Chapter XVII: Appendix: Chronological Tables

NO. I

Carthaginian Domination in Spain 238 to 200 B.C. Roman Domination 200 B.C. to 414 A.D. Visigothic Domination 414 A.D. to 711 A.D.

_Visigothic Kings_

A.D. Ataulfo 414, D. 417 Sigerico 417 Walia 420 Teodoredo 451 Turismundo 454 Teodorico 466 Eurico 483

This king, after conquering the Suevi and other races, is
considered he founder of the monarchy.

Alarico D. 505 Gesaleico 510 Amalarico 531 Teudis 548 Teudiselo 549 Agila 554 Atanagildo 567 Liuva I. 572 Leovigildo 586

After destroying the barbarians that still remained in the country,
he was the first king who ruled over the whole of the Peninsula.

Recaredo I. 601

Summoned the 3d Council of Toledo, renounced Arianism, and became
the first Catholic king of Spain.

Liuva II. 603 Witerico 610 Gundemaro 612 Sisebuto 621 Recaredo II. 621 Suintila 631 Sisenando 635 Tulga 640 Chindasvinto 650 Recesvinto 672 Wamba 680 Ervigio 687 Egica 701 Witiza 709 Don Rodrigo 711

The Moors entered Spain and defeated Don Rodrigo at the battle of
Guadalete, who disappeared there. The Moors occupied in the two
following years almost the whole of the Peninsula, and governed
under the dependence of the Caliphs of Damascus.

_Moorish Rulers in Spain_

Emirs dependent on the
Caliphs of Damascus 711-715
Independent Caliphate established
by the Ommeyah
family, the capital being
Cordova 755-1009
Kings of Taifas, governors
of the provinces which declared
themselves independent
during the last
Caliphate, Hischen II. 1009-1090
The Almoravides from Africa
established themselves
in the Moorish territory
of the Peninsula 1090-1157
The Almohades conquered
the Almoravides 1157-1212
Kings of Granada. The
Moorish domination is
reduced to the kingdom
of Granada 1226-1492

The rule of the Moors in Spain ends in 1492, at the conquest of
Granada.

_Kings of Asturias, Leon, and Castile_

Pelayo (the re-conquest begins) 718, D. 737 Favila 739 Alonso I., el Catolico 757 Favila I. (fixes his Court at Oviedo) 768 Aurelio 774 Silo 783 Mauregato 788 Bermudo I., el Diacono 795 Alonso II., el Casto 843 Ramiro I. 850 Ordoño I. 865 Alonso III., el Magno 910

Divided the kingdom of Galicia, Leon, and Asturias, among his sons,
the three following kings.

Garcia 913 Ordoño II. 923 Fruela II. 924

Ordoño fixed his Court at Leon, and here end the named kings or
Asturias.

Alonso IV., el Monge 930 Ramiro II. 950 Ordoño III. 955 Sancho I., el Craso 967 Ramiro III. 982 Bermudo II. 999 Alonso V., el Noble 1028 Bermudo III. 1037

The territory of Castile, which formed a separate state, governed
by _Condes_, passed to Dona Sancha and Don Fernando I., who
entitled themselves Kings of Castile and Leon.

Fernando I. and Dona Sancha 1065 Sancho II., el Fuerte 1073 Alfonso VI. 1108 (Conquered Toledo in 1085.) Dona Urraca 1126 Alfonso VII., el Emperador 1157

At his death the kingdoms of Castile and Leon are divided among the
six following kings:

Sancho III. (Castilla) 1158 Fernando II. (Leon) 1188 Alfonso VIII. (Castilla) 1214 Alfonso IX. (Leon) 1230 Enrique I. (Castilla) 1217

Dona Berenguela, who abdicated the crown of Castile in favor of her
son, Fernando III., who inherited also the crown of Leon from his
father, Alfonso IX.

Fernando III., King of Castile
and Leon 1252

He conquered Cordova, Jaen, and Seville.

