Life and Letters of Sir Charles Halle_ (Smith, Elder & Co.) illustrates with interesting detail the service rendered to Beethoven by this great exponent of his genius.

[80] For the facts and figures contained in this survey of our musical state, the writer desires to express his special obligations to Sir George Grove, and to Sir Arthur Sullivan, both private friends of many years standing.

[81] Martin's 'Life,' People's Edition, part ii. p. 63.

[82] The habit of inviting other than parliamentary guests, men famous in art or science, to the State dinners on the eve of the session began with Mr Gladstone, and after him Mr Disraeli.

[83] A class chiefly, if not exclusively, represented by, to his honour be it said, Professor Herkomer.

[84] While these pages are passing through the press, the French critic, M. Yriarte, writing in the _Times_, gives the following interesting testimony to the world-wide value of this British centre of humanity and culture:--To-day for all of us foreigners South Kensington is a Mecca. England there possesses the entire art of Europe and the East, their spiritual manifestations under all forms, and Europe has been swept into the stream in imitation of England. Berlin, Budapest, Vienna, Nuremberg, Basle, Madrid, St Petersburg, Moscow, the large towns of America itself have now their South Kensingtons; but in the original one of England still unfinished, where the splendour of the start (excessive, as it seems to me) contrasts with the inertia of the last fifteen years, the inconceivable treasures are becoming so much heaped up as to be a veritable obstacle to study. How is it possible to study this extraordinary series of textiles of all times and countries, ranged one upon another, overlapping and hiding one another, without proper perspective and proper light?

[85] L70,000, to which the Duke of Marlborough reduced the L100,000 which he originally asked.

[86] For the information embodied in this chapter, the writer is under many obligations to the late Sir John E. Millais, to the late Sir Philip Cunliffe Owen, long Director at South Kensington, and Mr F. A. Eaton, the present Secretary to the Royal Academy.

[87] Greenwood, p. 291.

[88] Thackeray, when writing _The Virginians_, Carlyle, in the preparation of all his later works, are authentic and only the more illustrious instances which could be given.

[89] Such was the precise garment mentioned by Mr Harrison when he told the story to the present writer.

[90] To whom, while at work on portions of this book at a distance from London, the present writer owes much courteous help.

[91] By exactly ten years, Thackeray dying 1863, Lytton 1873. The increased interest in Dickens is shown by Messrs Chapman & Hall's latest editions, the revived interest in Lytton by Messrs Routledge's new ventures.

[92] Personally, Lord Lytton was more correctly appreciated in Paris where in his last years he much lived. His unfailing presence of mind in physical difficulties or dangers compelled the admiration of all who knew him. A Colonial Secretary himself, he first showed, in the closing chapters of _The Caxtons_, that sense of the greatness of our Colonial empire, to-day a commonplace but unknown up to then.

[93] John Copley, afterwards Lord Lyndhurst, and John Campbell, afterwards Lord Campbell, during their student days at the Bar, both wrote for the London papers, chiefly theatrical critiques.

[94] These figures for the later date are taken direct from Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory 1897; for the earlier from a note by Mr Garnett in Mr Ward's _Reign of Queen Victoria_; Mr Garnett's statistics being apparently derived from an article contributed probably by Albany Fonblanc to an early number of the _Westminster Review_.

[95] Carried in the January of 1855 a majority of 157 (305 to 148).

[96] Successes of a new sort have been made. The penny newspapers had paid by their advertisements; when the price of the paper on which they were printed exceeded a certain figure, circulation beyond the amount necessary to maintain advertisements was not therefore in itself a paramount object. The new halfpenny sheets realized on every copy sold a profit larger even proportionately than the penny papers had ever made on their copies, advertisements of course excepted.

[97] For the commercial details of newspaper enterprise, the reader is referred to the author's earlier work _England_, etc., where he duly acknowledged his obligations to his editorial chief and personal friend, Mr W. H. Mudford, of the _Standard_; for the fresh facts and figures here given the writer is indebted to Sir Charles Dilke, to Mr H. Labouchere, to an article on _Halfpenny Papers_ by Mr F. A. McKenzie in the _Windsor Magazine_ for January 1897, and above all to Mitchell's invaluable _Newspaper Press Directory_.

[98] M.P. for Shrewsbury since 1832.

[99] Each reform was followed by a fresh diminution in the death rate.

[100] This lady, in addition to her natural gift of organization, had been trained at the Prussian hospital of Kaisersworth. Accompanied by her friends, Mr and Mrs Bracebridge of Atherstone Hall, and 37 nurses, she reached Scutari November 5, just in time to tend the wounded after Balaclava.

[101] Sampson Low's _Charities of London_, p. 2.

[102] The statistics illustrative of this subject have been derived exclusively from Mr Sampson Low's _Charities of London_, at the places already indicated in the footnotes. For the other facts to complete the little picture, the writer is indebted to friends who have made this subject their special study, such as Lady Priestley, or reluctantly to his own personal experience.

[103] For these statistics, some of them perhaps now given for the first time the writer is beholden to Sir Brydges Henniker, Registrar General.

[104] This most gifted family came originally from Plymouth or its neighbourhood, sending representatives to Bath, Bristol and Barnstaple. The Barnstaple Budd, universally respected, died 1896.

