Chapter XXXII: Part 32

Viewing the foot in profile, we distinguish the regular position (fig. 5b) and designate all forward deviations as acute-angled (long toe and low heel, fig. 5a), and all deviations backward from the regular (steep toe and high heel, fig. 5c) as steep-toed, or stumpy. When the body weight is evenly distributed over all four limbs, the foot-axis should be straight; the long pastern, short pastern, and wall at the toe should have the same slant.

_A front hoof of the regular standing position._--The outer wall is a little more slanting and somewhat thicker than the inner. The lower border of the outer quarter describes the arc of a smaller circle--that is, is more sharply bent than the inner quarter. The weight falls near the center of the foot and is evenly distributed over the whole bottom of the hoof. The toe forms an angle with the ground of 45 deg. to 50 deg. and is parallel to the direction of the long pastern. The toe points straight ahead, and when the horse is moving forward in a straight line the hoofs are picked up and carried forward in a line parallel to the middle line of the body, and are set down flat. Coming straight toward the observer the hoofs seem to rise and fall perpendicularly.

_A hoof of the base-wide position_ is always awry. The outer wall is more slanting, longer, and thicker than the inner, the outer quarter more curved than the inner, and the outer half of the sole wider than the inner. The weight falls largely into the inner half of the hoof. In motion the hoof is moved in a circle. From its position on the ground it breaks over the inner toe, is carried forward and inward close to the supporting leg, thence forward and outward to the ground, which the hoof meets first with the outer toe. Horses that are toe-wide ("splay-footed"--toes turned outward) show all these peculiarities of hoof-form and hoof-flight to a still more marked degree and are therefore more prone to "interfere" when in motion.

_A hoof of the base-narrow position_ is awry, but not to so marked a degree as the base-wide hoof. The inner wall is usually a little more slanting than the outer, the inner half of the sole wider than the outer, and the inner quarter more curved than the outer. The outer quarter is often flattened and drawn in at the bottom. The weight falls largely into the outer half of the hoof. In motion the hoof breaks over the outer toe, is carried forward and outward at some distance from the supporting leg, thence forward and inward to the ground, which it generally meets with the outer toe. The foot thus moves in a circle, whose convexity is outward, a manner of flight called "paddling." A base-narrow horse, whose toes point straight ahead, frequently "interferes," while a toe-narrow (pigeon-toed) animal seldom does.

_A regular hoof_ (fig. 5b), viewed from one side, has a straight foot-axis inclined to the horizon at an angle of 45 deg. to 50 deg.. The weight falls near the center of the foot and there is moderate expansion of the quarters.

_An acute-angled hoof_ (fig. 5a) has a straight foot-axis inclined at an angle less than 45 deg. to the horizon. The weight falls more largely in the back half of the hoof and there is greater length of hoof in contact with the ground and greater expansion of the heels than in the regular hoof.

_Upright or stumpy hoof._--In the upright or stumpy hoof (fig. 5c) the foot-axis is straight and more than 55 deg. steep. The hoof is relatively short from toe to heel, the weight falls farther forward, and there is less expansion of the heels than in the regular hoof.

_Wide and narrow hoofs._--Finally, there are wide hoofs and narrow hoofs, dependent solely upon race and breeding. The wide hoof is almost circular on the ground surface, the sole but little concave, the frog large, and the quality of the horn coarse. The narrow hoof has a strongly "cupped" sole, a small frog, nearly perpendicular side walls, and fine-grained, tough horn.

_Hind hoofs_ are influenced in shape by different directions of their pasterns much as front feet are. A hind hoof is not round at the toe as a front hoof is, but is more pointed. Its greatest width is two-thirds of the way back from toe to heel, the sole is more concave, the heels relatively wider, and the toe about 10 deg. steeper than in front hoofs.

EXAMINATION PRELIMINARY TO SHOEING.

The object of the examination is to ascertain the direction and position of the limbs, the shape, character, and quality of the hoofs, the form, length, position, and wear of the shoe, the number, distribution, and direction of the nails, the manner in which the hoof leaves the ground, its line of flight, the manner in which it is set to the ground, and all other peculiarities, that at the next and subsequent shoeings proper allowances may be made and observed faults corrected. The animal must, therefore, be observed both at rest and in motion.

At rest, the observer should stand in front and note the slant of the long pasterns. Do they drop perpendicularly, or slant downward and outward (base-wide foot), or downward and inward (base-narrow foot)? Whatever be the direction to the long pastern, an imaginary line passing through its long axis, when prolonged to the ground, should apparently pass through the middle of the toe. But if such line cuts through the inner toe the foot-axis is not straight, as it should be, but is broken inward at the coronet, an indication that either the outer wall of the hoof is too long (high) or that the inner wall is too short (low). On the contrary, if the center line of the long pastern falls through the outer toe the foot-axis is broken outward at the coronet, an indication that either the inner wall is too long or the outer wall too short.

The observer should now place himself at one side, two or three paces distant, in order to view the limb and hoof in profile. Note the size of the hoof in relation to the height and weight of the animal, and the obliquity of the hoof. Is the foot-axis straight--that is, does the long pastern have the same slant as the toe, or does the toe of the hoof stand steeper than the long pastern (fig. 6c)? In which case the foot-axis is broken forward at the coronet, an indication, usually, that the quarters are either too high or that the toe is too short.

If the long pastern stands steeper than the toe (fig. 6a) the foot-axis is broken backward, in which case the toe is too long or the quarters are too low (short). In figures 6a and 6c the dotted lines passing from toe to quarters indicate the amount of horn which must be removed in order to straighten the foot-axis, as shown in figure 6b. Note also the length of the shoe.

Next, the feet should be raised and the examiner should note the outline of the foot, the conformation of the sole, form and quality of the frog, form of the shoe, wear of the shoe, and the number and distribution of the nails. Does the shoe fully cover the entire lower border of the wall? or is it too narrow, or fitted so full on the inside that it has given rise to interfering? or has the shoe been nailed on crooked? or has it become loose and shifted? is it too short, or so wide at the ends of the branches as not to support the buttresses of the hoof? Does the shoe correspond with the form of the hoof? Are the nails distributed so as to interfere as little as possible with the expansion of the quarters? are there too many? are they too large? driven too "fine" or too high? These are questions which the observer should put to himself.