Alonso X., el Sabio 1284 Sancho IV., el Bravo 1295 Fernando IV., el Emplazado 1312 Alonso XI. 1350 Pedro I., el Cruel 1369 Enrique II., el Bastardo 1379 Juan I. 1390 Enrique III., el Doliente 1407 Juan II. 1454 Enrique IV., el Impotente 1474 Dona Isabel, la Catolica 1504 Fernando V. de Aragon 1516 Dona Juana, la loca 1555 Felipe I., el Hermoso, first king of the house of Austria 1505 Carlos V., Emperador 1558 Felipe II. 1598 Felipe III. 1621 Felipe IV. 1665 Carlos II. 1700 Felipe V. (first king of the house of Bourbon) abdicated in 1724 Luis I. 1724 Felipe V. 1746 Fernando VI. 1759 Carlos III. 1788 Carlos IV., abdicated 1808 Fernando VII. 1833 Isabel II., dethroned 1868 Gobierno Provisional 1871 Amadeo de Saboya abdicated 1873 Spanish Republic 1874 Alfonso XII died 1886

_Kings of Navarre._

The inhabitants of Navarre began the re-conquest from the middle of
the 8th century. Their rulers were called condes, or kings, until
Sancho Abarca widened the territory; from that time they are always
called kings of Navarre.

Sancho Abarca 980-994 Garcia III. 1000 Sancho III., el Mayor 1038 Garcia IV. 1057 Sancho IV. 1076 Sancho Ramirez V. 1092

This king, and the two that followed, were likewise kings of
Aragon.

Pedro I. 1106 Alfonso, el Batallador 1134 Garcia Ramirez IV. 1150 Sancho VI., el Sabio 1194 Sancho VII., el Fuerte 1234

Here begin the kings of the House of Champagne.

Teobaldo I. 1253 Teobaldo II. 1270 Enrique I. 1273 Juana I. 1304

On her marriage with Philip le Bel, Navarre passed to the house of
France.

Luis Hutin 1316 Felipe le Long 1320 Carlos I. de Navarra, IV. de Francia 1329 Juana II. 1343 Carlos II. d’Evreux 1387 Carlos III. 1425 Dona Blanca y Juan I. 1479 Francisco Febo 1483 Catalina 1512

Fernando V. of Navarre took possession in 1512 of Navarre, and it
was then incorporated with Castile.

_Kings of Aragon._

Aragon belonged to the kingdom of Navarre until Sancho III. gave it
to his son Ramiro.

Ramiro I. 1035, D. 1063 Sancho I. 1094 Pedro I. 1104 Alfonso I., el Batallador 1134 Ramiro II., el Monge 1137

Aragon and Cataluña are united.

Petronila 1162 Alfonso II. 1196 Pedro II. 1213 Jaime I., el Conquistador 1276 Pedro III. 1285

Sicily is united to Aragon.

Alfonso III. 1291 Jaime II. 1327 Alfonso IV. 1336 Pedro IV. 1387 Juan I. 1395 Martin 1410 Fernando, el de Antequera 1416 Alfonso V. 1458 Juan II. 1470 Fernando el Catolico.

Aragon passes to the crown of Castile.

_Counts of Barcelona._

In the 8th and 9th centuries Cataluña belonged to Charlemagne and
his successors. Wilfredo was the first independent Conde.

Wilfredo el Belloso 864-898 Borrell I. 912 Suniario 917 Borrell II. and his brother Miron 992 Ramon Borrell 1018 Ramon Berenguer I. 1025 Ramon Berenguer II. 1077 Berenguer and Ramon Berenguer III. 1113 Ramon Berenguer IV. 1131

Ramon Berenguer V. married Dona Petronila de Aragon, and this
kingdom was incorporated with the Condado de Cataluña.

NO. II

_Contemporary Sovereigns_

The periods have been selected during which leading events in Spanish history have occurred.

A.D. Spain. England. France. Rome. 800 Alonso II. el Casto Egbert Charlemagne Leo III. 877 Alonso III. el Magno Alfred Louis II. John VII. 996 Ramiro III. Ethelred II. Hugh Capet Gregory V. 1075 Sancho II. William the Philip I. Gregory VII. Conqueror 1155 Alfonso VII. Henry II. Louis VII. { Adrian IV. { Breakspeare 1245 San Fernando Henry III. St. Louis Innocent IV. 1345 Alfonso XI. Edward III. Philip VI. Benedict VI. 1360 Pedro el Cruel Edward III. John II. Innocent VI. 1485 Isabel la Catolica Henry VII. Charles VIII. Innocent VIII. 1515 Fernando de Aragon Henry VIII. Francis I. Leo X. 1550 Carlos V. Edward VI. Henry II. Paul III. 1560 Felipe II. Elizabeth Charles IX. Pius IV. 1644 Felipe IV. Charles I. Louis XIV. Innocent X. 1705 Felipe V. Anne Louis XIV. Clement XI. 1760 Carlos III. George III. Louis XV. Clement XIII. 1808 Fernando VII. George III. Napoleon I. Pius VII. 1840 Isabel II. } { Louis Philippe { Gregory XVI. } { Napoleon III. { and Pius IX. 1877 Alfonso XII. } Victoria French Republic Leo XIII. 1886 Cristina, } queen-regent } 1886 Alfonso XIII. }