[105] Dr Ferrier's work on the brain, mapping it out according to its functions, appeared 1876 and also perhaps marks an epoch.

[106] Shortly before his death, the late Sir Andrew Clark assured the present writer that his remarks in his earlier work, _England_, on the medical profession were accurate in all respects and applicable to the existing state of things. For the purpose of the present volume when the writer was first contemplating it, and was in occasional correspondence with Sir Andrew, the great physician kindly made a few fresh hints. These, with the information of Sir William and Lady Priestley, have been indispensable to the writer throughout.

[107] Evidence in support of this has been collected by the writer throughout the manufacturing districts, an important fact being that where secularism was most organized, there well-to-do mechanics and artizans are Communicants, and often Sunday School teachers as well.

[108] The Ramsden Sermon, preached before Oxford University June 12, 1892, pp. 10, 11.

[109] These Bishoprics, 75 in America, 4 in other countries, that is 79 in all, control (1897) 4,666 clergy; among the church goers 622,194 are Communicants. The total of Anglican clergy in foreign parts, at the period of the Queen's accession, excluding Bishops, was 897. In 1850 it was 1,193. To-day (1897) it is 4,312. Roughly, therefore, the increase has been 300 per cent.

[110] The most noticeable being the Gorham dispute about _Baptismal Regeneration_ 1850, which issued in defining the Evangelical status, as in 1847 Hampden's bishopric had secured the broad Church position. In 1871 the Frome case secured the highest doctrines on the Eucharist. These three decisions practically constitute the Charters of the three chief parties in the National Church.

[111] Not Dean of St Paul's till 1869.

[112] _The Sermon on the Mount_, 1897.

[113] For the information as to the Church of England embodied in this chapter, the writer's thanks are sincerely tendered to the Rev. H. W. Tucker of the S.P.G. Society; to the Rev. J. C. Cox, D.D., Holdenby, North Hants; to the Rev. A. L. Foulkes, Steventon, Berks; and to Mr G. W. E. Russell. No official statistics of the numbers in the different Churches exist. The basis of the estimate given is supplied by the statistics of the _Federation League Journal_, June, 1886.

[114] This is not the conventional idea of clubs. Thackeray, who knew club-life well, first illustrated this view. An examination of the tariff and general charges at the professional clubs in Pall Mall or St James's would show the absolute truth of the description.

[115] The Honourable Mr Algernon Bourke has a more than amateur experience of modern clubs. While these pages are passing through the press, he gives it as his opinion that nowadays there is practically no play in clubs. All who know anything of the subject would confirm the general truth of that statement.

[116] See _passim_ the evidence taken before this Committee printed in the 1844 Parliamentary Blue Books.

[117] The reluctance of referees to interfere is natural and pardonable in view of the fashionable brutality not only of the players but the spectators. A proof of this may be found in a typical instance reported in a daily paper:--A FOOTBALL REFEREE ASSAULTED.--A disgraceful scene was witnessed at Lincoln last night after the close of the League match between Lincoln City and Newton Heath. The decisions of the referee (Mr Fox, of Sheffield) gave great dissatisfaction to the crowd, and the hostile demonstration commenced when he awarded the Heathens two penalty kicks in quick succession. After the match he had to seek shelter in the secretary's office for some time, and when he did leave the ground he was badly assaulted by several roughs. The windows of a cab in which he drove to his hotel were completely smashed.

[118] In the diverse materials for this chapter, the writer has been helped greatly by the volume on the Turf in the Badminton Series, but in all which has to do with horses by the Earl of Dunraven, by Lord Ribblesdale, by Mr Leopold de Rothschild; in all that relates to cricket and football by the Hon. and Rev. E. Lyttelton, Headmaster of Haileybury College, and in the football facts by one of Mr Lyttelton's Haileybury colleagues. His chess facts have been given him by a great West of England authority in the game, H. Maxwell Prideaux. For his knowledge of ladies' work he is indebted, as in _England_ he was, to Miss F. S. Hollings.

[119] The motion in 1849 for the Sierra Leone reduction was, as Hansard shows, only one of a series of such proposals. Hume's views on the Colonies were much those which Mill had set forth in his famous Encyclopaedia Britannica article. Mill may have been against Colonial expansion, but not against Colonial retention.

[120] On this subject see the very interesting and accurate statistics compiled by Mr F. Leveson Gower, and published by the Cobden Club.

[121] A. Cleveland Coxe, then Rector of Grace Church, Baltimore, published his _Impressions of England_, 1856. His Ballads and Carols, ecclesiastical or religious, especially one entitled _In Dreamland_, abound in graceful fancy, and have had a popularity among English and American Anglicans approaching that of _The Christian Year_.

[122] For the facts relating to the administration of law, the writer is indebted to Sir Edward Clarke, and to the Master John MacDonell, of the High Court of Justice. The facts and figures with respect to the Colonies have been drawn from official sources as well as from the very valuable _Imperial Federation League Journal_ for June 1886. He is further personally beholden for the local colour inparted to his Colonial descriptions by the private information of Sir Robert G. W. Herbert, Sir Julius Vogel, Mr John Bramston, and other Colonial officials. The privately printed papers of the fourth Lord Carnarvon distributed among his personal friends (1897), opportunely confirm and illustrate the views here given of the Colonial past, present, and future.