Note carefully the wear of the old shoe. It is the unimpeachable evidence of the manner in which the hoof has been set to the ground since the shoe was nailed to it, and gives valuable "pointers" in leveling the hoof. Wear is the effect of friction between the shoe and the ground at the moment of contact. Since the properly leveled hoof is set flat to the ground, the "grounding wear" of a shoe should be uniform at every point, though the toe will always show wear due to scouring at the moment of "breaking over." Everything which tends to lengthen the stride tends also to make the "grounding wear" more pronounced in the heels of the shoe, while all causes which shorten the stride--as stiffening of the limbs through age, overwork, or disease--bring the grounding wear nearer the toe.

An exception should be noted, however, in founder, in which the grounding wear is most pronounced at the heels.

If one branch of the shoe is found to be worn much thinner than the other, the thinner branch has either been set too near the middle line of the foot (fitted too close), where it has been bearing greater weight while rubbing against the ground, or, what is much more often the case, the section of wall above the thinner branch has been too long (too high), or the opposite section of wall has been too short (too low). "One-sided wear, uneven setting down of the feet, and an unnatural course of the wall are often found together." How much an old shoe can tell us, if we take time and pains to decipher its scars!

The horse should next be observed at a walk and at a trot or pace, from in front, from behind, and from the side, and the "breaking over," the carriage of the feet, and the manner of setting them to the ground carefully noted and remembered. A horse does not always move just as his standing position would seem to imply. Often there is so great a difference in the form and slant of two fore hoofs or two hind hoofs that we are in doubt as to their normal shape, when a few steps at a trot will usually solve the problem instantly by showing us the line of flight of the hoofs and referring them to the regular, base-wide, or base-narrow form.

No man is competent either to shoe a horse or to direct the work till he has made the precited observations.

PREPARATION OF THE HOOF FOR THE SHOE.

After raising the clinches of the nails with a rather dull clinch cutter ("buffer") and drawing the nails one at a time, the old shoe is critically examined and laid aside. Remaining stubs of nails are then drawn or punched out and the hoof freed of dirt and partially detached horn. The farrier has now to "dress" the overgrown hoof to receive the new shoe; in other words, he has to form a base of support so inclined to the direction of the pasterns that in motion this surface shall be set flat upon the ground. He must not rob the hoof nor leave too much horn; either mistake may lead to injury. If he has made a careful preliminary examination he knows what part of the wall requires removal and what part must be left, for he already knows the direction of the foot axis and the wear of the old shoe and has made up his mind just where and how much horn must be removed to leave the hoof of proper length and the foot axis straight.

A greatly overgrown hoof may be quickly shortened with sharp nippers and the sole freed of semidetached flakes of horn. The concave sole of a thick-walled, strong hoof may be pared out around the point of the frog, but not so much as to remove all evidences of exfoliation. The wall should be leveled with the rasp till its full thickness, the white line, and an eighth of an inch of the margin of the sole are in one horizontal plane, called the "bearing surface of the hoof." The bars, if long, may be shortened, but _never pared on the side_. The branches of the sole in the angle between the bars and the wall of the quarters should be left a little lower than the wall, so as not to be pressed upon by the inner web of the shoe. "Corns," or bruises of the pododerm, are usually a result of leaving a thick mass of dry, unyielding horn at this point. The frog should not be touched further than to remove tags or layers that are so loose as to form no protection. A soft frog will shorten itself spontaneously by the exfoliation of superficial layers of horn, while if the frog is dry, hard, and too prominent it is better to soften it by applying moisture in some form, and to allow it to wear away naturally than to pare it down. It is of advantage to have the frog project below the level of the wall an amount equal to the thickness of a plain shoe, though we rarely see frogs of such size except in draft horses. The sharp lower border of the wall should be rounded with the rasp to prevent its being bent outward and broken away. Finally, the foot is set to the ground and again observed from all sides to make sure, that the lines bounding the hoof correspond with the direction of the long pastern.

THE SHOE.

The shoe is an artificial base of support, by no means ideal, because it interferes to a greater or less degree with the physiology of the foot, but indispensable except for horses at slow work on soft ground. Since a proper surface of support is of the greatest importance in preserving the health of the feet and legs, it is necessary to consider the various forms of shoes best adapted to the different forms of hoofs. Certain properties are common to all shoes and may be considered first. They are form, width, thickness, length, surfaces, borders, "fullering," nail holes, and clips.

_Form._--Every shoe should have the form of the hoof for which it is intended, provided the hoof retains its proper shape; but for every hoof that has undergone change of form we must endeavor to give the shoe that form which the hoof originally possessed. Front shoes and hind shoes, rights and lefts, should be distinctly different and easily distinguishable.

_Width._--All shoes should be wider at the toe than at the ends of the branches. The average width should be about double the thickness of the wall at the toe.

_Thickness._--The thickness should be sufficient to make the shoe last about four weeks and should be uniform except in special cases.

_Length._--This will depend upon the obliquity of the hoof viewed in profile. The acute-angled hoof (fig. 5a) has long overhanging heels, and a considerable proportion of the weight borne by the leg falls in the posterior half of the hoof. For such a hoof the branches of the shoe should extend back of the buttresses to a distance nearly double the thickness of the shoe. For a hoof of the regular form (figs. 5b and 8) the branches should project an amount equal to the thickness of the shoe. In a stumpy hoof (fig. 5c) the shoe need not project more than one-eighth of an inch. In all cases the shoe should cover the entire "bearing surface" of the wall.

_Surfaces._--The surface that is turned toward the hoof is known as the "upper," or "hoof surface," of the shoe. That part of the hoof surface which is in actual contact with the horn is called the "bearing surface" of the shoe. The "bearing surface" should be perfectly horizontal from side to side, and wide enough to support the full thickness of the wall, the white line, and about an eighth of an inch of the margin of the sole. The bearing surface should also be perfectly flat, except that it may be turned up at the toe ("rolling-motion" shoe, fig. 5 a, b, c.) The surface between the bearing surface and the inner edge of the shoe is often beaten down or concaved to prevent pressure too far inward upon the sole. This "concaving," or "seating," should be deeper or shallower as the horny sole is less or more concave. As a rule, strongly "cupped" soles require no concaving (hind hoofs, narrow fore hoofs).

_Borders._--The entire outer border should be beveled under the foot. Such a shoe is not so readily loosened, nor is it so apt to lead to interfering.

_Fullering._--This is a groove in the ground surface of the shoe. It should pass through two-thirds of the thickness of the shoe, be clean, and of uniform width. It is of advantage in that it makes the shoe lighter in proportion to its width and, by making the ground surface somewhat rough, tends to prevent slipping.