FOOTNOTES:

[1] “Historia general de España,” by Juan de Mariana. 9 vols., Valencia, 1783-96.

[2] _Al Manzor al Allah_: “The Victor of God; or, Victorious by the Grace of God.”

[3] _Mas Moros mas ganancia_, “The more the Moors, the greater the booty,” was one of his sayings, and it has passed into a well-known national proverb.

[4] Having kicked to pieces the splendid furniture and beaten the Papal chamberlain, he proceeded to threaten to caparison his horse with the rich hangings of the chapel, if the Pope refused him instant Absolution!

Si no me absolveis, el Papa,
Seriaos mal contado
Que do vuestras ricas ropas
Cubriré yo mi caballo!
--Wolf and Hofmann, “Cid Ballads.”

[5] Muley is an Arabic word meaning “my lord.”

[6] Certainly in 1480, possibly not five-and-twenty years later. From curious criminal proceedings instituted against the Corregidor of Medina del Campo, we learn that that high judicial authority had not hesitated to declare that the soul of Isabella had gone direct to hell for her cruel oppression of her subjects, and that King Ferdinand was a thief and a robber, and that all the people round Medina and Valladolid, where the queen was best known, had formed the same judgment of her. “Arch. Gen. Simancas,” Estado, Legajo i., folio 192; “Calendar of State Papers” (Spain), Supplement to i. and ii. (1868), p. 27.

[7] From January, 1493, till October, 1497.

[8] Legaspi and Guido Lavezares, under oath, made promises of rewards to the Lacandola family and a remission of tribute in perpetuity, but they were not fulfilled. In the following century--year 1660--it appears that the descendants of the rajah Lacandola still upheld the Spanish authority, and having become sorely impoverished thereby, the heir of the family petitioned the governor (Sabiniano Manrique de Lara) to make good the honor of his first predecessors. Eventually the Lacandolas were exempted from the payment of tribute and poll tax forever, as recompense for the filching of their domains.

In 1884, when the fiscal reforms were introduced which abolished the tribute and established in lieu thereof a document of personal identity (cedula personal), for which a tax is levied, the last vestige of privilege disappeared.

Descendants of Lacandola are still to be met with in several villages near Manila. They do not seem to have materially profited by their transcendent ancestry--one of them was serving as a waiter in a French restaurant in the capital in 1885.

[9] Guido de Lavezares deposed a sultan in Borneo, in order to aid another to the throne, and even asked permission of King Philip II. to conquer China, which of course was not conceded to him. _Vide_ also the history of the destruction of the Aztec (Mexican) and Incas (Peruvian) dynasties by the Spaniards.

[10] According to Juan de la Concepcion, in his “Hist. Gen. de Philipinas,” Vol I., page 431, Li-ma-hong made his escape by cutting a canal for his ships to pass through, but this appears highly improbable under the circumstances.

[11] Other authors assert that only Soliman rebelled.

[12] Bondage in the Philippines was apparently not so necessary for the interests of the Church as it was in Cuba, where a commission of friars, appointed soon after the discovery of the island to deliberate on the policy of partially permitting slavery there, reported “that the Indians would not labor without compulsion, and that, unless they labored, they could not be brought into communication with the whites, nor be converted to Christianity.” Vide W. H. Prescott’s “Hist. of the Conquest of Mexico.”

[13] “Hist. Gen. de Philipinas,” by Juan de la Concepcion Vol. III., Chap. IX., page 365, pub. Manila, 1788.

[14] So tenacious was the opposition brought by the Austin friars both in Manila and the provinces that the British appear to have regarded them as their special foes.