_Nail holes._--The shoe must be so "punched" that the nail holes will fall directly on the white line. They should be confined to the fore half of front shoes, but may occupy the anterior two-thirds of hind shoes. For a medium-weight shoe three nail holes in each branch are sufficient, but for heavier shoes, especially those provided with long calks, eight holes are about right, though three on the inside and four on the outside may do.

_Clips._--These are half-circular ears drawn up from the outer edge of the shoe either at the toe or opposite the side wall. The height of a clip should equal the thickness of the shoe, though they should be even higher on hind shoes and when a leather sole is interposed between the shoe and hoof. Clips secure the shoe against shifting. A side clip should always be drawn up on that branch of the shoe that first meets the ground in locomotion.

SPECIAL FEATURES AND FITTING THE SHOES.

_A shoe for a regular hoof_ (figs. 7 and 8) fits when its outer border follows the wall closely in the region of the nail holes and from the last nail to the end of the branch gradually projects beyond the surface of the wall to an eighth of an inch and extends back of the buttresses an amount equal to the thickness of the shoe. The shoe must be straight, firm, air-tight, its nail holes directly over the white line, and its branches far enough from the branches of the frog to permit the passage of a foot pick. Branches of the shoe must be of equal length.

In fitting a shoe to a hoof of regular form we follow the form of the hoof, but in base-wide and base-narrow hoofs, which are of irregular form, we must pay attention not only to the form of the hoof but also to the direction of the pasterns and the consequent distribution of weight in the hoof, because where the most weight falls the surface of support of the foot must be widened, and where the least weight falls (opposite side of the hoof) the surface of support should be narrowed. In this way the improper distribution of weight within the hoof is evenly distributed over the surface of support.

_A shoe for a base-wide hoof_ should be fitted full on the inner side of the foot and fitted close on the outer side, because the inner side bears the most weight. The nails in the outer branch are placed well back, but in the inner branch are crowded forward toward the toe.

_A shoe for a base-narrow hoof_ should be just the reverse of the preceding. The outer branch should be somewhat longer than the inner.

_A shoe for an acute-angled hoof_ should be long in the branches, because most of the weight falls in the posterior half of the foot. The support in front should be diminished either by turning the shoe up at the toe or by beveling it under the toe (fig. 5a).

_A shoe for a stumpy hoof_ should be short in the branches, and for pronounced cases should increase the support of the toe, where the most of the weight falls, by being beveled downward and forward.

In many cases, especially in draft horses, where the hoofs stand very close together, the coronet of the outer quarter is found to stand out beyond the lower border of the quarter. In such cases the outer branch of the shoe from the last nail back must be fitted so full that an imaginary perpendicular dropped from the coronet will just meet the outer border of the shoe. The inner branch, on the other hand, must be fitted as "close" as possible. The principal thought should be to set the new shoe farther toward the more strongly worn side. Such a practice will render unnecessary the widespread and popular fad of giving the outer quarter and heel calk of hind shoes an extreme outward bend. Care should be taken, however, that in fitting the shoe "full" at the quarter the bearing surface of the hoof at the quarter be not left unsupported or incompletely covered, to be pinched and squeezed inward against the frog. This will be obviated by making the outer branch of the shoe sufficiently wide and punching it so coarse that the nails will fall upon the white line.

_Hot fitting._--Few farriers have either the time or the skill necessary to adjust a cold shoe to the hoof so that it will fit, as we say, "air-tight." Though the opponents of hot fitting draw a lurid picture of the direful consequences of applying a hot shoe to the hoof, it is only the abuse of the practice that is to be condemned. If a heavy shoe at a yellow heat be held tightly pressed against a hoof which has been pared too thin, till it embeds itself, serious damage may be done. But a shoe at a dark heat may be pressed against a properly dressed hoof long enough to scorch, and thus indicate to the farrier the portions of horn that should be lowered without appreciable injury to the hoof and to the ultimate benefit of the animal.

_Nailing._--The horse owner should insist on the nails being driven low. They should pierce the wall not above an inch and five-eighths above the shoe. A nail penetrating the white line and emerging low on the wall destroys the least possible amount of horn, has a wide and strong clinch, rather than a narrow one, which would be formed near the point of the nail, and, furthermore, has the strongest possible hold on the wall, because its clinch is pulling more nearly at a right angle to the grain (horn tubes) of the wall than if driven high. Finally, do not allow the rasp to touch the wall above the clinches.

THE BAR SHOE.

The bar shoe (fig. 9) has a variety of uses. It enables us to give the frog pressure, to restore it to its original state of activity and development when, by reason of disuse, it has become atrophied. It gives the hoof an increased surface of support and enables us to relieve one or both quarters of undue pressure that may have induced inflammation and soreness. The bar of the shoe should equal the average width of the remainder of the shoe and should press but lightly on the branches of the frog. The addition of a leather sole with tar and oakum sole-packing allows us to distribute the weight of the body over the entire ground surface of the hoof.

THE RUBBER PAD.

Various forms of rubber pads, rubber shoes, rope shoes, fiber shoes, and other contrivances to diminish shock and prevent slipping on the hard and slippery pavements of our large cities are in use in different parts of the world. In Germany the rope shoe (a malleable-iron shoe with a groove in its ground surface in which lies a piece of tarred rope) is extensively used with most gratifying results. It is cheap, durable, easily applied, and effective.

In the large cities of England and the United States rubber pads are extensively used. They are rather expensive, but are quite efficient in preventing slipping on polished and gummy pavements, though not so effective on ice. Figure 11 is an illustration of one of the best of many rubber pads. The rubber is stitched and cemented to a leather sole and is secured by the nails of a three-quarter shoe. Such a pad will usually last as long as two shoes. They may be used continuously, not only without injury to the hoof, but to its great benefit. The belief, unsupported by evidence, that rubber pads "draw the feet" keeps many from using them. A human foot encased in a rubber boot may eventually be blistered by the sweat poured upon the surface of the skin and held there by the impervious rubber till decomposition takes place with the formation of irritating fatty acids; but there is no basis for an analogy in the hoof of a horse.

OTHER SPECIAL FORMS.

Some drawings, designed to illustrate shoeing in connection with "interfering" and "forging," and other special conditions, are shown in figures 13 to 18.

INDEX.

Abdomen--
dropsy, in foal, or ascites, description and treatment, 193
dropsy, or ascites, description, symptoms, and treatment, 86
limbs, and perineum, dropsy affecting, description and treatment, 180
sheath, and penis, swelling, cause and treatment, 171

Abnormal presentations at birth, 197-202

Abortion, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 182

Abscess--
and inflammation of lymphatic glands, descriptions, symptoms,
treatment, 272
in lung and suppuration, symptoms, 127

Abscesses--
acute, description and treatment, 500
cold, description and treatment, 501
description, 500
in throat, treatment, 62

_Acari_, parasites of eye, 296

Acariasis, or mange, note, 478

_Achorion schoenleini_, vegetable parasite of skin, description, 478

Adams, John W., chapter on "Horseshoeing", 583-605

Air embolism, or air in veins, note, 270

Albuminoid poisoning, hemoglobinuria, azoturia, azotemia, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 141

Aloes, use against bots in horses, 93

Amaurosis, or palsy of nerve of sight, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 231, 295

Amnion, dropsy, description and treatment, 180

Anasarca, or purpura hemorrhagica, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 531, 533

Anatomy and physiology of brain and nervous system, 210

Anemia--
of brain, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 223
spinal, symptoms and treatment, 234

Aneurism--
description, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 265
one form caused by _Strongylus vulgaris_, 265

Anidian monsters, or moles, description, 179

Animal parasites, description of kinds, 478

Ankle--
and fetlock, skin, note, 397
fetlock, and foot, diseases, chapter by A. A. Holcombe, 395-457

Ankles, cocked, or knuckling, description, causes, and treatment, 400

Anthrax--
definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 540-544
prevention by destruction of bacteria, 544
vaccination as preventive, 544

Apoplexy, or cerebral hemorrhage, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 220

Arteries--
description, 249
diseases, or arteritis, and endarteritis, description, symptoms,
pathology, and treatment, 263

Artery--
constriction, description, 265
rupture, description, symptoms, and treatment, 266

Arthritis, open joints, broken knees, and synovitis, cause and treatment, 357

_Ascaris equorum_, intestinal worm, note, 90

Ascites, or dropsy of abdomen, description, symptoms, and treatment, 86, 193

Asthma, heaves, or broken wind, definition, symptoms, and treatment, 128

Atheroma of veins and arteries, description, 264

Autogenic vaccines, description, 506

Autumn mange, description and treatment, 480

Azotemia, hemoglobinuria, azoturia, poisoning by albuminoids, symptom, prevention, and treatment, 141

Azoturia, hemoglobinuria, azotemia, poisoning by albuminoids, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 141

_Bacillus equisepticus_, cause of pneumonia, 522

Bacteria, kinds responsible for pneumonia in horses, 522

Bacteria vaccines, kinds and uses, 506, 531

Balls, or pills, description and manner of administering, 44

Bar shoe, uses, 601

Bees, wasps, and hornets, stings, treatment, 485

Beets as feed, 56

Bichlorid, use in disinfection, 509

Bighead (osteoporosis)--
chapter by John R. Mohler, 578-582
symptoms, lesions, and treatment, 580

Biliary calculi, or gallstones, symptoms and treatment, 90

Bilocular cavity, or calculus in sheath, or preputial calculus, description and treatment, 163

Birth, abnormal presentations at, 197-202

Black pigment tumors, or melanosis, description and treatment, 476

Bladder--
calculus, or stone, and tumor affecting, 190
diseases growths, symptoms and treatment, 151
eversion, description and treatment, 152
inflammation, cystitis, or urocystitis, symptoms and treatment, 149
irritable, cause and treatment, 150
neck, spasms affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 146, 225
paralysis, description and cause, 230
paralysis, symptoms and treatment, 148
stone, vesical calculus, or cystic calculus, description, symptoms,
and treatment, 159
worm of kidney, 146

Bleeding--
after castration, treatment, 170
from lungs, or hemoptysis, causes, description, and treatment, 127
from nose, causes and treatment, 103
or flooding from womb, treatment, 205
skin eruptions, or _Dermatorrhagia parasitica_, description and
treatment, 469

Blisters, inflammation, or eczema, description and treatment, 464

Bloat colic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73

Blood--
circulation of heart, description, 248
clots in walls of vagina, 207
medicine administered into veins, 48
medium of disease transmission, 511
of penis, extravasation, cause and treatment, 167
spavin, bog spavin, and thoroughpin, description and treatment, 356

Blood vessels--
and heart, diseases, remarks, 250
heart, and lymphatics, diseases, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 247-273
physiology and anatomy, 247

Bloody urine, or hematuria, cause and treatment, 141

Blowing, high, description, 110

Bluebottle (_Lucilia caesar_), note 481

Bog spavin, blood spavin, and thoroughpin, description and treatment, 356

Boil of eyelid, description and treatment, 282

Boils--
or _Dermatitis granulosa_, 469
or furuncles, description and treatment, 466

Bone--
hip, fracture, or on innominatum, description, symptoms, prognosis, and
treatment, 341
premaxillary, fractures, description and treatment, 336
spavin. _See_ Spavin

Bones--
cannon, fractures, description, symptoms, and treatment, 350, 395
cranial, fractures, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 335
diseases, description, 309
dislocations and luxations, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 361
of face, fractures, description, and treatment, 366
of fetlock and foot, description, 395
of hip, fractures, causes, 188
one system of locomotion, 299, 301
sesamoid, fractures, cause, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 352

Botfly, habits and treatment, 93

Bots, injury to horses, symptoms, and treatment, 93-94

Bowels, twisting, volvulus, or gut-tie, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 72

Brain--
and membranes, inflammation, description, 212, 213
and nervous system, anatomy, and physiology, 210
anemia, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 223
compression, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 221
concussion, causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 222
congestion, or megrims, description, causes, symptoms, treatment, and
prevention, 217
description, 211
dropsy, or hydrocephalus, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 223

Bran, value as feed, 55

Broken knee, open joints, synovitis, and arthritis, cause, prognosis, and treatment, 357

Broken wind, heaves, or asthma, definition, symptoms, and treatment, 128

Bronchitis--
and broncho-pneumonia, description, symptoms, and treatment, 120
chronic, description and treatment, 110

Broncho-pleuropneumonia, description, 126

Broncho-pneumonia and bronchitis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 120

Bruise of frog, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 425

Burns and scalds, treatment, 483, 496

Calculi--
biliary, or gallstones, symptoms and treatment, 90
or stones, in intestines, description, symptoms, and treatment, 71
or stones, in stomach, symptoms and treatment, 70
renal, description, symptoms, and treatment, 158
ureteric, description and treatment, 158-159
urinary, classification, 157
urinary, stone, or gravel, 154,156

Calculus--
in sheath, or bilocular cavity, or preputial calculus, description, and
treatment, 163
or stone, and tumor in bladder, 190
urethral, or stone in urethra, description, symptoms, and treatment, 162
vesical, stone in bladder, or cystic calculus, description, symptoms, and
treatment, 159

Calk wounds, description and treatment, 405

Callosities--
description, 475
sloughing, horny sloughs, or sitfasts, description and treatment, 475, 496

Cancer, epithelial, or epithelioma, description and treatment, 477

Canker--
of foot, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 418
or grease (inflammation of heels with sebaceous secretion), description,
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 472

Cannon bone--
description, 395
fractures, description, symptoms, and treatment, 350

Capped elbow, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 379

Capped hock, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 385

Capped knee, description, cause, treatment, etc., 383

Carbolic acid, use in disinfection, 509

Carbon disulphid, use against worms in horse, 93, 94

Cardiac enlargement, or hypertrophy of heart, description, symptoms, and treatment, 260

Caries of cartilage, or tumor of haw, description and treatment, 284

Carrots, value as feed, 56

Cartilaginous quittor, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 415

Cartilago nictitans, or winking cartilage (the haw), description, 276

Castration--
bleeding after operation, treatment, 170
by covered operation, method, 172
of cryptorchids, or ridglings, method, 169
of mare, method, 172
of stallions, method, 168
pain after operation, treatment, 170
successful method, 169

Cataract, remarks, 295

Catarrh--
chronic, nasal gleet or collection in sinuses, causes, symptoms, and
treatment, 99
gastrointestinal, or indigestion, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 76
nasal, or cold in head, symptoms, and treatment, 98

Cerebral hemorrhage, or apoplexy, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 220

Cerebritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 212

Cerebrospinal meningitis, so called, or forage poisoning, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 237

Cervical choke, description, 63, 64

Chaff for feeding, 54

Chaps on knee and hock, scratches, or cracked heels, description, causes, and treatment, 470

Chest walls, wounds penetrating, description and treatment, 131

Chicken acari, or _Dermanyssus gallinae_, animal parasite of skin, 480

Chigoe, or jigger--
larvae of _Trombidium_, _Leptus americanus_, animal parasite of
skin, 480
_Pulex penetrans_, bite, treatment, 482

Choke--
cervical, description, 63, 64
pharyngeal, cervical, and thoracic, symptoms and treatment, 63

Chorea, or St. Vitus dance, description and treatment 227

_Chorioptes_--
_bovis_ (_Symbiotes equi_, _Dermatophagus equi_), animal
parasite of skin, 480
_spathiferus_, animal parasite of skin, 480

Choroiditis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 288

Chronic bronchitis, description and treatment, 110

Circinate ringworm, or _Tinea tonsurans_, description, symptoms, treatment, 477

Circulation organs, methods of examination, 13

Clubfoot, description, 398

Clysters, or enemas, description and manner of administering, 48

Cocked ankles, or knuckling, description, causes, and treatment, 400

Coffin joint, description, 396

Coffinbone, description, 396

Cold in head, or nasal catarrh, symptoms and treatment, 98

Colic--
bloat, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73
cramp, or spasmodic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 74
flatulent, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73
obstruction, caused by impaction of large intestine, symptoms, and
treatment, 68
specific forms, 66
wind, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73
worms, description, symptoms, and treatment, 90-94
tympanitic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73

Colt. _See_ Foal.

Compression of brain, causes, symptoms, and treatment 222

Concussion--
of brain, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 222
spinal, causes and treatment, 235

Conformation--
of foot, faults, 398
of horse, 10

Congenital scrotal hernia, description and treatment, 82

Congestion--
active, causes, 30
and inflammation of skin, description of kinds, 461
and inflammation of testicles, or orchitis, causes, symptoms, and
treatment, 164
description, 30
of brain, or megrims, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 217
of heart, description and symptoms, 263
of lungs, description and treatment, 111
of skin, red efflorescence, or erythema, description and treatment, 461
of skin, with small pimples, or pauples, description and treatment, 463
of spine, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 233
passive, causes, 31

Conjunctives, or external ophthalmia, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 285

Constipation, or costiveness, cause and treatment, 70, 181

Constitution of horse, 10

Consumption, or tuberculosis, note, 128

Contagious pneumonia, discussion, 521-527

Convulsions, description and treatment, 226

Cord--
spermatic, strangulated, cause and treatment, 170
spermatic, tumors, causes and treatment, 171
spinal, description, 212

Corn, or maize, how to feed, 55

Cornea--
ulcers, treatment, 288
white specks and cloudiness, cause and treatment, 288

Corns, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 421

Coronary band, description, 397

Coronet--
description, 396
fractures, symptoms and treatment, 351

Costiveness, or constipation, cause and treatment, 70, 181

Cough, chronic, description, 131

Cracked heels, or scratches, causes and treatment, 470

Cramp--
of hind limb, or spasm of thigh, description and treatment, 226
or spasmodic, or colic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 74

Cramps--
of hind limbs, cause and treatment, 181
or spasms, causes and treatment, 226

Cranial bones, fractures, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 335

Cranium, tumor within, description of kinds, 224

Cresol, use in disinfection, 579

Crookedfoot, description, 399

Croup and diphtheria, mistakes in diagnosis, 108

Cryptorchids, or ridglings, castration, method, 169

Curb of hock, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 374

Currying, value as preventive of bots, 94

Cutaneous quittor, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 407

Cuticle, description, 459

Cyanosis of newborn foals, description, 263

_Cylicostomum_ spp., parasite, danger and remedies, 92-93

Cystic calculus, or stone in bladder, description, symptoms, and treatment, 159

Cystic disease of wall of womb, or vesticular mole, description and treatment, 179

_Cysticercus_, parasite of eye, 297

Cystitis, inflammation of bladder, or urocystitis, symptoms and treatment, 149

_Dermanyssus gallinae_, or chicken acari, animal parasite of skin, 480

_Dermatitis granulosa_, or boils, 469

_Dermatocoptes equi_, animal parasite of skin, 480

_Dermatodectes equi_, animal parasite of skin, 480

_Dermatophagus equi_, animal parasite of skin, 480

_Dermatorrhagia parasitica_, or bleeding skin eruptions, description and treatment, 469

Dermis, or true skin, description, 459

Descazeaux, study of summer sores, note, 470

Diabetes--
insipidous, diuresis, polyuria, or excessive secretion of urine, causes,
symptoms, and treatment, 138
mellitus, saccharine diabetes, glycosuria, or inosuria, causes, symptoms,
and treatment, 139

Diaphragm--
rupture, cause and symptoms, 133
spasm, or thumps, description and treatment, 132, 225

Diaphragmatic hernia, description, 85

Diarrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 77

Dieckerhoff, experiments in disease transmission, note, 511

Digestive organs, diseases, chapter by Ch. B. Michener, 49-94

Digestive tract, examination, 20

Dilatation--
of heart, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261
of veins, varicose, or varix, causes and treatment, 269

_Dioctophyme renale_, roundworm of kidney, 146

Diphtheria and cramp, mistakes in diagnosis, 108

Dips, use against mange in horses, 479

Diseases, fundamental principles of, chapter by Rush Shippen Huidekoper, 27-43

Disinfection, directions and materials, 508-509

Dislocations and luxations of bones, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 361

Distemper, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 527-531

Diuresis, polyuria, diabetes insipidus, or excessive secretion of urine, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 138

Douche, nasal, in administering medicines, 47

Dourine, or maladie du coit--
article by John R. Mohler, 562-564
description and treatment, 562
symptoms and treatment, 562-564

Drench, methods, 45

Dropsies, synovial, remarks, 355

Dropsy--
general, of fetus, description and treatment, 193
of abdomen in foal, or ascites, description and treatment, 193
of abdomen, or ascites, description, symptoms, and treatment, 86
of amnion, description and treatment, 180
of brain, or hydrocephalus, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 223
of limbs, perineum, and abdomen, description and treatment, 180
of scrotum, or hydrocele, symptoms and treatment, 166
of womb, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 179

Dysentery, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 79

_Echinococcus_--
parasite of eye, 296
parasite of kidney, 146

Ectropion and entropion, or eversion and inversion of eyelid, causes and treatment, 283

Eczema, or inflammation with blisters, description and treatment, 464

Edematous pneumonia, definition, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 521-527

Elbow--
capped, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 379
muscles, sprains, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 368

Electric shock, causes, description, and treatment, 246

Electuries, or pastes, description, and manner of administering, 45

Embolism--
air, or air in veins, note, 270
and thrombus, description, symptoms, and treatment, 267

Embryotomy of parts at abnormal births, 202

Emphysema, or swelling of fetus with gas, description and treatment, 194

Encephalitis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 212

Endarteritis, and arteritis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 263

Endocarditis, or inflammation of lining membrane of heart, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 252

Enemas, or clysters, description, and manner of administering, 48

Engorgement colic, description, symptoms, and treatment, 66

Enteritis, definition, 66

Entropion and ectropion, or inversion and eversion of eyelid, causes and treatment, 283

Epilepsy, or falling fits, symptoms and treatment, 227

Epithelial cancer, or epithelioma, description and treatment, 477

Epithelioma--
degeneration of penis, or papilloma, 167
or epithelial cancer, description and treatment, 477

Equine variola, or horsepox, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 535-540

Eruptions, bleeding skin, or _Dermatorrhagia parasitica_, description and treatment, 469

Erysipelas, description, cause, and treatment, 474

Erythema, congestion of skin, or red efflorescence, description and treatment, 461

Esophagus--
dilatation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 65
or gullet, treatment for foreign bodies, 62
stricture, description and treatment, 65

Eversion--
and inversion of eyelid, or ectropion and entropion, causes and
treatment, 283
of bladder, description and treatment, 152
or womb after difficult parturition, treatment, 205

Exostosis, cause, description, and treatment, 309

Extravasation of blood of penis, causes and treatment, 167

Eye--
diseases, chapter by James Law, 274-297
examination, 277
haw, or winking cartilage, description, 276
lachrymal apparatus, 277
muscles, description, 276
palsy of nerve of sight, or amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 295
parasites, affecting, description of different kinds, 296
watering, or obstruction of lachrymal apparatus, description and
remedies, 285

Eyeball--
description, 274
tumors affecting, 296

Eyelid--
diseases, description of different kinds, 279
inflammation, causes and treatment, 280
inversion and eversion, or entropion and ectropion, causes and
treatment, 283
sty, or furuncle (boil), affecting, description and treatment, 282
torn, or wounds affecting, description and treatment, 284
warts and tumors affecting, description and treatment, 283

Face bones, fractures, description and treatment, 336

Facial paralysis, cause and symptoms, 230

Fainting, or syncope, symptoms and treatment, 259

Farcy--
and glanders, definition, causes, etc., 544-557
chronic, symptoms, 550

Fatty degeneration of heart, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261

Favus, or honeycomb ringworm, description and treatment, 478

Feces, impaction of rectum, 191

Feed--
kinds to give, 51
musty and moldy, effect on digestive organs, 53
preparation, 57

Feeding, corn, 55

Feet, interfering, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 399

Femur, fracture, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 347

Fetlock--
and ankle skin, note, 397
and foot bones, description, 395
ankle, and foot, diseases, chapter by A. A. Holcombe, 395-457
joint, description, 396
knuckling, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 372
sprain, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 402

Fetus
adherent to walls of womb, description, cause, and treatment, 192
excessive size, 192
general dropsy, description and treatment, 193
or foal, prolonged retention, cause and treatment, 181
swelling with gas, or emphysema, description and treatment, 194
tumors, or inclosed ovum, description and treatment, 194

Fever, description, causes, and treatment, 38-43

Fibrous bands constricting and crossing neck of womb, description and treatment, 191

Fibrous constriction of vagina or vulva, cause and treatment, 191

_Filaria_--
_conjunctivae_, parasite of eye, 297
_equina_, parasite of eye, 297
_haemorrhagica_, threadworm causing skin disease, 469
_irritans_, parasite causing summer sores, description and treatment, 469
_multipapillosa_, threadworm causing bleeding skin eruptions, 469
_palpebralis_, parasite of eye, 296

Fistulas, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 502-506

Fits, falling, or epilepsy, symptoms and treatment, 227

Flatfoot, description, 398

Flatulent colic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73

Flea, or pulex, prevention and treatment of bite, 482

Flesh fly (_Sarcophaga carnaria_), note, 481

Flexor--
metatarsis, rupture, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 377
pedis perforans, description, 397
pedis perforatus, description, 397
tendons or their sheath, and suspensory ligaments, sprains, cause,
symptoms, and treatment, 371

Flies, method of attacking horses; prevention and treatment for bite, 481

Flooding, or bleeding from womb, treatment, 205

Flukes, occurrence in horses, note, 90

Flyblow, or grubs in skin, description and treatment, 481

Foal--
contractions of muscles, description and treatment, 194
monstrosities, description of kinds, causes, and treatment, 194
natural presentation, 185
prolonged retention, cause and treatment, 181
water in head, or hydrocephalus, description and treatment, 192

Foals, newborn, cyanosis affecting, description, 263

Foot--
anatomical review, 395, 583
and fetlock bones, description, 395
canker, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 418
conformation, faults, 398
fetlock, and ankle, diseases, chapter by A. A. Holcombe, 395-457
mange, description and treatment, 480
punctured wounds, description, symptoms, and treatment, 426
sand-cracks, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 432
sole description, 397
_See also_ Hoof.

Forage poisoning, or cerebrospinal meningitis, symptoms and treatment, 237

Forearm, fracture, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 345

Founder, or laminitis--
acute, subacute, and chronic, description, 447-449
complications, 449
curative measures, 455
description and causes, 441
following parturition, cause, 207
sequel of superpurgation, 79
symptoms, 444
treatment and prevention, 453

Fractures--
causes and symptoms, 322
description of different kinds, 322
of different bones, description, 335
prognosis and treatment, 328

Frog--
bruises, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 425
description, 397

Frostbites, description, symptoms, and treatment, 405

Furuncle--
or boil, description and treatment, 466
or sty (boil), of eyelid, description and treatment, 282

Gaffky, investigation of pneumonia infection, note, 522

Galls, harness, or sitiasts, description and treatment, 475, 496

Gallstones, or biliary calculi, symptoms, and treatment, 90

Gangrene--
or mortification, causes, 127
or mortification, description, symptoms, and treatment, 498

Gas, swelling of fetus, or emphysema, description and treatment, 194

Gastritis, definition, 66

Gastro-enteritis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 80

Gastrointestinal catarrh, or indigestion, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 76

Gastrointestinal parasites, description and treatment, discussion by Maurice C. Hall, 90-94

_Gastrophilus_, spp., injury to horses, symptoms and treatment, 93-94

Generative organs, diseases affecting, chapter by James Law, 164-209

Genito-urinary passages, method of medication, 48

Gentian, use against pinworms in horses, 91

Gestation, extra-uterine, description, symptoms, and treatment, 178

Glanders--
acute, symptoms, 553
and farcy, definition, causes, etc., 544-557
chronic, symptoms, 552
treatment, 556

Glands--
lymphatic, description, symptoms, and treatment, 271
sebaceous, description, 460
sweat, description, 461

Gleet--
inflammation of urethra, or urethritis, symptoms and treatment, 153
nasal, chronic catarrh, or collection in sinuses, causes, symptoms, and
treatment, 99-101

Glossitis, description and treatment, 60-61

Glottis, spasm, description, 225

Glycosuria, saccharine diabetes mellitus, or inosuria, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 139

Grains for feeding, 54

Grasses, important feed, 56

Gravel, urinary calculi, or stone, description, and causes, 154, 156

Grease or canker, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 472

Grubs--
or flyblow, description and treatment, 481
under the skin, description and treatment, 481

Grunting, testing, 109

Gullet, or esophagus, treatment for foreign bodies, 62

Gunshot wounds, description and treatment, 494

Gut-tie, volvulus, or twisting of bowels, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 72

Guttural pouches, description and treatment, 119

_Habronema_, spp., cause of summer sores, etc., note, 470

Hairs on skin, description, 460

Harbaugh, W. H., chapter on "Diseases of respiratory organs", 95-133

Harness galls, or sitiasts, description and treatment, 475, 496

Harvest bug, larvae of _Trombidium_, _Leptus americanus_, jigger (chigoe), animal parasite of skin, 480

Haw--
or winking cartilage of the eye, description, 276
tumor, or caries of cartilage of the eye, description and treatment, 284

Hay, kinds for feeding, 53

Heart--
adventitious growths, description, symptoms, and treatment, 258
anatomy and physiology, 247
and blood vessels, diseases, remarks, 250
blood vessels, and lymphatics, diseases, chapter by M. R.
Trumbower, 247-273
circulation of blood, description, 248
congestion, description, and symptoms, 263
dilatation, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261
fatty degeneration, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261
hypertrophy, or cardiac enlargement, description, symptoms, and
treatment, 260
inflammation of lining membrane, or endocarditis, cause, description,
symptoms, and treatment, 251
inflammation of muscular structure, or myocarditis, symptoms, alterations,
and treatment, 251
inflammation of sac inclosing, or pericarditis, causes, symptoms, and
treatment, 255
inflammatory diseases, description and treatment, 251
palpitation, description, symptoms, and treatment, 259
rupture, description and cause, 262
valvular disease, description, symptoms, and treatment, 257
weakness, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 262

Heat exhaustion, sunstroke, or heat stroke, symptoms, pathology, treatment, and prevention, 219

Heaves, broken wind, or asthma, definition, symptoms, and treatment, 128

Heels--
contracted, or hoofbound, description, causes, symptoms, and
treatment, 429
cracked, scratches, or chaps on knee and hock, description, causes, and
treatment, 470
inflammation, with sebaceous secretion, grease, or canker, description,
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 472

Hematuria, or bloody urine, cause and treatment, 141

Hemiplegia, or paralysis of on side, or half the body, description and symptoms, 228

Hemoglobinuria, azoturia, azotemia, poisoning by albuminoids, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 141

Hemoptysis, or bleeding from lungs, causes, description, and treatment, 127

Hemorrhage--
process of healing and method of treatment, 486
spinal, symptoms and treatment, 225

Hemorrhoids, or piles, description and treatment, 81

Hemostasia, description and treatment, 485

Hepatitis, or inflammation of liver, symptoms, causes, and treatment, 87

Hernia--
congenital scrotal, description and treatment, 82
diaphragmatic, description, 85
inguinal, description, symptoms, and treatment, 83
of womb, description and treatment, 189
or rupture, description of different kinds, 82
scrotal, cause, 82
umbilical, description and treatment, 84
ventral, description and treatment, 83

Herpes, description and treatment 468

High blowing, description, 110

Hip--
bone, or os innominatum, description, symptoms, and treatment, 341
bones, fractured, causes, 158
joint, luxation, description and treatment 363
lameness, description, symptoms, and treatment, 369

Hock--
and knee, chaps or scratches, description, causes, and treatment, 470
capped, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 385
curb, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 374
fractures, note, 350

Holcombe, A. A., chapter on "Diseases of ankle, fetlock, and foot", 395-457

Honeycomb ringworm, or favus, description and treatment, 478

Hoof--
bound, or contracted heels, description, causes, symptoms, and
treatment, 429
description, 397
growth, 588
healthy, characteristics, 590
physiological movements, 587
preparation for the shoe, 596
_See also_ Foot.

Hoofs--
unshod, care, 590
various forms, 591

Hornets, bees, and wasps, treatment for stings, 483

Horny sloughs (sitfasts), or sloughing callosities, description and treatment, 475, 496

Horse, sick--
attitude and general condition indicative of disease, 8
conformation and constitution, 10
danger from silage as feed, 56-57
examination, chapter by Leonard Pearson, 7-26
history of diseases necessary in examination, 8
parasites, intestinal, and injuries from them, 90-94

Horsepox, or equine variola, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 535-540

Horses--
anatomy, description, 300
danger from silage as feed, 56-57

Horseshoes. _See_ Shoe.

Huidekoper, Rush Shippen, chapter on "Infectious diseases", 507-582

Humerus, fractures, symptoms and treatment, 345

Hydrocele, or dropsy of scrotum, symptoms and treatment, 166

Hydrocephalus--
or dropsy of brain, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 223
or water in head, of foal, description and treatment, 192

Hydrophobia. _See_ Rabies.

Hydrothorax, treatment, 126

Hypertrophy of heart, or cardiac enlargement, description, symptoms, and treatment, 260

_Hypoderma-lineata_, note, 481

Icterus, jaundice, or yellows, description and treatment, 88

Impaction--
of large intestine, cause of obstruction colic, symptoms and treatment, 68
of rectum with feces, 191

Indigestion, or gastrointestinal catarrh, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 76

Infectious anemia--
chapter by John R. Mohler, 569-572
cause and localities infected, 569
diagnosis and treatment, 571
symptoms and lesions, 570

Infectious diseases--
chapter by Rush Shippen Huidekoper, 507-582
general discussion, 507-508

Inflammation--
acute, of kidneys, or acute nephritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 143
and abscess of lymphatic glands, description, symptoms, and treatment, 272
and congestion of skin, description of kinds, 461
and congestion of teats and udder, symptoms and treatment, 208
and congestion of testicles, or orchitis, causes, symptoms, and
treatment, 164
chronic, of kidneys, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 145
description, symptoms, termination, and treatment, 32-38
local, and abscess of lymphatic glands, description, symptoms, and
treatment, 272
of bladder, cystitis, or urocystitis, symptoms and treatment, 149
of brain and its membranes, description, 193, 212, 213
of eyelids, causes and treatment, 280
of heels, with sebaceous secretion, grease, or canker, description, causes,
symptoms, and treatment, 472
of lining membrane of heart, or endocarditis, cause, description, symptoms,
and treatment, 251
of liver, or hepatitis, symptoms, causes, and treatment, 87
of membranes, a complication of influenza, 518
of membranes of spinal cord, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 232
of muscular structure of heart, or myocarditis, symptoms, alterations, and
treatment, 251
of nerve, or neuritis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 236
of pharynx, description, 103
of sac inclosing heart, or pericarditis, causes, symptoms, pathology, and
treatment, 255
of substance of spinal cord, or myelitis, causes, symptoms, pathology, and
treatment, 233
of urethra, urethritis, or gleet, symptoms and treatment, 153
of womb and peritoneum, symptoms and treatment, 207
with blisters, or eczema, description and treatment, 464
with pustules, description and treatment, 465

Inflammatory diseases of the heart, description and treatment, 251

Influenza, definition, symptoms, termination, complications, and treatment, 510-521

Inguinal, hernia, description, symptoms, and treatment, 83

Inhalation, manner of administering medicines, 47

Injections, methods of administering medicines, 47

Inosuria, saccharine diabetes, diabetes mellitus, or glycosuria, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 139

Insufflation, description, 46

Interfering--
and speedy cuts, description, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 387
of feet, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 399

Intestinal--
paralysis, cause, 230
worm, or Ascaris equorum, note, 90

Intestines--
and stomach, diseases, remarks, 65
calculi, or stones, description, symptoms, and treatment, 71
large, impaction, cause of obstruction colic, symptoms and treatment, 68
paralysis, description and treatment, 72
spasms, 225

Intussusception, or invagination, description, symptoms, and treatment, 71

Invagination, or intussusception, description, symptoms, and treatment. 71

Iritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 288

Irritation, nervous, of skin, or pruritus, description and treatment, 468

Jaundice, icterus, or yellows, description and treatment, 88

Jaw, lower, fracture, description, causes, and treatment, 337

Jigger, or chigoe, Leptus americanus, animal parasite of skin, 480

Joint--
hip, luxation, description and treatment, 361
shoulder, displacement, description and treatment, 363

Joints
diseases, note, 354
open, cause, prognosis, and treatment, 357

Kidneys--
acute inflammation, or acute nephritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 143
chronic inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 145
bladder worm and roundworm affecting, 146
tumors, note, 146

Knee--
broken, cause, prognosis, and treatment, 357
capped, description, cause, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 383
fracture, cause, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 347
or hock, chaps, scratches, or cracked heels, description, causes, and
treatment, 470

Knees, sprung, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 373

Knuckling--
of fetlock, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 372
or cocked ankles, description, causes, and treatment, 400

Labor pains, premature, cause, and treatment, 186

Lachrymal apparatus of eye--
description, 277
obstruction, or watering eye, description and remedy, 285

Lameness--
definition, physiology and description, 303
how to detect the seat, 307
how to discover, 304
its causes and treatment, chapter by A. A. Liautard, 298-394
of hip, description, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 369
of shoulder, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 365

Laminae, sensitive, description, 398

Laminitis. _See_ Founder.

Lampas, description and treatment, 60

Laryngismus paralyticus, or roaring, description and treatment, 108, 230

Laryngitis, or sore throat, description, symptoms and treatment, 103

Larynx, spasms, description and treatment, 107

Law, James--
chapter on "Diseases of the eye", 274-297
chapter on "Diseases of the generative organs", 164-209
chapter on "Diseases of the skin", 458, 483
chapter on "Diseases of the urinary organs", 134-163

Lead poisoning, or plumbism, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 245

Leptus americanus, or harvest bug, animal parasite of skin, 480

Leucorrhea, description and treatment, 208

Liautard, A., chapter on "Lameness: Its causes and treatment", 298 394

Lice, or pediculi, description and treatment for bite, 482

Ligament--
suspensory, description, 396
suspensory, rupture, description, symptoms, and treatment, 403

Ligaments--
description and functions, 302
suspensory, sprains, causes, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 371

Limbs--
hind, cramp, cause and treatment, 181
perineum, and abdomen, dropsy, description and treatment, 180

Lime-and-sulphur dip, use against mange in horse, 479